xx PREFACE

analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures, matrix methods, and other topics are
discussed. Structural analysis tools are also presented for various special structures, such as
arches, domes, cable systems, and orthotropic plates. This information is particularly useful
in making preliminary designs and verifying computer models.
Connections have received renewed attention in current structural steel design, and im-
provements have been made in understanding their behavior in service and in design tech-
niques. A comprehensive section on design of structural connections presents approved meth-
ods for all of the major types, bolted and welded. Information on materials for bolting and
welding is included.
Successive sections cover design of buildings, beginning with basic design criteria and
other code requirements, including minimum design dead, live, wind, seismic, and other
loads. A state-of-the-art summary describes current fire-resistant construction, as well as
available tools that allow engineers to design for fire protection and avoid costly tests. In
addition, the book discusses the resistance of various types of structural steel to corrosion
and describes corrosion-prevention methods.
A large part of the book is devoted to presentation of practical approaches to design of
tension, compression, and flexural members, composite and noncomposite.
One section is devoted to selection of floor and roof systems for buildings. This involves
decisions that have major impact on the economics of building construction. Alternative
support systems for floors are reviewed, such as the stub-girder and staggered-truss systems.
Also, framing systems for short and long-span roof systems are analyzed.
Another section is devoted to design of framing systems for lateral forces. Both traditional
and newer-type bracing systems, such as eccentric bracing, are analyzed.
Over one-third of the handbook is dedicated to design of bridges. Discussions of design
criteria cover loadings, fatigue, and the various facets of member design. Information is
presented on use of weathering steel. Also, tips are offered on how to obtain economical
designs for all types of bridges. In addition, numerous detailed calculations are presented
for design of rolled-beam and plate-girder bridges, straight and curved, composite and non-
composite, box girders, orthotropic plates, and continuous and simple-span systems.
Notable examples of truss and arch designs, taken from current practice, make these
sections valuable references in selecting the appropriate spatial form for each site, as well
as executing the design.
The concluding section describes the various types of cable-supported bridges and the
cable systems and fittings available. In addition, design of suspension bridges and cable-
stayed bridges is covered in detail.
The authors and editors are indebted to numerous sources for the information presented.
Space considerations preclude listing all, but credit is given wherever feasible, especially in
bibliographies throughout the book.
The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when
information set forth in this handbook is applied. Anyone making use of this information
assumes all liability arising from such use.

Roger L. Brockenbrough
Frederick S. Merritt
 CONTENTS

Contributors xv
Preface xvii

Section 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and

Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 1.1

1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1

1.2. Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6
1.3. Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8
1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10
1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.6. Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13
1.7. Tensile Properties / 1.14
1.8. Properties in Shear / 1.16
1.9. Hardness Tests / 1.17
1.10. Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18
1.11. Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19
1.12. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20
1.13. Fatigue / 1.22
1.14. Brittle Fracture / 1.23
1.15. Residual Stresses / 1.26
1.16. Lamellar Tearing / 1.28
1.17. Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28
1.18. k-Area Cracking / 1.29
1.19. Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29
1.20. Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30
1.21. Effects of Grain Size / 1.32
1.22. Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32
1.23. Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33
1.24. Steelmaking Methods / 1.35
1.25. Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36
1.26. Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39
1.27. Effects of Welding / 1.39
1.28. Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40

Section 2. Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schflaly 2.1

2.1. Shop Detail Drawings / 2.1

2.2. Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3
2.3. Punching and Drilling / 2.4
2.4. CNC Machines / 2.4

v
vi CONTENTS

2.5. Bolting / 2.5

2.6. Welding / 2.5
2.7. Camber / 2.8
2.8. Shop Preassembly / 2.9
2.9. Rolled Sections / 2.11
2.10. Built-Up Sections / 2.12
2.11. Cleaning and Painting / 2.15
2.12. Fabrication Tolerances / 2.16
2.13. Erection Equipment / 2.17
2.14. Erection Methods for Buildings / 2.20
2.15. Erection Procedure for Bridges / 2.23
2.16. Field Tolerances / 2.25
2.17. Safety Concerns / 2.27

Section 3. General Structural Theory Ronald D. Ziemian, Ph.D. 3.1

3.1. Fundamentals of Structural Theory / 3.1

STRUCTURAL MECHANICS—STATICS
3.2. Principles of Forces / 3.2
3.3. Moments of Forces / 3.5
3.4. Equations of Equilibrium / 3.6
3.5. Frictional Forces / 3.8
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS—DYNAMICS
3.6. Kinematics / 3.10
3.7. Kinetics / 3.11
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
3.8. Stress-Strain Diagrams / 3.13
3.9. Components of Stress and Strain / 3.14
3.10. Stress-Strain Relationships / 3.17
3.11. Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress / 3.18
3.12. Mohr’s Circle / 3.20
BASIC BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.13. Types of Structural Members and Supports / 3.21
3.14. Axial-Force Members / 3.22
3.15. Members Subjected to Torsion / 3.24
3.16. Bending Stresses and Strains in Beams / 3.25
3.17. Shear Stresses in Beams / 3.29
3.18. Shear, Moment, and Deformation Relationships in Beams / 3.34
3.19. Shear Deflections in Beams / 3.45
3.20. Members Subjected to Combined Forces / 3.46
3.21. Unsymmetrical Bending / 3.48
CONCEPTS OF WORK AND ENERGY
3.22. Work of External Forces / 3.50
3.23. Virtual Work and Strain Energy / 3.51
3.24. Castigliano’s Theorems / 3.56
3.25. Reciprocal Theorems / 3.57
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.26. Types of Loads / 3.59
3.27. Commonly Used Structural Systems / 3.60
3.28. Determinancy and Geometric Stability / 3.62
3.29. Calculation of Reactions in Statically Determinate Systems / 3.63
 CONTENTS vii

3.30. Forces in Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.64

3.31. Deflections of Statically Determinate Trusses / 3.66
3.32. Forces in Statically Determinate Beams and Frames / 3.68
3.33. Deformations in Beams / 3.69
3.34. Methods for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Systems / 3.73
3.35. Force Method (Method of Consistent Deflections) / 3.74
3.36. Displacement Methods / 3.76
3.37. Slope-Deflection Method / 3.78
3.38. Moment-Distribution Method / 3.81
3.39. Matrix Stiffness Method / 3.84
3.40. Influence Lines / 3.89
INSTABILITY OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3.41. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Columns / 3.93
3.42. Elastic Lateral Buckling of Beams / 3.96
3.43. Elastic Flexural Buckling of Frames / 3.98
3.44. Local Buckling / 3.99
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.45. Comparisons of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses / 3.99
3.46. General Second-Order Effects / 3.101
3.47. Approximate Amplification Factors for Second-Order Effects / 3.103
3.48. Geometric Stiffness Matrix Method for Second-Order Effects / 3.105
3.49. General Material Nonlinear Effects / 3.105
3.50. Classical Methods of Plastic Analysis / 3.109
3.51. Contemporary Methods of Inelastic Analysis / 3.114
TRANSIENT LOADING
3.52. General Concepts of Structural Dynamics / 3.114
3.53. Vibration of Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems / 3.116
3.54. Material Effects of Dynamic Loads / 3.118
3.55. Repeated Loads / 3.118

Section 4. Analysis of Special Structures Louis F. Geschwindner, P.E. 4.1

4.1. Three-Hinged Arches / 4.1

4.2. Two-Hinged Arches / 4.3
4.3. Fixed Arches / 4.5
4.4. Stresses in Arch Ribs / 4.7
4.5. Plate Domes / 4.8
4.6. Ribbed Domes / 4.11
4.7. Ribbed and Hooped Domes / 4.19
4.8. Schwedler Domes / 4.22
4.9. Simple Suspension Cables / 4.23
4.10. Cable Suspension Systems / 4.29
4.11. Plane-Grid Frameworks / 4.34
4.12. Folded Plates / 4.42
4.13. Orthotropic Plates / 4.48

Section 5. Connections William A. Thornton, P.E., and T. Kane, P.E. 5.1

5.1. Limitations on Use of Fasteners and Welds / 5.1

5.2. Bolts in Combination with Welds / 5.2
FASTENERS
5.3. High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers / 5.2
viii CONTENTS

5.4. Carbon-Steel or Unfinished (Machine) Bolts / 5.5

5.5. Welded Studs / 5.5
5.6. Pins / 5.7
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
5.7. Fastener Diameters / 5.10
5.8. Fastener Holes / 5.11
5.9. Minimum Number of Fasteners / 5.12
5.10. Clearances for Fasteners / 5.13
5.11. Fastener Spacing / 5.13
5.12. Edge Distance of Fasteners / 5.14
5.13. Fillers / 5.16
5.14. Installation of Fasteners / 5.17
WELDS
5.15. Welding Materials / 5.20
5.16. Types of Welds / 5.21
5.17. Standard Welding Symbols / 5.25
5.18. Welding Positions / 5.30
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR WELDED CONNECTIONS
5.19. Limitations on Fillet-Weld Dimensions / 5.31
5.20. Limitations on Plug and Slot Weld Dimensions / 5.33
5.21. Welding Procedures / 5.33
5.22. Weld Quality / 5.36
5.23. Welding Clearance and Space / 5.38
DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
5.24. Minimum Connections / 5.39
5.25. Hanger Connections / 5.39
5.26. Tension Splices / 5.47
5.27. Compression Splices / 5.50
5.28. Column Base Plates / 5.54
5.29. Beam Bearing Plates / 5.60
5.30. Shear Splices / 5.62
5.31. Bracket Connections / 5.67
5.32. Connections for Simple Beams / 5.77
5.33. Moment Connections / 5.86
5.34. Beams Seated Atop Supports / 5.95
5.35. Truss Connections / 5.96
5.36. Connections for Bracing / 5.98
5.37. Crane-Girder Connections / 5.107

Section 6. Building Design Criteria R. A. LaBoube, P.E. 6.1

6.1. Building Codes / 6.1

6.2. Approval of Special Construction / 6.2
6.3. Standard Specifications / 6.2
6.4. Building Occupancy Loads / 6.2
6.5. Roof Loads / 6.9
6.6. Wind Loads / 6.10
6.7. Seismic Loads / 6.21
6.8. Impact Loads / 6.26
6.9. Crane-Runway Loads / 6.26
6.10. Restraint Loads / 6.28
6.11. Combined Loads / 6.28