Perspectives on Humanities and Social Sciences

Vol. 02, 2021, pp. 34-42

www.pohss.com

A STUDY ON JEALOUSY, MARITAL SATISFACTION, AND MENTAL

HEALTH COMPARING THE FIRST AND SECOND WIFE IN
PAKISTANI POLYGYNOUS FAMILIES
Sabila Naseer
Visiting Faculty Member University of Narowal

Waqas Ali Khan

Faculty Member University of Narowal

Dr. Farah Malik

Faculty Member University of Punjab, Lahore
E-mail: Sabilanaseerpu@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The current study investigated the differences in jealousy, marital satisfaction and mental
health between first and second wives in Polygynous families. A sample of 192 women from
polygynous families was drawn through snowball sampling. The first wives had an age range
of 25-60 (M = 40.30, SD =7.86) and second wives 18-30 (M = 26.60, SD =7.41). The sample
was collected from different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. It was a comparative study with
cross-sectional design. Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Busby et al., 1995) and Mental
Health Inventory (Veit & Ware, 1983) along with newly developed indigenous Jealousy Scale
for Polygamous Women (Naseer, Khan & Malik) were administered for measuring concerned
variables. The Results revealed the significant difference in study variables between first and
second wives. Mean scores revealed that first wives have higher emotional jealousy,
behavioral jealousy, anxious jealousy, possessive jealousy and psychological distress while
lower consensus, satisfaction in relationship and psychological well-being than the second
wives. While mean scores of second wives also revealed higher insecurity jealousy as
compared to first wives. The Implications of the findings for home settings, policy maker
guidance,’ clinical and family advisors were discussed in the context of Pakistani culture.
Keywords. Jealousy, Marital Satisfaction and Mental Health

INTRODUCTION
Polygamous marriages have become a prominent feature of numerous societies across
the world. More than 850 societies and cultures have covered such family structure (Krieger,
& Renner, 2020). Polygamy is a practice in which a husband has multiple wives at a given
time (Thobejane & Flora, 2014). The percentage of men having multiple wives although is
relatively minuscule. Only third part of the world's population allows their communities
polygamy (Fenske, 2015). The result of polygamy due to discriminative and unequal
treatment of the husbands with their wives as jealousy, lack of marital satisfaction, suicidal
ideations, psychological distress, and other behavioral problems among the wives have been
evaluated (Al-Krenawi, Graham, & Al Gharaibeh, 2011; Rabia, 2011; Rabia, 2017; Aburabia,
2017; Berger-Polsky et. al., 2020). The polygamous families have badly affected the
psychological and social functioning of polygamous women and children (Elbedour et al.,
2002; Shepard, 2013).
Therefore, it is a crucial demand of time to highlight the mental and psychological
issues which are arising in polygamous women irrespectively concerning their social, cultural
and economic context. Polygamy is also further classified into two categories. First one is
polyandry, a marriage which allows a woman to marry more than one man at a given time.
Second one is the ‘polygamy’ refers to ‘polygyny’ a husband having two wives at one time

34
Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

currently discussed the latter one in the study. In polygyny the first wife is considered as
senior wife while second wife is the junior wife who is the most recent wife (Golomski,
2016). In many societies the senior wives hold a status and control over domestic system as
they have command over the junior wives as well as they are entertained special privileges.
On the other hand, in some societies junior wives being young received more love, care and
attention from their husbands than the senior wives (Yılmaz, &Tamam, 2018). Polygamy is
common practice in Muslim communities, and it has been said in Quran that “Marry women
of your choice, two, or three, or four; But if ye fear that ye shall not be able to deal justly
(with them), then only one”. It is also permitted by Pakistani “Muslim Family Laws
Ordinance” 1961 to the men (Ali, 2002). A fair and legal relationship of polygamy protect
from many sexually transmitted abnormalities and illegal sexual contacts. But if the man is
unable to sustain the equality and justice between the multiple then he should prefer only one
wife (Abrams, 2016).
It is needed to follow the original context of Doctrine. So, can be avoided the
provoking mental health issues like jealousy, low marital satisfaction, and psychological
distress in polygamous women either first or second wives A. Jealousy is very common in
polygamous women. As the reaction which is provoked by the husband or wife when his or
her partner involved in some situation or activity with a person other than his or her own
partner is called jealousy. This reaction can be conceptualized as cognitive, emotional or
behavioral in nature as per multidimensional theory of jealousy (Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989;
Guerrero, Spitzberg, & Yoshimura, 2004). These feelings, thoughts and behavior are aroused
particularly in polygamous women due to some threat or uncertainty and insecurity about
their husbands either caused by others wife or some external circumstances (Buunk, et al.,
2008).
Expression of moderate level of jealousy can be viewed as positive connotation when
it secures the relationship with husband in polygamous marriage for strong intimate
relationship. But the extreme jealousy causes negative inferences and deteriorate the marital
or relationship satisfaction which leads to mental health issues of an individual. Dynamic
Goal theory of marital satisfaction proposed that marital satisfaction can be maximized by
fulfilling the expectations which the partners having towards each other. The marital couples
usually have realistic and unrealistic expectations with each other. The marriage which
provides comfort and satisfaction between life partners and also causes emotional and
psychological health between both of them (Kaplan, & Maddux, 2002; Li, & Fung, 2011). On
the other hand, in the polygynous marriages, the men and the most recent wife in the
beginning, amuse their relationship. But latter on the man is failed to maintain the equality in
all the possessions, and in the physical and psychological needs among multiple wives. At
this stage both men and women particularly, the polygamous females face a number of
mental health issues (Heath, Hidrobo, &Roy, 2020). This conflicted environment creates
intimate partner violence which has been explored in many recent multiple studies throughout
the world (Devries et.al, 2013; WHO, 2013). The results of intimate partner’s violence
directly harmed physically and mentally to the polygamous women (Ellsberg et. al, 2008;
Hidroboet al., 2016).
In numerous qualitative studies with polygamous women such as Hassouneh-Phillips
(2001) observed in American Muslim families of spousal abuse to their wives. The new or
second wife was considered as a distressing experience due to the discriminatory behavior of
their husbands for the first wives and their children. The first wives also suffered economic,
physical, and sexual abuse (Elbedour et al., 2006). The injustice in husband's emotional
feelings, sexual attention and affection cause jealousy. Co-wife conflicts can also lead to
loneliness, unhappiness, and lack of intimacy with the spouse (Tabi, Doster & Cheney, 2010).
Literature also suggested the women who perceived themselves as old also reported poor

35
Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

relationship with their husbands, high loneliness and low self-esteem (Al-Krenawi, Graham
and Slonim-Nevo, 2002; Al-Krenawi, Slonim-Nevo & Graham, 2006; Al-Krenawi & Slonim-
Nevo, 2008; Bove & Valeggia, 2009; Al-Krenawi, Graham & Gharaibeh, 2011; Pervez, &
Batool, 2016; Heath, Hidrobo, & Roy, 2020).

Objective of the Research

The main objective of the study is to investigate the differences of jealousy, marital
satisfaction and mental health between first and second wives in polygynous family structure.

Hypotheses
HI: Jealousy is likely to have a negative relationship with marital satisfaction and mental
health of polygynous women.
H1: First wives are likely to have higher jealousy, lower marital satisfaction and poor mental
health than the second wives in polygynous marriages.

METHODOLOGY
Sample
The sample was comprised of 212 polygynous women, first wives (25-60 age range)
and second wives (18-30). It was collected by snowball sampling. Descriptive statistics of
demographic characteristics are given in Table 1.

Table 1
Descriptive Statistics of Demographic Characteristics (N=192)
Characteristics First Wife f (%) Second Wife f (%)
Age (in years) M (SD) 40.30(7.86) 26.60(7.41)
Wife Status 102(54.7) 90 (45.3)
Marriage Type for
Love marriage 33(32.4) 83(92.2)
Arrange marriage 69(67.6) 7(7.8)
Husband Age (in years) M (SD) 49.09(8.91) 51.32(7.40)
Monthly Income 35142(17304) 38338.8(24479.04)

Measures
Jealousy Scale for Polygamous Women (JSPW): For jealousy between first and wives
an indigenous developed tool as Jealousy Scale for Polygamous Women (Naseer & Malik)
was used based upon 54 items having five subscales as emotional, insecure, behavioral,
anxious and possessive jealousy. It is a four points Likert Scale. With the range of 0-3. In the
present study Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of overall scale and its subscales showed
respectively .96, 96, .87, .80, .80, and .73.
The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Busby et al., 1995): Marital satisfaction was
measured by the Urdu translated version of The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS:
Busby, Christensen, Crane, & Larson, 1995). It was consisted of 14 items. It assessed three
main dimensions consensus, satisfaction in relationship and cohesion having seven further
domains. The measure has 5 and 6 response categories. In the present research Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient was .78, .62, .68, and .91.
Mental Health Inventory (Veit & Ware, 1983): Urdu version of Mental Health
Inventory (Veit & Ware, 1983) was used for measuring mental health of the participants. It is
composed of 38 items. The scale has two subscales as Psychological Distress comprised of

36
 Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

22 items and Psychological Well-being consisting of 16 items. In the current study

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was.72, .96 and .96 reliability respectively.

Procedure
An authority letter from the institution was taken for data collection. A formal prior
permission from the respective authors was also obtained for using the measures. A consent
form was presented to the 212 participants to for voluntary participation in the current study.
Only those participants were included in the study those were willing to take part in the
study. The anonymity of the participants and confidentiality of the data was firmly
maintained. No compensation was offered in return for participation. 6 participants refused
to participate in the study while 7 participants were withdrawal from the study and refused to
fill the questionnaires in the middle. Finally, the data of 199 participants was obtained in
which 7 questionnaires were also discarded because of not fulfilling the criteria and missing
information of the study. The response rate of the study was 91%.

RESULTS
The research was conducted to explore the relationship as well as differences between
first and second wives’ jealousy, marital satisfaction and mental health in polygynous
marriages. Pearson product moment correlation was carried out to assess the relationship
between jealousy, marital satisfaction and mental health of polygamous women.
The findings of Table 2 showed that jealousy (emotional, insecure, behavioral and
possessive) has a negative relationship with consensus, satisfaction in relationship, cohesion
and psychological well-being while positive relationship with psychological distress. Anxious
jealousy is also negatively correlated with satisfaction in relationship and psychological well-
being whereas positively correlated with cohesion and psychological distress. Furthermore,
consensus and satisfaction in relationship are positively correlated with psychological
wellbeing and negatively correlated with psychological distress. Psychological well-being is
also negatively correlated with cohesion.
It was hypothesized that the first wives are likely to have higher jealousy, lower
marital satisfaction and poor mental health than the second wives in polygynous marriages.
Independent t test was run to seek the difference between first and second wives in study
variables.

Table 3
Comparison of First and Second Wives on Jealousy, Marital Satisfaction and Mental Health in
Polygamous Marriages (N=192)
Wife
First Wife Second Wife 95% CI Cohen’s
Variables
(n = 102) (n = 90) d
M SD M SD t(190) p LL UL
EJ 4.54 1.66 2.91 1.57 6.95 .001 12.16 21.79 0.8
IJ 3.15 1.39 4.11 1.38 4.76 .001 3.58 8.64 0.6
BJ 4.27 1.57 3.59 1.29 3.27 .001 .95 3.93 0.4
AJ 5.29 4.37 4.03 4.84 5.18 .001 1.38 3.08 0.5
PJ 4.59 1.93 3.82 1.45 3.14 .01 .44 2.01 0.4
JSPW total 4.43 1.34 3.18 1.22 6.70 .001 20.77 38.11 0.8
Con 4.71 1.40 5.30 1.81 -3.17 .01 -3.39 -.77 0.4
SR 4.46 1.87 5.12 1.63 -2.45 .05 -2.61 -.27 0.3
Coh 5.17 2.15 5.13 2.11 .10 .91 -1.32 1.47
MS total 4.77 1.15 5.20 1.21 -2.51 .05 -6.16 -.74 0.3

37
 Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

PWB 5.22 2.11 6.44 2.05 -4.06 .001 -17.48 -6.05 0.6
PD 6.56 2.05 5.32 1.68 4.58 .001 9.22 23.43 0.6
MH Total 6.01 .73 5.81 .94 1.68 .09 -.78 10.09
Note. EJ= Emotional Jealousy, IJ= Insecure Jealousy, BJ= Behavioral Jealousy, AJ= Anxious
Jealousy, PJ= Possessive Jealousy, JSPW= Jealousy Scale for Polygamous Women, Con= Consensus,
SR= Satisfaction in the Relationship, Coh= Cohesion, MS= Marital Satisfaction, PWB=
Psychological Well-Being, PD= Psychological Distress, MH= Mental Health.

The findings indicated significant difference in overall jealousy and its subscales as
emotional, insecure, behavioral, anxious, possessive, overall marital satisfaction and its
subscales as consensus, satisfaction in relationship, overall marital satisfaction, and mental
health as well as its sub domains, psychological well-being and psychological distress
between first and second wives,
Mean scores revealed that first wives showed higher emotional jealousy (t(190)=6.95;
p<.001), behavioral jealousy (t(190)=3.27; p<.001), anxious jealousy (t(190)=5.18; p<.001),
possessive jealousy (t(190)=3.14; p<.01), overall jealousy (t(190)=6.70; p<.001), and
psychological distress (t(190)=4.58; p<.001) while lower consensus (t(190)=-3.17; p<.01),
poor satisfaction in relationship (t(190)=-2.45; p<.05) than the second wives. The first wives
showed higher insecure jealousy (t(190)=4.76; p<.001), marital satisfaction (t(190)=-2.51;
p<.05), and psychological well-being (t(190)=-4.06; p<.001), than the second wives.

DISCUSSION
The current study was conducted to evaluate (N=192) the differences in jealousy,
marital satisfaction and mental health of first and second wives of polygynous families. In
findings mean scores revealed that first wives are facing more psychological issues than the
second wives as high scores on different domains of jealousy, poor marital satisfaction and
higher score on psychological distress. These factors lead towards a harm to the integrity of a
family. In previous literature numerous factors have highlighted in polygynous women,
especially in first and second wives in terms of violence and aggressiveness which is a
serious threat between both of them (Doodman, 2015). Islam allows a man to marry up to
four wives, but condition is equity between all the possessions whatever a man is holding.
The issue is males remember the first part of the verse while forget the latter one (Jameelah
2001; Jamilah. 2012). Equity is very important particularly emotional equity between both
wives which enhances the marital satisfaction which leads to the psychological health of both
wives either junior or senior.
Husband’s equal and fair emotional response towards both wives develops emotional
security that they are not ignored from her husband (Edalati, et. al, 2009). But in the current
study injustice behavior towards the husband indicated significant difference in jealousy,
marital satisfaction and mental health. The senior wives expressed higher jealousy
(behavioral, emotional, anxious, possessive), lower marital satisfaction (Consensus,
relationship satisfaction) and psychological well-being than the second wives. This might be
triggered because of ignorance towards the husband as they perceived themselves as old and
ugly than the younger and most recent wife. The same findings were found among senior
wives in a previous study regarding in different constructs as conducted by Al-Krenawi
(2001) which revealed the high symptoms of loneliness, and lower self-esteem. The first or
senior wives reported poor marital satisfaction as in the present study as well as low self-
esteem. Psychological, economic, physical and sexual abuses have also report in the previous
one (Thobejane, & Flora, 2014).). Wife order in polygamous marriages is very important in
their life satisfaction depending upon their culture of community. Either senior or younger
may enjoy greater happiness (Elbedour et al., 2002). The older wives often failed to cater the

38
 Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

Table 2
Inter-Correlation of jealousy, Marital Satisfaction and Mental Health of Women in Polygynous Women (N=192)
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1.Stat. .02 .13 .14 .04 -.48*** .29*** -.23*** -.25*** -.20** .21** .19** -.04 .31*** -.32***
.-
2.Age - .17* .06 .08 .27*** .10 .01 .18** .05 -.11 -.12 .08 -.51**
.51**
3.MT - .06 .03 .25*** .20** .22** .15* .22** -.23*** -.32*** .12 -.39*** .22**
4.H.Age - .10 -.10 -.08 -.03 -.07 .06 .00 .00 -.07 -.00 .05
5.EJ - .57 ***
.69 ***
.38 ***
.46 ***
-.59 ***
-.54 ***
-.15 *
-.75 ***
.72***
6.IJ - .52*** .23*** .32*** -.50*** -.45*** -.27*** -.48*** .55***
7.BJ - .40*** .56*** -.47*** -.37*** -.20** -.68*** .51***
8.AJ - -.10 -.07 -.17** .15* -.45*** .18**
9.PJ - -.51*** -.34*** -.27*** -.47*** .49***
10.Con. - .53*** .25*** .59*** -.67***
11.SR - -.01 .62*** -.63***
12. Coh. - .01 -.14*
13.PWB - -.67***
14.PD -
Note: Stat. = Status (First wife=1, Second wife=2), MT= Marriage Type (Love marriage=1, arrange marriage=2), H.Age= Husband Age, EJ= Emotional
Jealousy, IJ= Insecure Jealousy, BJ= Behavioral Jealousy, AJ= Anxious Jealousy, PJ= Possessive Jealousy, Con= Consensus, SR= Satisfaction in the
relationship, Coh= Cohesion, PWB= Psychological Well-Being, PD= Psychological Distress.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.

39
Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

standards of a successful life which are determined by their husbands or community. So, they
have to face poor marital satisfaction (Al-Krenawi & Graham, 2000). As the current findings
are in line with the previous one, the senior/ first wives revealed lower scores on marital
satisfaction than the second or junior wives. In different studies inferences has drawn that in
most of the cases the husbands who commit love marriage with a woman who entered in a
family as a second wife cause much threating for the senior wives. So the senior wives
reported high rate of mental health problems than the second or junior wives (Al-Shamsi &
Fulcher, 2005). As in current findings the senior wives have reported high scores on
psychological distress while lower on psychological well-being. This leads toward sever
psychological mental health issues in polygamous women especially among senior wives
(Al-Krenawi, Graham & Gharaibeh, 2011; Berger-Polsky et. al., 2020).
In some societies senior or first wives hold a status and control over the junior wives.
They entertain special privileges (Al-Krenawi, Graham & Slonim-Nevo, 2002). This
circumstance leads jealousy factor in junior or second wives for her husband. As in current
study second wives reported higher insecure jealousy than the first or senior wives
(Jankowiak, Sudakov, & Wilreker, 2005). Polygamous/ polygamous is a legal solution for
many social issues but it should be solution oriented rather to create many other problems as
studies revealed polygamous women reported high mental health issues than monogamous
women. So, the man should prefer one if unable to do justice and equality between multiple
wives in order to develop a healthy society.

Limitations and Suggestions

The study was conducted only polygynous women while polygamous men and the
children’s mental health is also very significant in order to evaluate the impact of
polygyny/polygamy in their live in Pakistani context.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

The findings of the current study indicated that the first or senior wives are facing
more problems in polygynous families than the second wives. The implications of the study
can be discussed in terms of home setting, policy makers, family advisors and health
professionals in order to take some healthy measures to improve the family environment of
polygamous families especially for the sake of polygynous women either first or second
wives. The implications of the study findings are important in Pakistan or throughout the
world wherever polygyny is practiced.

REFERENCES
Al-Krenawi, A. (2001). Women from polygamous and monogamous marriages in an out-
Patient psychiatric clinic. Transcultural psychiatry, 38(2), 187-199.
Al-Krenawi, A., & Graham, J. R. (2000). Culturally sensitive social work practice with
Arab clients in mental health settings. Health & Social Work, 25(1), 9-22.
Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., &Slonim-Nevo, V. (2002). Mental health aspects of
Arab-Israeli adolescents from polygamous versus monogamous families. The
Journal of social psychology, 142(4), 446-460.
Al-Krenawi, A., &Slonim-Nevo, V. (2008). Psychosocial and familial functioning of
children from polygynous and monogamous families. The Journal of social
psychology, 148(6), 745-764.
Al-Krenawi, A., Graham, J. R., & Al Gharaibeh, F. (2011). A comparison study of
psychological, family function marital and life satisfactions of polygamous and
monogamous women in Jordan. Community mental health journal, 47(5), 594.
Al-Krenawi, A., Slonim-Nevo, V., & Graham, J. R. (2006). Polygyny and its impact on

40
Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

the psychosocial well-being of husbands. Journal of Comparative Family Studies,

173-189.
Ali, S. S. (2002). Testing the Limits of Family Law Reform in Pakistan: A Critical
Analysis of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961. Int'l Surv. Fam. L., 317.
Abrams, K. (2016). (Mis) recognizing Polygamy.
Al-Shamsi, M. S. A., & Fulcher, L. C. (2005). The impact of polygamy on United Arab
Emirates’ first wives and their children. International Journal of Child & Family
Welfare, 18(1), 46-55.
Bove, R., &Valeggia, C. (2009). Polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan
Africa. Social science & medicine, 68(1), 21-29.
Berger-Polsky, A., Daoud, N., Sergienko, R., Sheiner, E., Shoham-Vardi, I., &Bilenko,
N. (2020). Polygamy and birth outcomes among Bedouin women of the Negev:
The contribution of social determinants and pregnancy complications. Health
Care for Women International, 41(1), 54-74.
Buunk, A. P., Park, J. H., Zurriaga, R., Klavina, L., &Massar, K. (2008). Height predicts
jealousy differently for men and women. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(2),
133-139.
Busby, D. M., Christensen, C., Crane, D. R., & Larson, J. H. (1995). A revision of the
Dyadic Adjustment Scale for use with distressed and nondistressed couples:
Construct hierarchy and multidimensional scales. Journal of Marital and family
Therapy, 21(3), 289-308.
Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Garcia-Moreno, C., Petzold, M., Child, J. C., Falder, G., &
Pallitto, C. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against
women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528.
Edalati, A., Redzuan, M., Mansor, M., & Abu Talib, M. (2009). A qualitative study of
dominance, jealousy and wives aggression. Eur J Sci Res, 37(2), 269-77.
Ellsberg, M., Jansen, H. A., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2008).
Intimate partner violence and women's physical and mental health in the WHO
multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence: an observational
study. The lancet, 371(9619), 1165-1172.
Elbedour, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Caridine, C., & Abu-Saad, H. (2002). The effect of
polygamous marital structure on behavioral, emotional, and academic adjustment
in children: A comprehensive review of the literature. Clinical child and family
psychology review, 5(4), 255-271.
Elbedour, S., Abu-Bader, S., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Abu-Rabia, A., & El-Aassam, S.
(2006). The scope of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse in a Bedouin-Arab
community of female adolescents: The interplay of racism, urbanization,
polygamy, family honor, and the social marginalization of women. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 30(3), 215-229.
Elbedour, S., Bart, W. M., &Hektner, J. M. (2000). Scholastic achievement and family
marital structure: Bedouin-Arab adolescents from monogamous and polygamous
families in Israel. The Journal of social psychology, 140(4), 503-514.
Fenske, J. (2015). African polygamy: Past and present. Journal of Development
Economics, 117, 58-73.
Golomski, C. (2016). Polygamy, Polygyny, and Polyandry. The Wiley Blackwell
Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, 1-3.
Guerrero, L. K., Spitzberg, B. H., & Yoshimura, S. M. (2004). Sexual and Emotional
Jealousy.
Hassouneh-Phillips, D. (2001). Polygamy and wife abuse: A qualitative study of Muslim
women in America. Health Care for Women International, 22(8), 735-748.

41
Naseer, et. al., A Study of Jealousy

Heath, R., Hidrobo, M., & Roy, S. (2020). Cash transfers, polygamy, and intimate partner
violence: Experimental evidence from Mali. Journal of Development
Economics, 143, 102410.
Hidrobo, M., Peterman, A., &Heise, L. (2016). The effect of cash, vouchers, and food
transfers on intimate partner violence: evidence from a randomized experiment in
Northern Ecuador. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(3), 284-
303.
Jankowiak, W., Sudakov, M., &Wilreker, B. C. (2005). Co-wife conflict and co-
operation. Ethnology, 81-98.
Jamilah, J. (2012). POLYGAMY; BETWEEN CONCEPT AND REALITY FOR
WOMEN. EGALITA.
Jameelah, T. (2001). The Philosophy of Polygamy. Al Mawadda Journal, 24, 8-14.
Krieger, T., & Renner, L. (2020). Polygyny, inequality, and social unrest.
Kaplan, M., & Maddux, J. E. (2002). Goals and marital satisfaction: Perceived support
for personal goals and collective efficacy for collective goals. Journal of Social
and clinical Psychology, 21(2), 157-164.
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2011). The dynamic goal theory of marital satisfaction. Review of
General Psychology, 15(3), 246-254.
Naseer, S., & Malik, F. (2017). Development and Validation of an Indigenous Jealousy
Scale for Polygamous Women (Unpublished MPhil dissertation). University of
Punjab Lahore, Pakistan.
Pervez, A., &Batool, S. S. (2016). Polygamy: Chaos in the Relationships of
Children. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(1), 30.
Pfeiffer, S. M., & Wong, P. T. (1989). Multidimensional jealousy. Journal of social and
personal relationships, 6(2), 181-196.
Rabia, R. A. (2011). Redefining polygamy among the Palestinian Bedouins in Israel:
Colonialism, patriarchy, and resistance. American University Journal of Gender,
Social Policy & the Law, 19(2), 2.
Rabia, R. A (2017). Trapped between national boundaries and patriarchal structures:
Palestinian Bedouin women and polygamous marriage in Israel. Journal of
Comparative Family Studies, 48(3), 339-349.
Shepard, L. D. (2013). The impact of polygamy on women's mental health: a systematic
review. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 22(1), 47-62.
Tabi, M. M., Doster, C., & Cheney, T. (2010). A qualitative study of women in
polygynous marriages. International nursing review, 57(1), 121-127.
Thobejane, T. D., & Flora, T. (2014). An exploration of polygamous marriages: A
worldview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(27 P2), 1058.
Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being
in general populations. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 51(5), 730.
World Health Organization. (2013). Global tuberculosis report 2013. World Health
Organization.
Yılmaz, E., &Tamam, L. (2018). The relationship between polygamy and psychiatric
disorders in Turkish women. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(8),
821-827.

42