CHAPTER 1

BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITI
PART 1

PREPARED BY: MS.JEEVETHA

 1.1 DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
KEPELBAGAIAN ORGANISMA

What is biodiversity?
Apakah itu biodiversity?

➢The diversity of the organisms, whether microorganisms, animals or plants.

Kepelbagaian organisma, sama ada mikroorganisma, haiwan atau tumbuhan.

➢It is resulted from :

Akibat daripada

➢Diverse in habitat and climate

Kepelbagaian habitat dan cuaca
1.1 DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
KEPELBAGAIAN ORGANISMA

➢ Different characteristics enable the organisms to adapt and thrive independently in the habitat.
Ciri-ciri yang berbeza daripda organisma dapat menysesuaikan diri dan bermandiri di habitat masing-
masing.

!!! Genetic diversity is the diversity within a species based on the variation of the genes of each
microorganisms, plants and animals.
!!!Kepelbagaian genetik ialah kepelbagaian dalam species mengikut variasi gen mikroorganisma, haiwan atau
tumbuhan.
1.1 DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS
KEPELBAGAIAN ORGANISMA

➢ Different characteristics enable the organisms to adapt and thrive independently in the habitat.
Ciri-ciri yang berbeza daripda organisma dapat menysesuaikan diri dan bermandiri di habitat masing-
masing.

!!! Genetic diversity is the diversity within a species based on the variation of the genes of each
microorganisms, plants and animals.
!!!Kepelbagaian genetik ialah kepelbagaian dalam species mengikut variasi gen mikroorganisma, haiwan atau
tumbuhan.
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSIT
KEPENTINGAN BIODIVERSITY

Sources of food Balance in nature

Sumber makanan Keseimbangan alam
 Recreational place Medical
Tempat rekreasi Perubatan

Raw materials for industry Education

Bahan mentah industri Pendidikan
 1.1 EFFECTIVE BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
PENGURUSAN BIODIVERSITI SECARA BERKESAN
Methods:
Cara

a) Banning of killing or trade of endemic and endangered animals and plants (Wildlife Protection Act 1972).
Pengharamkan pembunuhan dan pemerdagangan haiwan dan tumbuhan yang endemik dan terancam (Akta
Perlindungan Hidupan Liar 1972)

Endemic Species
Spesis Endemik

▪ Species that live in cluster within a

restricted habitat in a specific
location.
Spesis yang hidup berkelompok di
habitat yang terbatas di sesuatu
lokasi yang tertentu
b) Protecting the animals through creating national parks, marine parks, forest reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.
Melindungi habitat dengan mewujudkan taman negara, taman laut, hutan simpan dan santuari hidupan liar.

c) Undertakings reproductive programmes such as seedling nurseries to help with reforestation and turtle hatcheries.
Dipulihara melalui program pembiakan seperti tapak semaian anak-anak benih untuk membantu penghutanan
semula dan pusat penetasan penyu.
 Methods of biodiversity
conservation
Langkah pemuliharaan
biodiversiti

• In situ conservation • Ex situ conservation

Pemuliharaan in situ Pemuliharaan ex situ

✓ Preserve the species within their natural habitat ✓ Preserve the species outside of their natural habitat
Mengekalkan spesis di habitat asal Mengekalkan spesis di luar habitat asal

Examples: Examples:
Contoh: 1) National park - taman negara Contoh: 1) Botanical park – Taman botani
2) Permanent forest reserve – hutan simpan kekal 2) Zoo
3) Marine park – taman laut
 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
PENGELASAN HAIWAN
➢ Invertebrates – Animals without a backbone
Invertebrata - Haiwan yang tidak bertulang belakang
Segmented body
Badan bersegmen
 Invertebrates without legs
Invertebrata tanpa kaki
Without segments
With segments
Tanpa segmen
Dengan segmen

Cacing pita

Span Buran Karang laut Planaria siput

Cacing tanah
lintah
 ▪ Have segmented body
Invertebrates with legs Mempunyai badan bersegmen
• Have hard outer shells (exoskeleton)
Invertebrata dengan kaki Mempunyai kulit keras (rangka luar)

Three pairs of legs

Tiga pasang kaki

Semut Kupu-kupu Lipas

More than three pairs of legs
Lebih daripada tiga pasang kaki

Labah-labah Belangkas

Lipan
Udang Kala jengking
 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
PENGELASAN HAIWAN
➢ Vertebrates – Animals with a backbone
Vertebrata - Haiwan yang bertulang belakang
 VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA
Fish / Ikan
➢ Poikilothermic – body temperature changes according to the surrounding temperature
Poikiloterma – suhu badan berubah mengikut suhu persekitaran
➢ Covered in hard and slimy scales
badan dilitupi sisik keras yang berlendir
➢ Have fins and tails
mempunyai sirip dan ekor
➢ Breathe through gills
bernafas melalui insang
➢ Lay eggs
bertelur
➢ Undergo external fertilisation
melakukan persenyawaan luar
 VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA
Amphibians / Amfibia
➢ Poikilothermic – body temperature changes according to the surrounding temperature
Poikiloterma – suhu badan berubah mengikut suhu persekitaran
➢ Live on land and in water
boleh hidup di darat dan air
➢ Covered with moist skin
badan dilitupi kulit yang lembap
➢ Young – breathe through gills
Anak – bernafas melalui insang
➢ Adult- breathe through lungs and moist skin
Dewasa – bernafas melalui peparu dan kulit yang lembap
➢ Produce jelly like eggs (spawn) without a shell
Menghasikan telur yang berlendir dan tidak bercangkerang
➢ Undergo external fertilisation
melakukan persenyawaan luar
 VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA
Reptiles /Reptilia
➢ Poikilothermic – body temperature changes according to the surrounding temperature
Poikiloterma – suhu badan berubah mengikut suhu persekitaran
➢ Produce eggs with shells
Menghasikan telur yang bercangkerang
➢ Breathe through lungs
Bernafas melalui peparu
➢ Have scales and hard skin
Bersisik dan berkulit keras
➢ Undergo internal fertilisation
Melakukan persenyawaan dalam
 VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA
Birds / Burung
➢ Homeothermic – body temperature stay constant and not influenced by surrounding temperature
Homoioterma– suhu badan malar dan bebas daripada pengaruh suhu persekitaran
➢ Covered with feathers to maintain body temperature
Badan dilitupi bulu pelepah untuk mengekalkan suhu badan
➢ Breathe through lungs
bernafas melalui peparu
➢ Have wings that help some birds to fly
mempunyai sayap atau kepak yang mambantu sesetengah burung untuk terbang
➢ Have a pair of scaly feet
mempunyai sepasang kaki yang bersisik
➢ Undergo internal fertilisation
Melakukan persenyawaan dalam
➢ Produce eggs with hard shells
menghasilkan telur yang bercangkerang keras.
 VERTEBRATES
VERTEBRATA
Mammals / Mamalia
➢ Homeothermic – body temperature stay constant and not influenced by surrounding temperature
Homoioterma– suhu badan malar dan bebas daripada pengaruh suhu persekitaran
➢ Covered with fur or hair
Badan dilitupi bulu dan rambut
➢ Breathe through lungs
Bernafas melalui paparu
➢ Undergo internal fertilisation
Melakukan persenyawaan dalam
➢ Give birth and nurse their young
Melahirkan dan menyusukan anak