INSTRUCTION MANUAL

HB 02.3P MINI PELTON TURBINE

 CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods A
Safety Guidelines B-C
1. General description 1-1
2. General theory 2-1
3. Types of hydro turbines 3-1
4. Relevant theory 4-1
5. Test procedures 5-1
6. Sample data 6-1
7. Sample calculations 7-1
8. Test results-turbine performance curves 8-1
9. Test observation 9-1

Addendum
Addendum 1 Portable tachometer
Addendum 2 Mechanical brake dynamometer

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or
storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.
RECEIPT OF GOODS

1. On Receipt of Goods

a) On receipt of the goods at the consignee's premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any
damages or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage
should be reported immediately to the insurance agent.

b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.

c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.

d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs
for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.

e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim
has been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under
custody's for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.

2. Manufacturers Liability

a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like
to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to
the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.

b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the
instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.

c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.
3. Safety Guidelines

3.1 General Safety Concerns Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the
instruction manual we would like to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety
practices were not performed in accordance with the local standards and governing bodies' regulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment
hazards and lack of cleanliness.
To be able to achieve the aim, of "accidents can be avoided" it must be ensured that the equipment is installed
correctly, regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated
with the particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and
instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the
contents.
4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent
in the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b). If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such
as an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed. This protective device must have a very high sensitivity
(20-30mA). This device is also referred to as a residual current device(R CD) within the electrical supply circuitry for
personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply
network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an
overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a
mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage will
occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases, it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Brown----------------------Line.
- Blue-------------------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow ------------Ground.
(b)The three-phase power cable has five wires.
- Brown, Gray and Black ---------Line.
- Blue ----------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow- Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time
without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive such
as used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 degrees C to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water
treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
5.3 Rotating Equipment

(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are provided
with a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating parts
fail. These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only removed for
maintenance periods. After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service.
Do not operate any rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.

5.4 Steam Equipment

(a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the
operators and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance
schedules. During operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure which can
have a very damaging and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should also
include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked
regularly.
(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any frameworks or
joints should have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.

5.5 High Temperature Equipment

(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by
the operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules.
During operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very
damaging and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe
operation.

6. Maintenance Safety Practices

(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment
(b)Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being
worked on, inspected and should not be operated.
(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its
specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction of the
device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service condition.
(d)Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers, panels
are left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be taken
to prevent infection from harmful microorganisms.

7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment

(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can be
safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught in
rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.
(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.
(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
 INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB 023P MINI PELTON TURBINE

Figure 1-1 HB 023P Mini Pelton Turbine

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This equipment demonstrates Pelton turbine characteristics i.e. torque, power and efficiency at different
speeds for various heads and flow rates of water. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied).
The adjustable turbine nozzle directs water jet to the runner buckets. Nozzle pressure is indicated by a
pressure gauge. Torque is measured by a Prony brake with two spring balances. Speed is indicated on a portable
tachometer. Flow rate is measured by the Hydraulics Bench measuring tank. The apparatus has a hose for connection
to the Hydraulics Bench.

1.1. Technical Data

1.1.1. Construction
1.1.2. Rating
1.1.3. Instruments
1.1.3.1. Pressure
1.1.3.2. Torque
1.1.3.3. Speed
:160 mm diameter stainless steel runner.
: Stainless steel nozzle, and shaft.
: Stainless steel casing with transparent window.
: Maximum speed approx 1800 rpm.
: Maximum power over 40 W.
: 0-3 kg/cm² pressure gauge.
: 2 ea, spring balances.
: Portable tachometer.
2. GENERAL THEORY
A water turbine is a hydraulic machine for transforming fluid energy into useful mechanical work at a rotating
shaft. The power engineer is concerned with the generation of this shaft work in a hydro power plant from the stored
mechanical potential energy in a body of water behind a dam. Electrical engineer is interested in the conversion of the
shaft work into electric energy in a generator and the transmission of the electrical energy over the transmission lines
to various convenient locations where it can be transformed into work, heat, light or sound.
In general consideration for hydraulic machinery, especially hydro turbines and pumps, it is customary to
express the various forms of energy in terms of "head" representing the column of water equivalent to the energy at a
particular point in the flow system. The static head or potential energy of water column of the hydro turbine power
plant is totally relied upon the height of the dam to create maximum output potential at the construction site. This
total head of a power plant is the vertical distance from the tail water elevation to the water level of the dam reservoir.
Various forms of energy of water expressed in terms of head of water (in unit length) representing energy per unit
weight of water are as follows:
2.1. Pressure Head, Hp
The value of pressure is normally expressed as a unit force per unit area such as Newton per square meter
(N/m²), Pound per square inch (psi), or Kilogram per square centimeter (kg/cm²). In case of hydraulic pressure it is
customary expressed as a height of a fluid column which exerts the same pressure on an area supporting the column.
This height is called pressure head.
The relation between pressure p and pressure head Hp is:

2.2. Velocity Head, Hy

When liquid flows in a pipe or in an open channel it has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy per unit weight of liquid
is called velocity head.
The kinetic energy of the object in motion is:

2.3. Elevation Head or Static Head, H

When a liquid is at an elevation it has potential energy. Potential energy per unit weight of liquid is called
Elevation head or static head. Potential energy of the object at the elevation Z is:
2.4. Total Head, Hy
Total energy of water at any point may be expressed as Total Head at that point.
Thus, Total Head Hr = Pressure Head + Velocity Head + Static Head
This is often referred to as general energy equation.

2.5. Friction Head, Hr

When a liquid flows from one point to another, part of energy or head of liquid flow is lost due to friction
between the liquid and the pipe wall or the flow channel wall as well as the interaction of the liquid molecules.
The resulting head loss is called Friction Head (H+).
Friction Head between point 1 and 2 is:

2.6. Hydro Turbine at a Power Station

A reservoir above the hydropower dam stores water at high elevation, hence creating static head or potential
energy due to elevation. If the water is allowed to flow to a lower elevation through a pipe, normally a large diameter
steel pipe that is known as "penstock", going into a water turbine. In the turbine, part of the energy of the fluid flow or
hydraulic energy is transferred to mechanical energy at the rotating shaft of the turbine to drive the generator for
producing electrical power. Water then flows out of the turbine through the trail gate at the atmospheric pressure
The schematic diagram of a typical hydro power station is as shown in Figure 2-1 below:
Since, Z₁ = Elevation of the dam reservoir above turbine outlet as datum line.
V₁ = 0
Pi = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
Z₁ = 0 (turbine outlet as datum line)
Water at point (2) is under very high pressure and the velocity of fluid passing through a normally large diameter
penstock is rather low and may be negligible (V₂-0).
Hence, Z₁ = - P₂/Y …………………………(2.6)
and from sections (2) and (3) passing through the turbine the equation is as follows.
Where Z₂ + V₂²/2g + p₂/Y = Z₁ + V₁²/2g + p3/Y + W
…………………………(2.7)
Since, Z₂ = Z₁ = 0 (datum line)
V₂ = 0 (normally p2 is very high and V2 is low because of large penstock diameter and hence negligible)
Pi = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
V₁ = 0 (normally large turbine outlet tailrace velocity is low, and hence negligible)
Then, P2/Y = Z₁ = total head of the power
…………………….….(2.8)
2.7. Water Turbine Test Set
For the turbine test set, the energy of the water is not from static or elevation head but from the pressure head created
by the pump.

3. TYPES OF HYDRO TURBINES

Generally, water turbines may be classified into 2 main types according to the method of converting water power to
useful mechanical power as follows:
a) Impulse type turbine
In this type of turbine, pressure head is completely transformed into velocity head by a nozzle at an
atmospheric pressure. The water jet is directed towards the turbine runner buckets. With proper design, the velocity of
water leaving the buckets should drop to nearly zero. Notable turbines under this type are Pelton and Cross Flow
Turbines.
b) Reaction type turbine consisting of Francis Turbine and Kaplan or Axial Flow Turbine
In this type, there is no transformation of a free jet in the turbine as comparing to the impulse (Pelton) turbine.
In this type of turbine, part of the pressure head is transformed into velocity head by guide vanes outside the runner
that directs water to flow into the runner. This over pressure causes an acceleration of the relative velocity of the
water passing through the runner. Water is then discharged from the runner in an axial direction to the open space at
the atmospheric pressure. The advantageous characteristics of this type make it suitable for hydroelectric power
stations of medium to large sizes, which can be operated efficiently at a range from medium to high pressure head,
and at flow rates in the medium range. Notable turbines under this type are Francis, Kaplan, and Axial-Flow Turbines.
In all types of turbine, pressure head is transformed partially or wholly into velocity head.
3.1. Pelton Turbine
This impulse type of turbine, as shown in Figure 3-1 is suitable for medium size hydroelectric power station
operating at a rather high head of water with a rather small quantity of water flow. The function of a Pelton turbine is
to transform the fluid energy, first in the potential form of pressure head, into the kinetic form of velocity head by
means of a free water jet in one or more nozzles. The impact of the jet on the runner bucket produces kinetic energy,
which can be measured by a mechanical or hydraulic dynamometer.
 The basic construction of the Pelton turbine is as shown in Figure 3-2.The turbine runner consists of buckets
placed radically side by side. Each bucket has two identical and adjacent spoons as shown in Figure 3-3.

The free jet strikes buckets on a rotating wheel. In practice these buckets are usually spoon-shaped, with a
central ridge splitting the incoming jet into two halves which are deflected backward through an angle of about 165
degrees as shown in Figure 3-3. Complete reversal of 180 degrees is desirable but it is not possible because the water
must be thrown out sidewise to clear for the following bucket.
3.2. Cross Flow Turbine
This Cross Flow or Through Flow Turbine is considered to be the sane type of Impulse turbine, it consists of
two parts, a turbine runner and a nozzle. Water with high-pressure head is released through a nozzle, whose cross-
section is rectangular. The wheel or runner is made up of two circular disks jointed together at the rim with a series of
curved blades. This type of turbine, which is also known as Banki turbine, is provided with a gate vane with lever
linkage to regulate the flow rates by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the jet for change in power
requirements, as shown in Figure 3-4. The nozzle discharges the water jet in full width of the wheel and the jet is
forced to enter the wheel at an angle of certain degree to the wheel periphery. The water strikes the blade on the rim
of the wheel, at the outer wheel, flow over the blade, leaving it, passing through the empty space between the inner
rims, enters a blade on the inner side of the rim, and discharges at the outer rim. The wheel is therefore an inward jet
wheel and the flow is essentially radial flow type, Typical path of on water through cross flow (Banki) turbine and the
velocity diagram are shown in Figures 3-5 and 36.
3.3. Francis Turbine
A typical Francis turbine equipped with a mixed flow runner and gates is as shown in Figure 3-7. In
operation, water coming out of the guide vanes or wicket gates is directed towards the center of the runner before
entering the runner, leaving an over pressure between the guide vanes and the runner. The construction of the runner
is similar to that of the closed type pump impeller and the operation is the reversal of that of the pump. The impeller
or the runner is a fixed blade design (not adjustable) of a mixed flow type, similar to a mixed flow impeller of a water
pump.
 The Francis turbine is a reaction type of turbine. In this type there is a housing fitted with guide vanes
completely surrounding the runner. The runner is a wheel provided with vane, and fluid enters it completely around the
periphery. As shown in Figure 3-8, water under pressure flows into a spiral housing which goes completely around the
runner. After flowing through adjustable guide vanes, the water passes through the rotating runner in a plane
practically normal to the axis of rotation. The flow is largely radially inward and the machine is so frequently called a
radial-flow Francis turbine.
 In mixed flow runner type of construction, as shown in Figure 3-9, the flow is partially radial and partial axial =.
This type of turbine sometimes is referred to the American type, but the name Francis is used exclusively to disguised
all inward flow type of turbine.

An actual installation of a Francis turbine is shown in Figure 3-10, with the runner connected directly to the
vertical shaft of the generator in a hydroelectric power station project.
 The runner reaction on the stream at steady operational conditions of the turbine may be considered per
Figure 3-11 as follows:
3.4. Kaplan and Axial Flow Propeller Turbines
In Kaplan propeller turbine as shown in Figure 3-12, water passes through guide vanes same as in the Francis
turbine and is directed into axial direction before reaching the runner. The construction of the runner is similar to a
propeller. Propeller blade angle is often adjustable to improve efficiency characteristics. For the Kaplan turbine, the
guide vanes direct water radically toward the axis before turning axially toward the runner. The flow is then two
dimensional in planes normal to the axis of rotation where a particle of fluid remains at a constant distance from the
axis. The streamlines are helices on co-axial cylinders. A streamline can be shown only on a developed cylinder for the
corresponding radius.
 For the axial flow turbine (as shown in Figures 3-13 and 3-14), the water flow toward the runner is axial. The
guide vanes redirect the low Such that a particle of fluid remains at a constant distance from the axis and the
submarines are helices on co-axial cylinder similar to Kaplan turbine, In both Kaplan and axial low turbines, the guide
vanes may be fixed or adjustable to redirect the streamlines relative angle almost perpendicular to the runner blades,
If the water head is not much variable and the load requirement is rather stable, the fixed blade runner is most
economical as high efficiency can be obtained with less mechanical part and adjusting devices.
 For the axial flow impulse turbine, a water jet is directed at an angle a to the blades at the peripheral of the
runner which is enclosed in a pipe or tube. The impact of the jet on the blades creates a force F which generates a
turning moment Fr on the runner shaft. After passing through the runner blade, water velocity is reduced. Thus, part of
the jet kinetic energy is converted to the turbine mechanical energy.
4. RELEVANT THEORY
4.1. Turbine Input Power, Wi
Form Equation (2.8) turbine input power of the water flow to turbine for one unit weight of water
is,

4.2 Turbine Output Power, Wp

There are two types of the test to measure turbine output.
4.2.1. Dynamometer Test
The turbine Output is measured by mechanical dynamometer.
 4.2.2. Generator Test
This turbine output is measured by electrical load, lamp bank

Each Turbine is designed for maximum efficiency at a particular value of the pressure and speed.
In case of the turbine being used for driving electric generator, the efficiency of the generator must be
included in the overall efficiency of the combined turbine-generator unit. Power output of AC generator
can be measured by a wattmeter.

5. TEST PROCEDURES
For HB 023P Mini Pelton turbine, the flow rate is measured by a Hydraulics Bench measuring tank, the
pressure by a pressure gauge, the turbine speed by a portable speed indicator and the forces on the Prony brake are
measured by spring balances. With an alternative design, the Prony brake uses only one spring balance and the
reading is the net force for the torque

5.1. Equipment setup

5.1.1. Install hydraulics bench (see the hydraulics bench instruction manual).
5.1.2. Close drain valve and flow control valve. Figure 5-1 Schematic piping diagram of the HB 023P Mini Francis
turbine with Hydraulics Bench Hydraulics bench
5.1.3. Fill the storage tank of the hydraulics bench with water to about 5 cm. below the full level.
5.1.4. Install the turbine on the hydraulics bench, ensure that the turbine discharge pipe is aligned with the channel
of the hydraulics bench.
5.1.5. Connect the hydraulics bench water outlet hose to the water inlet pipe of the turbine. Turbine inlet pressure,
p Volume, \ Time, t - Turbine speed, n Spring balance
5.1.6. Close the turbine control valve (Nozzle Valve, TV).
 5.1.7. Check the dynamometer mechanism, ensure that here is no load attached to the dynamometer, and record
the diameter of brake drum. (see Addendum 2).
5.1.8. Turn on the pump and slowly open flow control valve to full. This provides maximum pump delivery and will
generate the pressure head in the nozzle valve. Mechanical brake
5.1.9. Note that turbine inlet pressure, turbine speed, and spring force read zero.

5.2. Begin the Test

3
5.2.1. Slowly open the turbine control valve (TV) (o obtain a turbine inlet pressure, e.g. 1.2 kg/cm .
5.2.2. Record the following data:
3
- Turbine inlet pressure, p kg/cm
- Volume, V l
- Time, t min
- Turbine speed, n rpm
- Force on spring balance left, FLet g
- Force on spring balance right, FRight g
5.2.3. Slightly apply a spring balance force right, FLeft to obtain the spring balance force right of around 200 g.
Record data as specified in 5.2.2.
5.2.4. Repeat 5.2.3 by slightly apply a spring balance force right, left, in steps of 200 g. until the turbine speed is
reduced to about 700 rpm.
5.2.5. Slightly close flow control valve to increase nozzle pressure and repeat step 5.2.2 to 5.2.4.

5.3 Racing Characteristics Test

5.3.1 Remove the correspondent dynamometer brake lining.
5.3.2 Run the turbine with the turbine control valve (TV) fully open.
5.3.3 Record the following data: S.34 5.3.5
- Turbine speed, rpm
2
- Turbine inlet pressure, kg/cm
- Flow rate, l/min
5.3.4 Calculations - Turn the turbine control valve (TV) down one full revolution and record same data as in 5.3.3.
5.3.5 Repeat 5.3,4 until the valve is fully closed.

5.4 Calculations
From the test data calculate (as per sample calculations):
- Water flow rate
- Torque
- Turbine input power
- Turbine output power
- Turbine efficiency

5.5 Performance Curves

- From the calculated results, plot curves of:
- Turbine torque vs speed
- Turbine inlet pressure vs. flow rate
- Turbine output vs speed rpm kg/cm
- Turbine efficiency vs speed /min
- Turbine racing characteristic curve
 DATA SHEET
HB 023P MINI PELTON TUBINE

Tested by: _____________________ Date:_________

Diameter of brake drum = ___ cm
Test Turbine Volum Time Dynamometer Results
No. inlet eV T Spee Force Flow Torqu Powe Power Efficien
Guide pressur (l) (sec) dn Left Right Net rate Q eT r Outpu cy
vane e (rpm) (g) (g) (g) (l/min (N-m) Input t (%)
positio (kg/cm2) ) (watt (watt)
n )
1 0.1 - - 587.1 1140 390 750 50
2 0.2 - - 881.6 1030 440 590 45
3 0.3 - - 1280 1120 400 720 40
4 0.4 - - 958.7 1100 400 700 37
5 0.5 - - 993.7 1125 390 735 50
6 0.6 - - 1217 1090 410 680 27
7 0.8 - - 0 1060 450 610 15

Radius: 0.0394m
8. TEST RESULTS- TURBINE PERFORMANCE CURVES
 Test results are commonly expressed in the form of curves plotting on graph paper. They are known as
Turbine Performance Curves or Characteristic Curves'".
In plotting the curves, basic characteristics of turbine performances taken directly from the recording data
and data of calculated results are used. Calculations of the results such as turbine output power, turbine input
power, and turbine efficiency are done by applying formulae and principles of turbine theory in Article 3 (see
sample of calculations for a test run in Article 6).
Recommended performance curves to be plotted are as follows:

8.1. Torque vs. Speed at Various Flow Rates or Nozzle Pressures.

Torque (T) is plotted on the vertical axis and speed is plotted on the horizontal axis of the graph. It may be
observed that the higher the torque, the slower the speed.

S.2. Turbine Inlet Pressure vs. Flow Rate.

Pressure (P) is plotted on the vertical axis and flow rate (Q) is plotted on the horizontal axis of the graph.
It may be observed that the higher the flow rate, the lower the pressure.

8.3. Turbine Output Power vs. Speed at Various Flow Rates or Nozzle Pressures.
Turbine output power (W,) is plotted on vertical axis and speed is plotted on the horizontal axis of the
graph. It may be observed that the maximum output is at a medium speed.

8.4. Turbine Efficiency vs. Speed at Various Flow Rates or Nozzle Pressures.
Turbine efficiency is plotted on the vertical axis and speed on the horizontal axis of the graph. It may be
observed that the maximum efficiency is at a medium speed.

8.5. Turbine Racing Characteristic Curves - No Load Condition.

Speed (N) is plotted on the vertical axis vs. turbine inlet pressure (P) on the horizontal axis when the
turbine is running without any engagement of the mechanical dynamometer operation (brake arms are fully
released).
9. TEST OBSERVATION
Important observations on the test runs and on the performance curves of Multi turbine should be made, recoded,
and presented by the students in a formal way. This is in order to enhance the understanding of turbine operation,
theory, and applications.
 ADDENDUM 1
PORTABLE TACHOMETER
 ADDENDUM 2
MECHANICAL BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

MECHANICAL BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

A dynamometer is an equipment for measurement of output power of a prime mover such as water, steam, hot gas
or wind turbine or another engine.
The torque measuring unit may be electric, water or mechanical brake The mechanical brake is the simplest and
less expensive and is widely used for measurement of torque for small prime mover The device uses friction of a
belt or a rope to generate torque. Various types of mechanical brake used for small equipment are as per below: