There are only two kinds of

ertain knwlndge: Awareness

af ontr own existence and the
fruths of mathematics
Tean d'Alembert ar. 179)
h famne Prench
mathematician and scientiet put
forvrard Alemberth principle

which later became a etatement a

de fundamental claesical lewrs e
motion. Through this principle
dynamic problem can be converted
into static probiem by considering
the efect of inertia force.

KINEMATICS OF
PARTICLES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
dynamics
studied that,
We have already which
mechanics
engineering
is the branch of effects
and their
of forces
deals with the study is further
motion. Dynamics
on bodies at and
kinematics
branches,
classified into two

kinetics.
motion of a
CHAPTER OUTLINE Kinematics is the study of
the forces
without considering
Introduction
moving body is the
and kinetics
motion
.Rectilünear Motion which causes the
the forces
with considering
.Curvilinear motion study of motion

m o t i o n . Hence
displacement,
.Rectangular co-ordinates which cause the
are
of a particle
.Cylindrical co-ordinates velocity and acceleration

. Tangent and Normal Co-ordinates discussed in kinematics.

Projectile Motion
moves along a straight
quation of Projectile motion When a particle
 EMGINEERING MECHAMICS

path then the motion is called rectilinear translation and when it moves,
otion
path, it is said t o be in curvilinear motion. Rotary moti alon
or circular a CurmeA
special kind of curvilinear motion where all the particles of a body move i " i e
n otion s a
circles.

8.2 RECTILINEAR M0TION

oncentrie
B.2.1 DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Displacement
The change of position of a body or a partile with respect to a fxed
e
point is called as displacement. It is the shortest distance between twoere
DIsplacement is a vector quantity which has both magnitude and directiitie
direction. Usu:
distance is denoted with the letter s' and its unit is expressed in metre (m)

Velocity
The rate of change of position of a body or a particle with respect to time
velocity. It is a vector quantity, denoted with v and its unit is expressed as m eis
meta
second (m/s).
Let s = Displaceent of the body
t= Time taken to travel the distance

Then velocity ofthe body, v =

t
Mathematially velocity can also be written as v dds
t. (8.1)

Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity of a body or a particle with respect to time

acceleration. It is a vector quantity, denoted with 'a and its unit is expressed
per second square(m/s°).

change in velocity
Acceleration, a= 7 time
dv
Mathematially velocity can also be written as a=dt

From (9.1) ad a= dt(8.2) 8.2)

10
 tiMEMATICs 9F pARTICE

ation can also be

T h ea c c e

expresed ss

- -
.av.d 8.3)
QUATIONSOF RECTILINEAR MOTION
4 ody moves along a straight line with
W h e n

uniformacceleration, the equat

fmotionare:

v u t
u+at (Equation between velocities and
. .(8A) time )
suut+at
t- (Equation of motionfor displacement ). .5
2-u-2as (Equation between velocity and displacement) 5)
distance travelled in n second is
adthe
a n d

SaFut2-(2n-1) ..(8.7)
where u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a= acceleration of the boay

s =
distance ravelled in time t.

Example8.1

hody is
is oving with a velocity of 5 m/s. After 10 seconds its velocity becomes 8 m/s. Fin-
movi

A body
a c c e l e r a t
of the ody and the distance travelled.

Solution
Given Initial velocity, u = 5 m/s
Final velocity, v = 8 m/s
Time, t = 10 s

Using (8.4) v=u+at

8 5+ax10 .a=0.3 m/s... (Ans)
Using (8.5) s= ut+at
s=5x10+x0.3 x10.s=65 m...(Ans)
 Att 10S,
Att=10s, S
=0.333 x 10* -0.5x 10 + 10 -18.5x 10+ 43.68
= 2788.68 m...(Ans)

R4CURVILINEAR MOTION

The motion of a particle along a curved path is known as curvilinear

motionof
An automobile takinga turn on a curved road, projectile motion of bodies , motion
satellite around
round th
the earth etc. are typical examples of curvilinear motion. The curvilinear
ention along a plane is known as
plane curvilinear motion and that
moti

along space is
known as space curvilunear motion. In kinematics, following co-ordinate systems are

ally followed for defining the path of motion along a curve.

1. Rectangular or Cartesian
co-ordinate
2. Cylindrical co-ordinate

317
 ENGINEERIMG MECHAMICS

8.5 RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATES

Qx+dx,y+dy)

ds

P(xy) X

Fig.8.2

In this co-ordinate system, the positions of the particle is represented by a nho.

vector f. This position vector will have two components, x and y dependino axis.n
and space and specified by its distances from the two mutually perpendicular av

in the figure 8.2

Consider the position of a point P(x,y) as shown
Now, position vector, f = x.i+yj where i and j are the unit vectors in X, and y
The
distance of P from the origin O is the magnitude of the vector f

ie OP /x+y
Velocity of the particle

The rate of change of position vector

is the velocity of a particle.

V= d d i+ dt .(8.7)
=
Vx.i + y.j

The magnitude of the velocity, V= Vv *+ V (8.8)

The direction of velocity will be along the tangent to the path of motion.

318
 Anreltiri f e porse

el e neoelerto A
ic cmpemet

r s t a t ncceilerutirt, t

- ( 2 0in 21)
( 20cos 20)
(Ans)
sin 2t) 20 m/e
-20 (cos 21
at any
time constant, aaccelerar
interval is also constant.

Ssince the
accelerstion oftheparticle
(Ans)
of the particde after
2 sec = 20 m/s
L6CYLINDRICAL CO-ORDINATES

Ve ds

O
Fig.8.3
th
have
l e a r n e d to
describe the motion with

be
help
the motion can
con
we
article, some
cases

previous But in
In the co-ordinates. displacement '8' from
fix
or
rectangular and angular
cartesian
fixed pole co-ordinates.

r from a polar
distance called
radial and 0 are
by a r along a urved p
axis. These
parameters
co-ordinate (T, 6) moving
reterence
with a polar
Considera
particle A

322
YINE
sLPER
OLORFUL LIFE

B as in
n o l h e rp o i n t

he

le
wwwitic

perpendicular Tdinatfifiggute
ition B having co
a be
Now this ds can
htesgit(t+dr,
e92. Ntett an
92.

ompon
lar
resolved înto+8.iet interwal
two e the d a,
rpendicular
nent perpendicul.One
to
along compement ength wartce cote the
k s
OA ot AB
nown asisttanvsvers
yelocity
one oe &ee
tadialaleng, OA(ed)
Thevelocity will alen
ave two
anverse dinplacement
pendicular OA
Radial velocity, called
to
components. Velocity diwlacensenm
dr
is
Vr =
transverse
enment (dr) and

Transverse velocity,
dt 8.11)
velocity.along ONAAis called radial veloci
V=I ocity
dt . (8.12)
Resultant velocity, V =/V
Acceleration

of acelerat
CO:nponents of 8.13)
celeration
acceleration
and transverse: in
radial and
ation. transverse directions are
Radial acceleration a,=: caie
ransverse acceleration a 2r d8 8.14)
dt dt td.8.15)
Resulta celeration, a= yat a
Example8.12
a.8.16)
h eo
. l a r co-ordinat tes of a particle are
given by r =5 +7t and =6+3f where iss in meters,8
radians and
a n d tt iin seconas.
Determine the magnitude of velocity and acceleration of themparticle
r

in
5 sec.
when t=

Solution

Given r =5+ 7t 6=6 +3t

. d14t 14

d6 d' 6
dt 6t; dt

Pace.
caeton POCO M2 PR0
PANSS
sOLDRU

/4

etntier
J-125
#on ef velecity

Radinlvelecity V,
t-1.253 set, Vt-2125%
Transverse velocit Vs-V+
Att= 1.253
Resultant velocity, V
2.506 +1.967 /v} secV125- 167
=

eion of acceleration
uleul

Radial acceleratic a, mls.(Ans)

Att a,=2-t
1.253 sec, t =2-t
a
ansverse acceleration, =2-1253 =-0464
mls
a, =2
sultant
Att 1.253 sec, a,= 2x2t
leration, aa=5x
xt+tx1=5t
dt di
1253 =7.85
mis
dt

= Vaî + a
O.464+185
=

7 TANGENTIAL
AND NORMAL CO-ORDIMATES 1.863 misAns)
n system, the velocity and
is
this
intangential (t) and normal (n) acceleration of a
moving particle are expressec
components.
Tangential velocity is given by
Dis tan ce moved
along tan gential
is aalways directed alongtime
city is
direction_ds
intervalthat is indined at an angle with the
the tangent
Thisvelocity
ontal and the veloc
horizontal
velocity in a direction normal to this is zero. Thus V. =0

325

satoA POCO M2 PR2e

 INNE
COLORFUL LIFE

ENGINEERING MECHAN1CS
Tangential acceleration is given byy
Change1ime
in tan gential velocity-
int erval dy (8.17)
Thus the
tangential acceleration is due to change in the magnitude of the
veloeis
Normal acceleration is due to the change in the direction of velocity
given by a, =
where 'r' is the radius of curvature of the path.. (8.181t is
The resultant acceleration is given by a =Vaí + an (8.19)

The resultant acceleration makes angle with

tan a (8.20)
an the
and gven
normal and is
is o
by
The normal acceleration is due to the change in the direction of velocis.
direction of motion ofthe particle does not change, ie., if the motion is alonafthe
line then r - o and normal acceleration become zero.

Normal acceleration is always directed towards the centre

centre of
of curvat1r
known as centripetal acceleration.
curvature and
itiss

Example 8.14
A motorist is riding at a speed of 80 km/hr on the curved position of a road of 400 m.
n radius.
suddenly applied the brakes and that cause the speed to decrease to 45 km/hr at a consto e
8 seconds. Determine the tangential and normal components of acceleration immnediatlTae in
application of brakes.

Solution
Initial velocity of the vehicle, u = 80 km/hr = 80 x 5/18 =22.22 m/s
Final velocity of the vehicl, v = 45 km/hr =45 x 5/18 = 12.5 m/s
Tangential velocity = rate of change of velocity

12.5
i ea = 5 2 2 . 2 2
8 22.22-1.215 m/s* (-ve sign means retardation)
At the instant of application of brakes, V=22.22 m/s
Normal acceleration, an == 400
1.234 m/s

Resultant acceleration, a = 12152+ 1.2342

=
1.732 m/s*... (Ans)
 DLVISE
SuPER
COLOREUL LTFE

FMINEERIMG MEEAES
Horize

B.8 PROJECTLE MOTION Vertic

The
whevet a
partile is projected upwards at a certain angle (net
t s c l e traces some path in the air and falls on the ground at a point t
wertie does not cha

te
preiit sf projection. This cother
path traced by the particie is known as trajectewhn
vertical cor

particle whereas the particle The partic

the combined effect

is called projectile.
a Thus the
particle is
movinhe
of vertical and horizontal forces.The trajectory of
the prede a tB throu

always parabolic.
A bullet fired frorm a
gun, a free liquid jet issuimg trom the nozal.
projectilei
atrhosphere, a stone thrown horizontally from a tower etc. are typical exame intg
projectile. examples of a particle

The following are the important terms used with the projectiles:

Velocity of Projection
The velocity with which a projectile
Highest point
is projected into space is called the velocity
of projection. This is denoted with the
Maxim
Heioht Traednr
Angle of
letter 'u. Ag ProJection

Angle of Projection Range, R

Fig.8.4
The angle, with the horizontal at
which a projectile is projected is known as angle of projection. this is denoted withs

Time of Flight
It the total time taken by a projectile for which the projectile
is mains
space. thus it is the time taken by the projectile to reach the maximum height andinto
return back to the ground.
Horizontal Range
The horizontal distance between the point of projection and the point
projectile strikes the ground is called horizontal range. This is denoted with .
where

8.9 EQUATION OFPROJECTILE MOTION

Consider a particle is projected upwards at an angle 'a with the horizontalal ana
and
with an initial velocity of'u'm/s froma point A as shown in figure 9.2. Thevelocityof
projection can be resolved into horizontal and vertical components as:

328

POce.
$uOron POCO M2 PRO
INE
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FUL LIFE

Horizontal component
Vertical
The
not component sin (
horizontal =
u
=
u
cos
KIMEMATICS OF PARTICLES
ical chamge u

The componentduring component

particle is
the
entire
is
of
affected byflight velocity
at B
through theprojected from the
and the ghspoint
poi and willgravity.
Consider point P. A
the reach
Let x
and point P on the Range, -
article to reach aty Pbe the path of the Fig.3.5
The from coordinates
A, then of the P projectile
horizontal distance wrt A
and ? be the
x =(u cos
a) xttravelled by the
tn ken by the
The vertical
...)
distance travelled particle in time
y
u sina) by the
particle in time t
From i) ,t= xt-g .
G)
ucos a using s =ut g) -

Substitute in (ii), we
get
Y usin a x X
Dem ucosa28ucos a
X
tan o
cos a 8.21)
Ihis equation gives the
and the horizontal distance relationship between the vertical distance traveliea
and angle of projection travelled (x) for a given value of velocity of
above(a). The projection(u)
equation is an equation for parabola and hence a
the trajectory of a projectile is parabolic.
9.2.1 MAXIMUM HEIGHT ATTAINED
At the maximum height, final
velocity v= 0
Initial velocity in vertical direction u =v sin a. and a = -g
Using therelation v2- u =2aH
0- (vsin ca)2 x -gxH

Pece.
 DIVINE
SUrER
COLORFUL LIFE

ENSINEEINS ME SARCS

.
H=Sin
2g a (8.22)
9.2.2 TIME OF FLIGHT
t is the time taken to reach the position B from

Lsing the relation y =(u sin a) Xt2gt.. ()

At the position B y = 0 and t = t (Time of flight).
substitute in (i)
o (usin a) XT- 28T
T=20 sina . (8.23)

9.2.3 TIME TO REACH MAXIMUM HEIGHT

ie = 0
height, velocity becomes zero.
v
At maximum

Using the relation v =u+at

0 = u sin a - gt

t= u sin a . (8.24)
8
Time to reach maximum height is thus half the time of flight.

9.2.4 HORIZONTAL RANGE

Horizontal range = Horizontal velocity x Time of flight
.R =u cos a x Zusin o
8
u i n 2 . .(8.25)
- x 2 sin a cos a = s

For a given velocity of projection (u) the range will be maximum when sin 3.
2a
is maximum.
ie sin 2a =1
. 2 a = 90° or a = 450

Maximum Range = s i n 90

Thus a projectile will cover a maximum range when it is directed at an

angle of
45

POce.
caetoN POCO M2 PRO
1 VINE
UPER
ORFUL LIFE

he tr ef
s142 is in the

llsés probakilities
Jines
axwe
Clerk Mawell is r e g
o hird greni cste e
Binsteih. in the fheld
A arics, he is k h t i iot his

09
As On a s n g the plastic
emation ot naterials and

t y ot trus sheorties lai.

d a t i o n to the helds of speciat

ativity and quantum mechanics

KINETICS
OF RIGID BODIES
9. INTRODUCTION
The
whi branch of
deals with the engineeringmechanic
CHAPTEROUTLINE motion is forces,
called kinetics. and resulting
Cnapter we dealt In the
Jntroduction

with the preOu

rious

Definitions
Velocity and acceleration displacement,
of bodies without
Laws ofmotion considering
will enable
the forces.The
study of kinetics
Newton's second of law motion us to find
out the forces
motion of any causing u
dAlembert's principle body.
Motionofa lift
an inclined plane
9.21MPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Motion on
.Mass:The quantity of the
Motion of
Lonnected bodies matter contained
in a body is known as mass of a body. It is a
momentum
,
Impulse and Scalar quantity and denoted by m. Its unit is Kg
, Woik-energy principle in S.I
system of units.

PQce.POCO M2 PRO
$uOrOA
 PIyINE
coLORFUL LIFE

EMGIMEERIMG MECHANEICS

2. Weight: Weight of a body is defined as the forces by which the body is

t o w a r d s 1he c e n t r e o f e a r t h . M a t h e m a t i c a l l y w e i g h t = Mass x Acceleration die tacted
ion due to
or W m g

Weight is a vector quantity and its unit is Newton in S.I systern ofunits,
raity
Momentum The product of mass of a body and its velocity is
momentum of the body. It is the quantity of motion possessed by aa movincas
moving body. known
Momentum M
=mxV
Tts unit is Kgm/s in S.I system of units.

9.3 LAws OF MOTION

When a body is at rest, or moving in a straight line or rotating about
ut an
body obeys certain laws of motion. These laws are called Newton's laws of
of axis, the
motion (or
principles of dynamics).
First Law: It stâtes that every body continues in its state of rest or state c
state of uniform
motion unless and until it is acted upon some external force to change that s
state.
Second Law: It states that the rate of change of momentum of a movin
directly proportional to the external force applied on the bodyy and takes plad and takes place dy is
in the
direction of the applied force.
Third Law: It states that to every action, there is always
ways on equal
equal and
and
reaction. opposite

9.4 NEWTON'SSECONDLAW OF MOTION

Considera body of mass 'm is moving with an initial velocity 'u. Let its velacis
increased to v after time t. oity is
Then initial momentum of the body = m
xu
Final momentum ofthe body = m xv

Rate of change of momentum inalmomentum Initial momentum

Iime
m(v-u)

38

POce.
caoton POCO m2 PR2e
LIPERR
ORFUL LIFE

But we
now that
Rate of change acceleration,
a
of momentummyu) m

in
ACcording to i
c t l yp r o p o r t
newttoonsSthe SCcond \aw
al
ie F
a ma external forceof motion, the
a
o rF=kX ma, acting on therate of change of
), where body. mom
ana are k is the
analconstants,
p o d ym and

i r e c t i yp r o p o r t i o

to the and constant of

COnstant
hence can proportionalit .
We knoW acceleration
that unit force of
we
state y
the that the forceBut for any o
= l m / s * ) . on body of unit mass (1 N) is
a
body. acting on a o

at a = 1 m/s? (1kg) force, which

and m=1 produce unit
acce
Substitute in (i) we get
kg, F 1 N =

1 kx1 x1> ie k=1

which known as the
. F = m.a, which is

fundamental
This equationiis for a
single force acting on a equation of dynamics.
to a system oft forces, the equation is
syster
singlebody.
b When the body is sub-
jected
modifed into
EF=m.a .9.1)

5 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
UM-DALEMBERTS PRINCIPLE
LWe know that for static equilibrium of a body the conditions to be statisfied are

Fx = 0, EFy =00 an
and M = 0. Similarly the problems involving dynamic equilibrium o

a body
can be
be converted into astaticequilibriumbyusing D'Alembertprinciple, whio
ication of Newtons Second Law.
is an
Newtons second law of motion F = ma
According to
=0 . (9.2)
or EF +(-m a) D'Ale=
the inertia force and the equation represents
ma is
Here the term

POce.
caeTON POCO M2 PRO
 PIVINE
SUrER
COLORFUL LIFE

ENGINEERIMG MECHAMICS

prineiple
DAlembert's principle can be stated as when a body in motion is in dynarnie
ibrium the algebraic sum of all the forces acting on the body in the direction o f q u i
including the incrtia force taken in the opposite direction to motion is zero.
motion
In other words "A body will be in dynamic equilibrium when the algebraic .
all the forces acting on the body in the direction of motion is equal to the iners of
in the sanme dircction of motion. inertia force
ie XF = ma or EF + ma) = 0

2Fx = max; 2Fy = may and 2Fz = mna

Note: For calculating the algebraic sum of forces, acting on a moving b o d

direction should be taken along the direction of motion of the body.

Example 9.1
A block weighing 100 N, rests on a horizontal plane, as shown 7n jigure 9.1. Find the mao
theforce R required to move the block at an acceleration of 2 m/s towards right. Take co o
offriction between the block and the plane as O.25 (Calicut - May 2010)
efficient
Solution
Given weight of the block w = 100 N

Since the block is moving along the plane, the com-

ponent ofacceleration perpendicularto the plane is zero. 30
Thus the body is in static equilibrium perpendicular to
100 N
the plane and dynamic equilibrium (a = 2 m/s', towards

right) along the plane.

(H-0.25)
Consider the static equilibrium of the body normal FIg 9.1

to the plane.

ie Fy =
0; Rv- 100 -

P sin 30 = 0... )
Consider the dynamic equilibrium of the body along the plane.
ie XFx = ma (>+ve)

340

POCe.
$aOton POCO M2 P20
E R
LORFUL 11

(Pcos30
Rs frep
cudbetittste () t (
Pcos30-0.25(10 9y-0
P cos 30-0.25
P(cOs s0-0.25x sin
45.387 300)-
(cos 30-10.25 sin 36 387
25 N
MOTION OF ALIFT
E
lift
tion of a lift i
is
celeration ion in the analysed
followin by
f t
with

aan)
t ofa man) andR1s tolowing
the
&Alcases.
two enberes principle.
weight
tecaction Let be the Consider the ne
shown in the at the floor W
FBD of lift is
e lift). weighit carried y
figure 9.3 andof94the lift (or Tension
f the.

in
thie able
moving upwards with
an
acceleration'.
Case

For dynamic equilibrium in

vertical direction
EFy =
mxa (1+ve)
(m=mass of lift =N
R - W =W a

or RW+Xa=Wx(14
ig9.3

Reaction at the floor R =W-(1+ 9.3)

Case2
: Lift is moving ownwards with an acceleration'
For dynamic equilibrium (downward direction is +ve)

EFy m xa R
Flig.
.'. W- R= xa

PGce.
 PIVINE
COLORPUL LIFE

EHfEERIMG MECHStS
Consider the deowniward renton of elevator

SFy rma (+ve)

2500 T- x a
2.500-T=200x0.7

(Ans)
25002500 x 0.7
2321.61 N..
T=
Tension in the cable = 2321.61 N 2.5kN
Fig 912

9.7MOTION ON AN INCLINED SURFACE

NI77IT7777T777777777 Fig 9.14

Fig 9.13

Consider a body of weight 'W is placed on a smooth incined surface, of incli

ina-
tion 6 as in figure 9.13. Let this body moves downwards with an acceleration 'a
The
Wsin 6 along the plane and Wcoe
weight 'W can be resolved into two components. cos ,
normal to the plane. Since there is no motion normal to the plane, body will be ins
static
equilibrium normal to the plane and in dynamic equilibrium along the plane.

From the figure 9.14

0 . . R =W cos
EFy =0 ; R -

W cos =

Fx = ma (E+ve)

W sin 6 = xa'.a =gsin

46

PO0e.
caetN POCO M2 PRO
IVINE
SUPER
OLORFUt LTFE

1f
the body is
placed ot a

R-W.cos (EFytouh- ineleeå

EPxma (e+vey
W sin-
pane
W cos
a sin 6- W
ucos6
-

pralmple 9 . 7

A houy P*we

weig &

N
cponent of
fetienal foece l
wit,
anoth moves
ther body
s r g

vertically oppoe
ya

nertia

The
on its friction weighing downwards
o f the pulley friction o.ghingownw 12
axis and N which as
slidesshown
1own in
weig
surface under figure
figure 9.15 and
ext ensibility
poline

vith a
coeficient of friction the block of
over
horizontal an a is
comnected
oughn
ofoock QQ of 0.4. the is ssmooth string, find the alecting
surjace
it) The
Solution
acceleratoo
surface under tne

mmmm777
Fig9.15
1: The sur nder the block
Case
Qis smooth.
1et 'a,be the acceleration of the
system and "T? be the tension in
the string.

onsider the free body diagram of block P which is

downwards with an acceleration a (Figure 9.16) moving

Applying 2Fy ma (l+ ve)

=

10-T= a 10 N
Fig9.16
Ti+1.019 a =10. ()

Rece
caorbn Pece m2 PRO
 9.8 MOTION OF CONNECTED BODIES
In various practical applications two or more bodies are connected together 1:
er light
inextensible string passing over a smooth pulley, which are constrained to mo
nove in
in the cable will be constant throusho.
many ways. If the pulley is smooth, the tension bughout
D'Alembert's principlecan be adopted to analyse the motion of these connected bodieses.

354
as BXt= O.577 =
42.308 mis
2308m
of MPULSE AND MOMENTUM 2= 1.154 (Down
(Downwards)
mls
Momentum is the the (upward
nergyofnmotion stored in
product of mass and
force = moving body. velocity (m.v) of abody and represents the
a
knoww that
We

This may
be written as mass.acceleration or F =
ma
represena
Fem.Fmdt a

(my)=mVm.V
m.Vf-m.Vi
.E=S m,.V
t
t

" 9.5)
Vr a n d Vi are the
final and initial
where
velocities
m.Vi momentum of the
=

body at respectively.
the
=
momentum ot the
body beginning
at the end
of the time
t.
das the change in linear momentum
per unit time is
force and takes place in the direction of the force. proportional to the impressed
Further,Fxt=m. Vi- m. Vi= m(Vi-V)... 9.6)
The product of force and the time during which it acts (F x t) is called the

357
 PIVINE
SUrER
COLORFUL LIFE

h u s th

ENGINEERMS MECHaNIES andthee

Cu

impulse of force. That is impulse is nothing but the change in momentum. The
The eqation
(9.12) is &nown as impulse - momentum relaton energyo f
The concept of inmpulse is useful in solving proDiems when large forces
are ac compone
of hammer.ting
Sudden blow
for a short time. Problais on collision ofelastic bodies,o f conservation Mathema
of mor king
ete. are effevtively solved using the principle noment
on
nails
Ihe aw of conservation of momentum may be stated as Total momenti.
group of objects always remains the same if no external torce acts on it" entum of anry
Consider that a body A of mass mi nmoving with velocity ui
collides with
body B of mass m: and moving with velocity uz. Let vi and v be their veloeother
ities
collision. Then
after
miui t muz
of m a s s e s before collision
REVI
=

Moment
mivi + m2v2
of m a s s e s after collision
=
Moment
momentum,
According to law of c o n s e r v a t i o n of
monmentum after collision
momentum before collision =

+ nm2u2= m V i + m2v2
miu
9.10WORK ENERGYPRINCIPLE
Consider a force F acting on a body to displace it from position 1 to t

in the figure 9. 30.

position 2
througha
distance s a s shown
When an elementary distance ds is travelled in time dt, the work done
ne b by the torce
would be
dW= Fds . )
second law we know that F= m.a
From the Newtons

a=d v.ds
Substitute in (i)
dv.
dW=m Xv.dsx ds
= mv

Integrate this between the position 1 and 2

dW=m vdv

Wmli-2mv- mv =KE, -KE, ..9.7)

358

POCe.
caetOM POCe M2 PO
 Thus the
work done on.
on
ation (9.7) rer the
n
and the equation
(9.7)
representsobject equals the KINETICS
In
urvilinear motion the
change in kinetic
OF RIGID
BODIES
energy of a body betwee
nerb
the
work work-energy
etween any two energy
5
t s of
omponents of the
the foro principle
principle in
ener
nergy of the
mechanics. object
forces positions
acting on it is states
equal to the workthat the
athematically it is expressed as during the done change m
given in motion
between
by the tangential
equation (9.8) these two
positions

REVIEW QUESTIONS
.FdS=W.D=mv-mv. 9.8)
State Newtons law of motion
2 What is inertia force?

3. State and explain DAlemberts

principle
1Whatis dynamic equilibrium equation?
Explain the work-energy principle.
6 Explain the terns impulse and momentum.

MULTIPLE CHO1CE QUESTIONS

1 Two particles with masses in the ratio 1:4 are
moving with equal kinetic energies.
The magnitude of their linear momentums will confirm
to the ratio
(a) 1:3 (b) 1:4 (c)1:2 (d) 1:8
2. What will be the weight of a man when he is moving downwards in a lift which is
freely falling?
(a) zero (b) original weight (c) Twice the original (d) None of these.
3. When a bullet is fired from a gun, it is recoiled in the backward direction. It is

dueto
(b) conservation of energy
(a) impulse
(d) inertia
(C) conservation of momentum
359

Pe0e.
cAoon POCO M2 PRO