Linear Integrated Circuit

currentsin and out of the

sum of the
increases untilthe through D, has stabilized
5.98 current
the engativefeedback result, no bias
current, The thatpoint, bias current. As a
increasing zero. At plus the
an
mode (-Inputto A,)is equalsthe input currentmatched(,,-I) Ip, is replicated at the
input I, are
loop, and the current
source. Since D, and D, current amplifier, and A, is a current-to-
the the unity-gain
current flows in functionsas a
Thus, A,
output via D,. as described below. A, or R. Sicne A, is designed for low
converter, flow into output. The output
voltage
by D, must either flows through RF to the
Currentproducedalmost all of thecurrent
(=10nA),
bias current becomes:
voltage then R=-IN) R,=, R,
=(, + os currents. For inputt voltage operation
V, =(z)R, and A, bias
the difference between A, Iseries resistor(R), sincethe summing node
IOS is
where,
voltage source(V,)and V,/R:
replaced by a Thus, I =
L can be essentially at ground. however. In this mode the input current
ofthe op amp is constraints, LED
operation does have some voltage from A, to turn the
Unipolar output
so as to produce a positive the LEDtuned on and theloop stabilized,
must be negative necessary to keep
negativethen20nA is indeterminant. Many sensors generate
current more output may be
condition is not met, the and photodiode devices, as well as Some
When this photoconductive bipolar operation of
unidirectional signals, e.g., owever, other applications do require
applications or thermocouples.
the ISO100.
ISOLATORS
OPTO-COUPLERS /OPTO
5.21 photodiode is called an optocoupler. It is also
a LED and a
The combined package of
optically coupled isolator.
(or) an
called an opto isolator LED Photodiode R
R
W
W
V
out

Fig.5.98 Optocoupler
photodiode on the output side.
It has LED on an input side and a
V, and the series resistance R, divides the forward current I, through the
The source
photodiode. Due to this, a reverse
LED. Thus LED emits the light. This light is incident on a
across the output resistance
current is set up in the output circuit. This current produces a drop
voltage V, and the drop acros:
R, The output voltage is the difference between the supply
the resistor R,.
 Generators
andSpecial Function ICS
5.99

V,-R,

vo
ifinput oltage1s Changed, the amount of light emitted by LED changes. Ths
currentin the output circuit and hence the
Vow reverse
output voltage. The outpu
varyingin step with the input voltage. This couplingthe LED and photodiode
hte
hus

s
calledoptocoupler. As the name suggests this device can couple an input signal tO
pu
ctircui;

tor
isola (b) Opto isolator circuit
Opto
(a) Fig.5.99
than the combination of LED and
of LED and photo transistor other
consists
t two more types of opto
coupler are available.
otranssistor,
LED-photodiode
LED-photodarlington
Optocouplers
current of LED, resultsin
-4l Types of current
circuits, the input
which is the forward
and photodarlingtonto
the by photodiode
laboth
by LED. This light is detected showninthe Fig.5.100 (a) and (b).
emission light
of, optocouplers are
current. Thesetwo Light excluding
the output
Light excluding package
package

Output

Output Input
nput
(b)LED-photodarlington

optocouplers
(a) LED-photodiode Fig.5.100Types of
 ceuplet ppler
Characterists ofopteharateristiesofan
S100

5.21.2 imortant
Folkwingarethe
rati
Currenttransfer
()
() soatin voltage
(in) Response time
mde rejevtion
(i) Commoa
() V,(max)
(v) 4(max)
(vi) Bandwidth
Transfer Ratio (CTR)
() Current output collector current(C) to the
transter ratio refers to the ratio ofthe
The current
input forward current if

CTR=xl00%
5.21.3 IC opto coupler
Optocouplcrs are available in a variety ot packages, the most common being six nìn
mini dual-in-line package. The examples of such IC optocouplers are MCT2E and MC
The MCT2E is optically coupled isolator consisting of a Gallium Arsenide infrarei
emitting diode and an NPN silicon phototransistor, mounted in a standared 6 pin dual-in-ina
package. The circuit is shown in the Fig.5.101.

Fig. 5.101Circuit of
Features of 1C MCT2E optocoupler
The various Optfeatures
ocouplofer
1. The isolation MCT2R are,
2. voltage
High d.c. current
of +2500 V.
transfer ratio.
 5.101
GeneralorsandSpecial Function ICS
poWer dissipation is 250 mW.
Total
to
output0solation resistance of l x0 )
Input
dualin line package.
Low
cost
available.
Aual-in-line package, optocoupler with photodarlington is also
pin,
six
the
Fig.5.102.
n i n
the
own

1 6

2 5

3 4

Fig.5.102 ICoptocoupler with photodarlington

Advantages of Optocouplers
.4 transmit data in
optocoupler is so small that they can be used to
response time of
The
the megahertz range.
transmission.
Capableof wideband signal
to the input circuit.
Tloidirectional signal transfermeans that output does not loop back
logic devices.
Easy interfacing with
weight.
Compact and light in
transients, contact bounce etc., are completely eliminated.
k The problems such as
noise,
IC
5.22 FIBRE OPTIC
flexible, transparent fibre that acts as a waveguide or light
An opticalfiber is a thin, ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely used
in
the two
pipe to transmit light between transmission over longer distances and at higher
which permits of metal
hber optic communication communications. Fibres are used instead
forms of
andwidths (data rates) than other less loss and also immune to electro-magnetic
along them with
WTes because signals travel illumination and are wrapped in bundles so they can
be
ierence. Fibers are also used for
viewing in tight spaces.
u to carry images, thus allowing surrounded by transparent cladding
of a transparent core
Opticalfiber typically consists
material with alower index of refraction.
 Linear Integrated Circuit

range of different fiber

implementa TTL are.achievable
used to compatible with
be that guides light
products can whichare flexiblefilament
optic band transparent enteredatthe transmitter end of
5.102 fiber mega
number of rangeupto 100 optical fiber.
isa signal
A information receiver end bythe
fiber
interfaces. Data Theoptical
optic supply. optical the with a.FOR 110Okg
single5V receiver.An deliveredto whenused
usingatransmitterto systemis transmitter be used to provide
communication optic opticfiber can
froma (Burr-Brown)fiber db/km), transmitted can be an analog
optic
afiber attenuation(20 signal datarate
FOT 1 10kgIR low The NRZ
For receiveranda withoutrepeaters. Mbits/Sec
(Burr-Brown) signalat a 2
7.4km digital
link of upto
bandwidthora
optical Network
consiader anexample of atypical
an
of uptoIMHz Fiber Optic
signal network, components. The
Componentsof fiber optic
offiber optic
5.22.1 components implemented with
the
To telecommunicationsystem,
understand
point-to-point Fig.5.103.
shown in the
systemis
Transmitter
telephone Analoginformation

Coder
AA +Sequencesof pulses

Light
SOurce light
pulses of
- Information in

Optical fiber
(Transmission of Detector Decoder
pulses of light
Receiver
Telephone
Fig.5.103 Components of fiber optic technology
transmitter telephone is the
Atelephone user is transmitting analog information. Thus
analog
source of analog information. Wiah the help of conventional electronic coder, the
information is converted to a sequence of binary digits. Such a conventionalcoder can be a
simple analog to digital converter. Such adigital data is then coded into aserial bit stream of
bursts of light i.e. pulses of light. This is represented as lightsource which is driven by tne
digital data. This is called optical transmitter in the fiber optic technology.
 ystems
are, nultiplexersone erface in gmit ers
etc.
haracteristics.
required. di ons, eriencetransmitter,
s onents inoptfThousicrangineering
almdedecoder ical
sensitive s liTgheht
en
transmitter. | dtransmitter. opliche
al|
2. The other The
at
codeio t
nh e be, by ptical
dccuracy A for The
lack long
of
low
two
componentsoptical
most
the
implementation
transmitters
High
and
The Fig.5.104.
encoder Data The
quantizerusdeistort
lengths
attenuation
other an
and
the a the sber
ofa
receiver
da
pulses the
tapoWis
er
puan mod
lses oh
to ulated optical th
transmitter
e is
fiber
Gher
di
Owards
agram Gen rators
of
f
and
levelimportant components receiver,
obtained Fiber
and distance sensitivityoptical Transmitter signal. optic frequency byand Special
RFI Optical circuitry
transmitter driverDiode squares
modulating
the
radiation of like
fibers of
Typical
system.
and from guided theoutput OpticFunction
attenuation at and from
security telephone advantages optical appropriate fiber Photodiode theHence optical receiver.
optical
are delay the the of Network.
is
optic block signal But th e the by the
with the the ICS
of and modulators, also quantizing in receiver fiber optical
fiber pulses
detectors, low distortion. light
the alines on of must
systemdiagram Optical
fiber
and practice
into
electrical processOptical
low high fiber attenuation and transmitted. fiber
data and conforms
the of
wavelengths gets the
sensitivity in requires photodiode PIN circuitry Receiver
optical power
missions. computer frequency optic fiber and of circuit The when electrical the are current of
optical fiber then total optical
system optic good and highly receiver
Optical to light required obtained
optic the variable
is receiver The that
internal
tosignals.
networks. switches, acceptable with generally received power.
emi over system. deal standard propagates pulses. supplies
appropriate reliable, network. Quantizer
data.
noise copper of fiber are
by reflection. from This
This
optocouplers,electronic
Some interface threethe The the
which delay
economical converts light
is wire along
what systems decoder after optical light
is
increases conventional distortion
input-output
circuitry,
Data
levels. animportant the emitter The
channeled
is
required require
optical optical ’ optical fiber, optical 5.103
Data
in
the toare it