The Nature of

Memory

Prof. Ma. Janice J. Gumasing, PIE

School of Industrial Engineering and
Engineering Management

Prof. Katherine D. Gavino, MSIE

Program Chair
MITL – Industrial Engineering
➢ Objective: Correctly answer as
many questions as you can based
on the image provided.

➢ And remember, EVERY detail

counts. Don't just memorize their
names, look at the ENTIRE picture.
 INTRODUCTION

MEMORY
 It is the ability to take in
information, store it, and recall
it at a later time.
STAGES OF MEMORY

 Information must be
changed into a
usable form, which
occurs through the
process known
as encoding
STAGES OF MEMORY

3 Ways of Encoding:

1. Visual (picture)
2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)
STAGES OF MEMORY

 The creation of a
permanent record of the
encoded information.
 The second memory
stage or process in which
we maintain information
over periods of time.
STAGES OF MEMORY

 To getting information
out of the storage
 It is describe as calling
back of stored
information in response
to some cue for use in
a process or activity
TYPES OF MEMORY
SUBTYPE OF SENSORY MEMORY

✓ Branch of sensory memory

❑ Echoic memory used by the auditory system
✓ holding a large amount of
❑ Iconic memory auditory information, but only
❑ Haptic memory for 3–4 seconds
✓ Replayed in the mind for this
brief amount of time
immediately after the
presentation of the auditory
stimulus
SUBTYPE OF SENSORY MEMORY

✓Sensory input to the visual

❑ Echoic memory system goes into iconic
❑ Iconic memory memory
✓Mental representations of
❑ Haptic memory visual stimuli are referred
to as icons
✓Iconic memory has a
duration of about 100 ms
SUBTYPE OF SENSORY MEMORY

❑ Echoic memory ✓Branch of sensory memory

used by the sense of touch
❑ Iconic memory ✓Sensations like pressure,
❑ Haptic memory itching, and pain, which
are briefly held in haptic
memory
WORKING MEMORY

➢ George Miller
➢ 7± 2 items
➢ Chunking
WORKING MEMORY
CHUNKING
CHUNKING
Encoding Specificity
Principle
 ENCODING SPECIFICITY

 provides a general theoretical

framework for understanding how
contextual information affects
memory
 memory is improved when
information available at encoding is
also available at retrieval
 ENCODING SPECIFICITY

 Thomson and Tulving

 contextual information is encoded
with memories which effects the
retrieval of said memories
 When a person uses information
stored in their memory it is necessary
that the information is accessible
 ENCODING SPECIFICITY

 Hermann Ebbinghaus
 associations between items aids
recall of information thus the
internal context of a list matters
 we look for any connection that
helps us combine items into
meaningful units
ENCODING SPECIFICITY

ENCODING CONTEXT
 Physical environment
 Auditory environment
 Language and the voluntary
retrieval of autobiographical
memories
ENCODING SPECIFICITY

ENCODING CONTEXT
 Physical environment
 Auditory environment
 Language and the voluntary
retrieval of autobiographical
memories
ENCODING SPECIFICITY

ENCODING CONTEXT
 Physical environment
 Auditory environment
 Language and the voluntary
retrieval of autobiographical
memories
ENCODING SPECIFICITY

ENCODING CONTEXT
 Physical environment
 Auditory environment
 Language and the voluntary
retrieval of autobiographical
memories
Design Guidelines on
Memory
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

1) Minimize demands on working

memory.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

2) Exploit chunking.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

3) Provide reminders for sequential

operations.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

4) Maintain congruence in written

instructions.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

5) Increase of frequency and recency

of using information stored in long-
term memory.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

5) Increase of frequency and recency

of using information stored in long-
term memory.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

5) Increase of frequency and recency

of using information stored in long-
term memory.
 DESIGN GUIDELINES ON MEMORY

5) Use memory aids.