import pandas as pd

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

Class Discussion
data =
pd.read_csv("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mahmud-nobe/2522b2a51c
0c773f97dc04fd466191a7/raw/3ef6ad30c577a6772de72adf7e9c6d8d47be5565/
hyades.csv", index_col=0)
data

HIP p pmra_cosd pmdec v_r dec ra

0 13834 31.41 234.79 -31.64 28.10 20.67 44.52
1 14838 19.44 154.61 -8.39 24.70 19.73 47.91
2 18170 24.14 143.97 -29.93 35.00 17.33 58.29
3 18735 21.99 129.49 -28.27 31.70 18.19 60.20
4 19554 25.89 146.86 5.00 36.60 5.52 62.83
5 20205 21.17 115.29 -23.86 39.28 15.63 64.95
6 20261 21.20 108.79 -20.67 36.20 15.10 65.15
7 20400 21.87 114.04 -21.40 37.80 14.08 65.51
8 20455 21.29 107.75 -28.84 39.65 17.54 65.73
9 20542 22.36 109.99 -33.47 39.20 17.44 66.02
10 20635 21.27 105.49 -44.14 38.60 22.29 66.34
11 20711 21.07 108.66 -45.83 35.60 22.81 66.58
12 20713 20.86 114.66 -33.30 40.80 15.62 66.59
13 20842 20.85 98.82 -40.59 37.50 21.62 67.00
14 20885 20.66 104.76 -15.01 40.17 15.96 67.14
15 20889 21.04 107.23 -36.77 39.37 19.18 67.15
16 20894 21.89 108.66 -26.39 38.90 15.87 67.17
17 20901 20.33 105.17 -15.08 39.90 13.05 67.21
18 21029 22.54 104.98 -25.14 41.00 16.19 67.64
19 21036 21.84 108.06 -19.71 38.80 13.72 67.66
20 21039 22.55 104.17 -24.29 39.56 15.69 67.66
21 21137 22.25 107.59 -32.38 36.00 15.85 67.97
22 21152 23.13 114.15 6.17 39.80 5.41 68.02
23 21459 22.60 109.97 -53.86 43.30 23.34 69.12
24 21589 21.79 101.73 -14.90 44.70 12.51 69.54
25 21683 20.51 82.40 -19.53 35.60 15.92 69.82
26 22044 20.73 98.87 -13.47 39.60 11.15 71.11
27 22157 12.24 67.48 -7.09 43.00 11.71 71.51
28 22176 10.81 73.03 -69.79 44.11 18.73 71.57
29 22203 19.42 91.37 -24.72 42.42 15.47 71.63
30 22565 17.27 79.66 -32.76 36.80 18.84 72.84
31 22850 14.67 63.32 -28.41 38.40 19.49 73.74
32 23497 20.01 68.94 -40.85 38.00 21.59 75.77
33 23983 18.54 63.54 -7.87 44.16 9.83 77.33
34 24019 18.28 55.86 -60.57 44.90 28.03 77.44
Convergent point
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 12))

sns.set_style("whitegrid")
sns.set(font_scale = 1.4)
#from matplotlib.ticker import (MultipleLocator, AutoMinorLocator)

plt.quiver(data.ra, data.dec, data.pmra_cosd, data.pmdec, width =

0.002)
#skyplot.xaxis_inverted()
plt.xlim(40, 120)
plt.ylim(0, 30)
plt.xlabel('RA (deg)')
plt.ylabel('Dec (deg)')
plt.savefig('Sky Vector Plot (to find the convergent point).svg')
plt.show()
Estimated Convergent point coordinate:

• RA: 115 ± 10 deg

• Dec 10 ± 2 deg
converge_ra, converge_dec = 115, 10
converge_ra_error, converge_dec_error = 10, 2
Angular Separation

def ang_distance(ra1, dec1, ra2, dec2):

ra1, dec1, ra2, dec2 = np.deg2rad([ra1, dec1, ra2, dec2])
## theta(rad) = theta(degree) * pi / 180

cos_theta = np.sin(dec1)*np.sin(dec2) +
np.cos(dec1)*np.cos(dec2)*np.cos(ra1-ra2)
theta = np.arccos(cos_theta)
return theta

theta_rad = [ang_distance(i,j, converge_ra, converge_dec) for i,j in

zip(data.ra, data.dec)]
data['theta'] = theta_rad
data

HIP p pmra_cosd pmdec v_r dec ra theta

0 13834 31.41 234.79 -31.64 28.10 20.67 44.52 1.192677
1 14838 19.44 154.61 -8.39 24.70 19.73 47.91 1.137917
2 18170 24.14 143.97 -29.93 35.00 17.33 58.29 0.967056
3 18735 21.99 129.49 -28.27 31.70 18.19 60.20 0.935378
4 19554 25.89 146.86 5.00 36.60 5.52 62.83 0.904720
5 20205 21.17 115.29 -23.86 39.28 15.63 64.95 0.855601
6 20261 21.20 108.79 -20.67 36.20 15.10 65.15 0.852230
7 20400 21.87 114.04 -21.40 37.80 14.08 65.51 0.846327
8 20455 21.29 107.75 -28.84 39.65 17.54 65.73 0.843250
9 20542 22.36 109.99 -33.47 39.20 17.44 66.02 0.838360
10 20635 21.27 105.49 -44.14 38.60 22.29 66.34 0.839618
11 20711 21.07 108.66 -45.83 35.60 22.81 66.58 0.836872
12 20713 20.86 114.66 -33.30 40.80 15.62 66.59 0.828035
13 20842 20.85 98.82 -40.59 37.50 21.62 67.00 0.827680
14 20885 20.66 104.76 -15.01 40.17 15.96 67.14 0.818894
15 20889 21.04 107.23 -36.77 39.37 19.18 67.15 0.821336
16 20894 21.89 108.66 -26.39 38.90 15.87 67.17 0.818360
17 20901 20.33 105.17 -15.08 39.90 13.05 67.21 0.817887
18 21029 22.54 104.98 -25.14 41.00 16.19 67.64 0.810605
19 21036 21.84 108.06 -19.71 38.80 13.72 67.66 0.810005
20 21039 22.55 104.17 -24.29 39.56 15.69 67.66 0.810073
21 21137 22.25 107.59 -32.38 36.00 15.85 67.97 0.804925
22 21152 23.13 114.15 6.17 39.80 5.41 68.02 0.815825
23 21459 22.60 109.97 -53.86 43.30 23.34 69.12 0.797801
24 21589 21.79 101.73 -14.90 44.70 12.51 69.54 0.778503
25 21683 20.51 82.40 -19.53 35.60 15.92 69.82 0.773916
26 22044 20.73 98.87 -13.47 39.60 11.15 71.11 0.752611
27 22157 12.24 67.48 -7.09 43.00 11.71 71.51 0.745357
28 22176 10.81 73.03 -69.79 44.11 18.73 71.57 0.747975
29 22203 19.42 91.37 -24.72 42.42 15.47 71.63 0.743252
30 22565 17.27 79.66 -32.76 36.80 18.84 72.84 0.727294
31 22850 14.67 63.32 -28.41 38.40 19.49 73.74 0.713889
32 23497 20.01 68.94 -40.85 38.00 21.59 75.77 0.686892
33 23983 18.54 63.54 -7.87 44.16 9.83 77.33 0.647291
34 24019 18.28 55.86 -60.57 44.90 28.03 77.44 0.690851

Proper Motion
data['pm'] = (data.pmra_cosd**2 + data.pmdec**2)**0.5
data

HIP p pmra_cosd pmdec v_r dec ra theta

pm
0 13834 31.41 234.79 -31.64 28.10 20.67 44.52 1.192677
236.912291
1 14838 19.44 154.61 -8.39 24.70 19.73 47.91 1.137917
154.837477
2 18170 24.14 143.97 -29.93 35.00 17.33 58.29 0.967056
147.048175
3 18735 21.99 129.49 -28.27 31.70 18.19 60.20 0.935378
132.540005
4 19554 25.89 146.86 5.00 36.60 5.52 62.83 0.904720
146.945090
5 20205 21.17 115.29 -23.86 39.28 15.63 64.95 0.855601
117.733104
6 20261 21.20 108.79 -20.67 36.20 15.10 65.15 0.852230
110.736232
7 20400 21.87 114.04 -21.40 37.80 14.08 65.51 0.846327
116.030520
8 20455 21.29 107.75 -28.84 39.65 17.54 65.73 0.843250
111.542853
9 20542 22.36 109.99 -33.47 39.20 17.44 66.02 0.838360
114.969739
10 20635 21.27 105.49 -44.14 38.60 22.29 66.34 0.839618
114.352436
11 20711 21.07 108.66 -45.83 35.60 22.81 66.58 0.836872
117.929574
12 20713 20.86 114.66 -33.30 40.80 15.62 66.59 0.828035
119.397678
13 20842 20.85 98.82 -40.59 37.50 21.62 67.00 0.827680
106.831365
14 20885 20.66 104.76 -15.01 40.17 15.96 67.14 0.818894
105.829853
15 20889 21.04 107.23 -36.77 39.37 19.18 67.15 0.821336
113.359189
16 20894 21.89 108.66 -26.39 38.90 15.87 67.17 0.818360
111.818727
17 20901 20.33 105.17 -15.08 39.90 13.05 67.21 0.817887
106.245637
18 21029 22.54 104.98 -25.14 41.00 16.19 67.64 0.810605
107.948228
19 21036 21.84 108.06 -19.71 38.80 13.72 67.66 0.810005
109.842832
20 21039 22.55 104.17 -24.29 39.56 15.69 67.66 0.810073
106.964447
21 21137 22.25 107.59 -32.38 36.00 15.85 67.97 0.804925
112.356898
22 21152 23.13 114.15 6.17 39.80 5.41 68.02 0.815825
114.316628
23 21459 22.60 109.97 -53.86 43.30 23.34 69.12 0.797801
122.451217
24 21589 21.79 101.73 -14.90 44.70 12.51 69.54 0.778503
102.815383
25 21683 20.51 82.40 -19.53 35.60 15.92 69.82 0.773916
84.682825
26 22044 20.73 98.87 -13.47 39.60 11.15 71.11 0.752611
99.783354
27 22157 12.24 67.48 -7.09 43.00 11.71 71.51 0.745357
67.851444
28 22176 10.81 73.03 -69.79 44.11 18.73 71.57 0.747975
101.014974
29 22203 19.42 91.37 -24.72 42.42 15.47 71.63 0.743252
94.654927
30 22565 17.27 79.66 -32.76 36.80 18.84 72.84 0.727294
86.133229
31 22850 14.67 63.32 -28.41 38.40 19.49 73.74 0.713889
69.401372
32 23497 20.01 68.94 -40.85 38.00 21.59 75.77 0.686892
80.133926
33 23983 18.54 63.54 -7.87 44.16 9.83 77.33 0.647291
64.025530
34 24019 18.28 55.86 -60.57 44.90 28.03 77.44 0.690851
82.395780

Moving Cluster Method

vT μ d
tanθ= =
vr vr
v r tan θ
d=c o n s t
μ
Now, Unit of d , \begin{align} &= \frac{km/s}{10^{-3} , "/ year } \ &= 10^3 , \frac{year}{s}\frac{km}
{"}\ &= 10^3 , \frac{365 \times 24\times 3600 , s}{s}, \frac{pc \cdot km}{pc (")} \ &\quad [\text{By
multiplying and dividing by pc$$}]\ &= 365 \times 24 \times 3600 \times 10^3 ,, \frac{pc \cdot
km}{AU} \ &= 365 \times 24 \times 3600 \times 10^3 ,, \frac{pc \cdot km}{1.5\times 10^8 km} \
&= \frac{365 \times 24 \times 3600}{1.5\times 10^8} \times 10^3 ,, pc \ \therefore const &= \
frac{365 \times 24 \times 3600}{1.5\times 10^8} \times 10^3 \end{align}

const = 1/(10**(-3) * 1.5 * 10**8 / (365*24*3600))

const

210.24
# in case you found 4.74 in any of the formula earlier:
# this is how they are related
1000 * 1/4.74

210.97046413502107

v r tan θ
d=c o n s t
μ

data['distance'] = const * data.v_r * np.tan(data.theta) / data.pm

data

HIP p pmra_cosd pmdec ... ra theta pm

distance
0 13834 31.41 234.79 -31.64 ... 44.52 1.192677 236.912291
62.775267
1 14838 19.44 154.61 -8.39 ... 47.91 1.137917 154.837477
72.575604
2 18170 24.14 143.97 -29.93 ... 58.29 0.967056 147.048175
72.560406
3 18735 21.99 129.49 -28.27 ... 60.20 0.935378 132.540005
68.186355
4 19554 25.89 146.86 5.00 ... 62.83 0.904720 146.945090
66.631705
5 20205 21.17 115.29 -23.86 ... 64.95 0.855601 117.733104
80.754554
6 20261 21.20 108.79 -20.67 ... 65.15 0.852230 110.736232
78.588100
7 20400 21.87 114.04 -21.40 ... 65.51 0.846327 116.030520
77.390720
8 20455 21.29 107.75 -28.84 ... 65.73 0.843250 111.542853
83.922546
9 20542 22.36 109.99 -33.47 ... 66.02 0.838360 114.969739
79.708805
10 20635 21.27 105.49 -44.14 ... 66.34 0.839618 114.352436
79.112320
11 20711 21.07 108.66 -45.83 ... 66.58 0.836872 117.929574
70.360904
12 20713 20.86 114.66 -33.30 ... 66.59 0.828035 119.397678
78.245335
13 20842 20.85 98.82 -40.59 ... 67.00 0.827680 106.831365
80.318797
14 20885 20.66 104.76 -15.01 ... 67.14 0.818894 105.829853
85.334582
15 20889 21.04 107.23 -36.77 ... 67.15 0.821336 113.359189
78.463191
16 20894 21.89 108.66 -26.39 ... 67.17 0.818360 111.818727
78.127075
17 20901 20.33 105.17 -15.08 ... 67.21 0.817887 106.245637
84.258950
18 21029 22.54 104.98 -25.14 ... 67.64 0.810605 107.948228
83.982184
19 21036 21.84 108.06 -19.71 ... 67.66 0.810005 109.842832
78.011223
20 21039 22.55 104.17 -24.29 ... 67.66 0.810073 106.964447
81.690851
21 21137 22.25 107.59 -32.38 ... 67.97 0.804925 112.356898
70.045935
22 21152 23.13 114.15 6.17 ... 68.02 0.815825 114.316628
77.791819
23 21459 22.60 109.97 -53.86 ... 69.12 0.797801 122.451217
76.210363
24 21589 21.79 101.73 -14.90 ... 69.54 0.778503 102.815383
90.152082
25 21683 20.51 82.40 -19.53 ... 69.82 0.773916 84.682825
86.376489
26 22044 20.73 98.87 -13.47 ... 71.11 0.752611 99.783354
78.136381
27 22157 12.24 67.48 -7.09 ... 71.51 0.745357 67.851444
122.972516
28 22176 10.81 73.03 -69.79 ... 71.57 0.747975 101.014974
85.178717
29 22203 19.42 91.37 -24.72 ... 71.63 0.743252 94.654927
86.594774
30 22565 17.27 79.66 -32.76 ... 72.84 0.727294 86.133229
79.948395
31 22850 14.67 63.32 -28.41 ... 73.74 0.713889 69.401372
100.775213
32 23497 20.01 68.94 -40.85 ... 75.77 0.686892 80.133926
81.764022
33 23983 18.54 63.54 -7.87 ... 77.33 0.647291 64.025530
109.617059
34 24019 18.28 55.86 -60.57 ... 77.44 0.690851 82.395780
94.719744

[35 rows x 10 columns]

Error Propagation
One Variable error propagation

Two or more variable error propagation

df
Δ f x= Δx
dx
df
Δ f y= Δy
dy

Δ f = √ Δ f 2x + Δ f 2y
 √( )( )
2 2
df df
Δf= Δx + Δy
dx dy

Rules of error propagation

\begin{align} z &= \sin x\ \therefore \Delta z &= ? \end{align}

Using the rules above, \begin{align} \frac{\Delta z}{z} &= \cot x, \Delta x\ \frac{\Delta z}{\sin x}
&= \frac{\cos x}{\sin x} \Delta x\ \therefore \Delta z = \cos x \Delta x \end{align}
Using differentiation, \begin{align} \Delta z &= \frac{d}{dx} z \Delta x\ &= \frac{d}{dx} \sin x \
Delta x\ &= \cos x \Delta x \end{align}
Similarly, \begin{align} x &= \sin^{-1} z\ \Delta x &= \frac{1}{\cos x} \Delta z \end{align}

Similarly we can show that, \begin{align} \text{If } z &= \cos x\ \Delta z &= \sin x \Delta x \
end{align} and, \begin{align} x &= \cos^{-1} z\ \Delta x &= \frac{1}{\sin x} \Delta z \end{align}
Examples
$ d = v \theta / \mu $
Δ v , Δ μ, Δθ
Δ d=?
Now, Using the 4th eq. of the table,

Δd
d
=
v √
Δv 2 Δθ 2 Δ μ2
+
θ
+
μ

Δ d=d
√( v )( )
Δ v 2 Δθ 2 Δ μ2
+
θ
+(
μ
¿)¿

$ d = tan \theta $
Δ d=?
Now, using the last eq. of the table,
Δd Δθ
=
d si nθc osθ
Δθ
Δ d=d
s i nθ c o s θ
s i nθ Δθ
Δ d=
c o s θ s i nθ c o s θ
2
Δ d=sec θ Δ θ
−1
d=c /μ=c μ
Δ d=?
Now, using the 5th eq. from the table
Δd Δμ
=( −1 )
d μ
Δμ
Δ d=− d
μ

Distance Error
distance,
 v r tan θ
d=c o n s t
μ

Δ d=√ Δ d 2v + Δ d 2θ + Δ d2μ

Firstly,
v r tan θ
d v =c o n s t =a v r
μ
tan θ
Δ d v =a Δ v r =c o n s t Δ vr
μ
Similarly,
v r tan θ
d θ=c o n s t =a tan θ
μ

2 vr 2
Δ d θ=a s e c θ Δ θ=c o n s t se c θ Δθ
μ
Similarly,
v r tanθ −1
d μ=c o n s t =c μ
μ

Δ d μ=− d
Δμ
μ ( v tan θ Δ μ
=− c o n s t r
μ μ )
Therefore,

Δ d=√ Δ d 2v + Δ d 2θ + Δ d2μ

√( )( )(( ) )
2 2 2
tan θ v 2 v tan θ Δ μ
¿ con st Δ vr + c o n s t r s e c θ Δ θ + − c o n s t r
μ μ μ μ

√ ( )
2
c onst 2 v tan θ Δ μ
tanθ Δv r ) + ( v r s e c 2 θ Δθ ) + r
2
¿
μ
( μ
Same approach, just expressing with differentiation:

Distance,
v r tan θ
d=c o n s t
μ
\begin{align} \Delta d &= \sqrt{\Delta d_v ^2 + \Delta d_\theta^2 + \Delta d_\mu^2}\ &= \sqrt{\
left( \frac{\partial}{\partial v} d\Delta v_r \right)^2 + \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} d\Delta \
theta \right)^2 + \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial \mu} d\Delta \mu \right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(const \
frac{\tan \theta}{ \mu} \Delta v_r \right)^2 + \left(const \frac{v_r}{ \mu} sec^2 \theta \Delta \
theta \right)^2 + \left(-const \frac{v_r \tan \theta}{ \mu^2} \Delta \mu\right)^2}\ &= \frac{const}
{ \mu} \sqrt{(\tan \theta \Delta v_r)^2 + (v_r sec^2 \theta \Delta \theta)^2 + ( \frac{v_r \tan \
theta \Delta \mu}{\mu})^2} \end{align}
Now let's see how we can do propagation for more than one variables,
d=v t a n θ
d (v , θ)

Δ d=√ Δ d 2v + Δ d 2θ

Firstly,
Δ d v =?

d=v tan θ=a v

Δ d v =a Δ v=tan θ Δ v

Similarly,
Δ d θ=?

d=v tan θ=a tan θ

Δ dθ Δθ
=a
dθ sin θ cos θ
2 2
Δ d θ=a s e c θ Δ θ=v sec θ Δ θ
Therefore,

Δ d=√ Δ d 2v + Δ d 2θ

√
¿ ( tan θ Δ v ) + ( v sec θ Δ θ )
2 2 2

Theta error

converge_ra_error, converge_dec_error = np.deg2rad([converge_ra_error,

converge_dec_error])

$\Delta \theta = \sqrt{(\Delta RA)^2 + (\Delta dec)^2} $

del_theta = (converge_ra_error**2 + converge_dec_error**2)**0.5

del_theta

0.1779893582712677
Calculating Δ d for the given data
del_v = 0.01
del_mu = 0

Unit of Δ d , \begin{align} &= \frac{1}{10^{-3} , "/ year } \sqrt{(km/s)^2 + (km/s)^2} \ &=

\frac{km/s}{10^{-3} , "/ year } \ &= 10^3 , \frac{year}{s}\frac{km}{"}\ &= 10^3 , \frac{365 \times
24\times 3600 , s}{s}, \frac{pc \cdot km}{pc (")} \ &= 365 \times 24 \times 3600 \times 10^3 ,, \
frac{pc \cdot km}{AU} \ &= 365 \times 24 \times 3600 \times 10^3 ,, \frac{pc \cdot km}{1.5\times
10^8 km} \ &= \frac{365 \times 24 \times 3600}{1.5\times 10^8} \times 10^3 ,, pc \ &= const ,,
pc \end{align}

del_d = const/(data.pm) * np.sqrt( (np.tan(data.theta) * del_v)**2

+ (data.v_r *
(1/np.cos(data.theta))**2 * del_theta)**2
+ (data.v_r * np.tan(data.theta) *
del_mu / data.pm)**2 )

data['del_d'] = del_d
data

HIP p pmra_cosd pmdec ... theta pm

distance del_d
0 13834 31.41 234.79 -31.64 ... 1.192677 236.912291
62.775267 32.566311
1 14838 19.44 154.61 -8.39 ... 1.137917 154.837477
72.575604 33.923097
2 18170 24.14 143.97 -29.93 ... 0.967056 147.048175
72.560406 27.633792
3 18735 21.99 129.49 -28.27 ... 0.935378 132.540005
68.186355 25.407386
4 19554 25.89 146.86 5.00 ... 0.904720 146.945090
66.631705 24.411304
5 20205 21.17 115.29 -23.86 ... 0.855601 117.733104
80.754554 29.032611
6 20261 21.20 108.79 -20.67 ... 0.852230 110.736232
78.588100 28.227476
7 20400 21.87 114.04 -21.40 ... 0.846327 116.030520
77.390720 27.755278
8 20455 21.29 107.75 -28.84 ... 0.843250 111.542853
83.922546 30.075739
9 20542 22.36 109.99 -33.47 ... 0.838360 114.969739
79.708805 28.534573
10 20635 21.27 105.49 -44.14 ... 0.839618 114.352436
79.112320 28.328704
11 20711 21.07 108.66 -45.83 ... 0.836872 117.929574
70.360904 25.180308
12 20713 20.86 114.66 -33.30 ... 0.828035 119.397678
78.245335 27.955259
13 20842 20.85 98.82 -40.59 ... 0.827680 106.831365
80.318797 28.694326
14 20885 20.66 104.76 -15.01 ... 0.818894 105.829853
85.334582 30.445596
15 20889 21.04 107.23 -36.77 ... 0.821336 113.359189
78.463191 28.003536
16 20894 21.89 108.66 -26.39 ... 0.818360 111.818727
78.127075 27.872127
17 20901 20.33 105.17 -15.08 ... 0.817887 106.245637
84.258950 30.057830
18 21029 22.54 104.98 -25.14 ... 0.810605 107.948228
83.982184 29.933907
19 21036 21.84 108.06 -19.71 ... 0.810005 109.842832
78.011223 27.804005
20 21039 22.55 104.17 -24.29 ... 0.810073 106.964447
81.690851 29.115659
21 21137 22.25 107.59 -32.38 ... 0.804925 112.356898
70.045935 24.953896
22 21152 23.13 114.15 6.17 ... 0.815825 114.316628
77.791819 27.743593
23 21459 22.60 109.97 -53.86 ... 0.797801 122.451217
76.210363 27.137622
24 21589 21.79 101.73 -14.90 ... 0.778503 102.815383
90.152082 32.095280
25 21683 20.51 82.40 -19.53 ... 0.773916 84.682825
86.376489 30.756311
26 22044 20.73 98.87 -13.47 ... 0.752611 99.783354
78.136381 27.874805
27 22157 12.24 67.48 -7.09 ... 0.745357 67.851444
122.972516 43.916355
28 22176 10.81 73.03 -69.79 ... 0.747975 101.014974
85.178717 30.406945
29 22203 19.42 91.37 -24.72 ... 0.743252 94.654927
86.594774 30.935740
30 22565 17.27 79.66 -32.76 ... 0.727294 86.133229
79.948395 28.653190
31 22850 14.67 63.32 -28.41 ... 0.713889 69.401372
100.775213 36.243878
32 23497 20.01 68.94 -40.85 ... 0.686892 80.133926
81.764022 29.680404
33 23983 18.54 63.54 -7.87 ... 0.647291 64.025530
109.617059 40.558727
34 24019 18.28 55.86 -60.57 ... 0.690851 82.395780
94.719744 34.330155

[35 rows x 11 columns]

sorted_data = data.sort_values("p", ascending=False)

plt.errorbar(sorted_data.p, sorted_data.distance, sorted_data.del_d ,
linestyle = ":")
plt.xlabel('parallax')
plt.ylabel('Distance')
plt.show()

sns.histplot(data.distance, kde = True)

<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7fd6f8b26210>
Appendix A: Average for data with error

∑ di
d a v g= i=1
n

∑1
i=1

∑ w di
d a v g ,w e i g h t e d = i=1n
∑w
i=1

Center of mass: w = m
 n

∑ m xi
x a v g , c o m= i=1n
∑m
i=1

∑ m yi
y a v g ,c o m= i=1n
∑m
i=1

Data with Error: w = 1/error^2 = 1/e^2

n
d
∑ e 2i
d a v g ,w e i g h t e d = i=1
n

∑ e12
i=1

Appendix B: Error in angular separation formula

It is given that, \begin{align} \Delta \alpha_1 &= 0\ \Delta \delta_1 &= 0\ \Delta \alpha_2 &= 10\ \
Delta \delta_2 &= 5\ \cos \theta &= \sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2 + \cos \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \cos (\
alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \end{align}
Now, the error propagation: \begin{align} \therefore \Delta (cos \theta) &= \sqrt{\Delta(\sin \
delta_1 \sin \delta_2)^2 + \Delta(\cos \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2}\ \Delta
(\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) &= \sqrt{\Delta \alpha_1^2 + \Delta \alpha_2^2} = \sqrt{\Delta \alpha_2^2}
= \Delta \alpha_2\ \frac{\Delta(\sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2)}{\sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2} &= \sqrt{\
left(\frac{\Delta \sin \delta_1}{\sin \delta_1}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\Delta \sin \delta_2}{\sin \
delta_2}\right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\cos \delta_1 \Delta \delta_1}{\sin \delta_1}\right)^2 + \
left(\frac{\cos \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\sin \delta_2}\right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\cos \
delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\sin \delta_2}\right)^2}\ &= \frac{\cos \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\sin \
delta_2}\ \therefore \Delta(\sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2) &= \frac{\cos \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\
sin \delta_2} \sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2\ &= \sin \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2 \end{align}
Similarly, \begin{align} \frac{\Delta (\cos \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))}{\cos \
delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)} &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\Delta \cos \delta_1}{\cos \
delta_1}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\Delta \cos \delta_2}{\cos \delta_2}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\Delta \
cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}{\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}\right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\sin \delta_1 \
Delta \delta_1}{\cos \delta_1}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\sin \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\cos \delta_2}\
right)^2 + \left(\frac{\sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \Delta (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}{\cos (\alpha_1 - \
alpha_2)}\right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\sin \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2}{\cos \delta_2}\right)^2 + \
left(\frac{\sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \Delta \alpha_2}{\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)}\right)^2}\ &= \
sqrt{\frac{(\sin \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2)^2}{(\cos \delta_2)^2} + \frac{(\sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \
Delta \alpha_2)^2}{(\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2}}\ &= \sqrt{\frac{(\sin \delta_2 \Delta \
delta_2)^2 (\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2 + (\sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \Delta \alpha_2)^2 (\cos \
delta_2)^2}{(\cos \delta_2)^2 (\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2}}\ \therefore \Delta (\cos \delta_1 \
cos \delta_2 \cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2)) &= \cos \delta_1\sqrt{(\sin \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2)^2 (\
cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2 + (\sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \Delta \alpha_2)^2 (\cos \delta_2)^2} \
end{align}
Adding all of them together, \begin{align} & \quad, \Delta(\sin \delta_1 \sin \delta_2)^2 + \Delta(\
cos \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2 \ &= (\sin \delta_1 \cos \delta_2 \Delta \
delta_2)^2 + (\cos \delta_1)^2 (\sin \delta_2 \Delta \delta_2)^2 (\cos (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2))^2 + (\
sin (\alpha_1 - \alpha_2) \Delta \alpha_2)^2 (\cos \delta_1)^2(\cos \delta_2)^2 \end{align}

Appendix C: Proving the formulas of the error propagation

table using the main equation and differentiation

f ( x , y )=x y
\begin{align} \Delta f &= \sqrt{(\frac{df}{dx} \Delta x)^2 + (\frac{df}{dy} \Delta y)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\
left(\frac{d}{dx} xy ,, \Delta x \right)^2 + \left(\frac{d}{dy} xy , \Delta y \right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{(y \
Delta x)^2 + (x \Delta y)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{xy}{x} \Delta x \right)^2 + \left(\frac{xy}{y} \Delta
y \right)^2}\ &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{f}{x} \Delta x \right)^2 + \left(\frac{f}{y} \Delta y \right)^2}\ &= f \
sqrt{\left(\frac{\Delta x}{x} \right)^2 + \left(\frac {\Delta y}{y}\right)^2}\ \therefore \frac{\Delta f}
{f} &= \sqrt{\left(\frac{\Delta x}{x} \right)^2 + \left(\frac {\Delta y}{y}\right)^2} \end{align}