The Second Conference of Post Graduate Researches (CPGR'2017)
College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain Univ., Baghdad, Iraq - 4th Oct. 2017
Study the Effect of Cutting Parameters on Chips Hardness and
Surface Finish of Stainless Steel 316L
Ahmed A. Akbar Raed R. Shwaish
Production and Metallurgy Eng. Dep., University of Technology, Baghdad, IRAQ
akbarthree@yahoo.com raedshuishe@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper is focuses on studied the effects .of,
cutting, parameters, like (spindle ,speed, ,feed, and
cut depth) on response or output (chips hardness,
roughness of surface) of the austenitic stainless steel
316 L as a workpiece in turning operation. The
inserts used is carbide inserts coated with TiAlN
(Titanum aluminium nitride), for machining a shaft
of stainless steel 316L. Chips hardness increased
when decreased the value of ,spindle ,speed, chips
hardness increased when increased the value of feed
and the cut depth. The increased in the value of
spindle speed lead to decreased the surface
roughness (smooth surface), also the increased in
feed and cut depth produce rough surface.
Maximum value for chips hardness was (395 Hv) at
the spindle ,speed (400 r.p.m), feed (0..14 mm/rev)
cut ,depth (0,.9 mm). The minimum roughness of
surface was (0.98 µm) when spindle speed (1000
r.p.m), feed, (0.14 mm,/rev,),,cut depth (0.9 mm).
The (RSM) response surface methodology were
done by using Minitab 16 software gave us the
result with a better accuracy. RSM gave the
coefficient of determination value which gave us the
amount of fit between the data that produced from
experiments and the, predicted data. The values of
coefficient of determination are (95%) for the chips
hardness and (94.07 %) for surface roughness.
Keywords: Chips hardness, cutting parameters,
RSM, surface roughness, stainless steel 316 L,
turning operation.
1 Introduction
Turning process is conventional machining
process carried out on machine tool named a lath,
used to supply a capacity to rotate the parts on a
given speed, ,feed, ,depth of cut [1]. Turning
operation has some advantage like in turning
process all type of materials can be used, the
turning operation gave good surface finish and
tolerance, they requires less energy and strength
than the other processes, long tool life [2].
Austenitic stainless steels are nonmagnetic stainless
steels that contain high amount of chromium and
nickel and low amount of carbon [3]. It have more
55
Naba D. Hadi
nabaadhiyaa@gmail.com
corrosion resistance, resistance to oxidation,
physical property characteristics such as (magnetic
properties, thermal conductivity, and electrical
resistive) [4]. Galal H. Senussi (2007) [5] Studied
the effect of machining parameters and dimension
from the work piece center consider as input
variables on the response chip micro hardness in
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) turning
machine for 304 austenitic stainless steel. Ihsan K.
et al. (2004) [6] Studied the limitation of the
optimal cutting speed when turning an austenitic
stainless steel 304, cemented carbide used as a
cutting tools in this thesis. Mohd F. et al. (2010) [7]
Studied the effects of various insert nose radius, and
cutting parameters such (cutting speeds and feed)
on the roughness of surface of austenitic stainless
steel 316 L. D. Grzegorz K. et al. (2014) [8]
Studied the integrity of machined surface, micro-
hardness after machining stainless steel.
The main purpose of this work produce better
chips hardness and minimum surface roughness
(smooth surface).
2 Experimental work
The experiments were done on the universal
turning type sinus 330/3000 (SN-126130). A
carbide inserts coated with TiAlN was used to
machine the stainless steel 316L workpiece. The
holder used type Hertel (SVJBR 2525M16) for
orthogonal cutting.
2.1 The workpiece material
The workpeice material is a shaft of stainless
steel 316 L, which is inspected in (Central
Organization for Standardization and Quality
Control) / (lab. of quality control). The chemical
composition in tables (1). The stainless steel shaft
has dimensions diameter (74) mm and length
(1200) mm.
Table (1): The chemical composition of austenitic
stainless steel 316 L and compare it with standard
Metal Standard 316L Workpiece
316L(Max) [9]
Carbon% 0.030 0.0044
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 (CPGR'2017) College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain Univ., Baghdad, Iraq Akbar et al., pp.55-59

Silicon% 0.75 0.432 for measuring roughness parameters (Ra and

Manganese% 2 1.74 Rz).The MarSurf Ps1 placed on the workpiece and
Phosphorus% 0.045 0.0271 then taken the measurement. They used vee-block
Nickel% 10 – 14 9.55 for support the cylindrical workpiece.
Copper% --- 0.597 3 The results and The discussion
Chromium% 16 –18 18.2 3.1 The influence of the cutting parameters
Molybdenum% 2–3 2.19 on chips hardness
Sulfur% 0.030 0.0216 The influence of spindle speed (N) on the chips
Iron% Balance Balance hardness, as shown in Figure (2). The chips
hardness decreased when increased spindle speed.
2.2 Design of experiments The reason is when the spindle speed increased lead
The (DOE) was very important because gave us to decrease cutting time (time allowed to machine),
the experiments number that needed. In this work the austenite doesn’t. have the enough time to
the experimental matrix was selected as 2𝑅𝑅 full transform, so the microstructure doesn’t change and
factorial central composite rotatable fixed levels the strain hardening remain small so hardness
design. Table (2) show the levels for the three decreased. The maximum hardness value is (395
cutting parameters. Hv) at spindle speed (400 r.p.m), feed value (0.14
Table (2): Level of process control variable mm/rev), and cut depth (0.9 mm). The influence of
Levels feed (f) on chips hardness, as showed in Figure (3).
Parameters Units The chips hardness increased with increasing feed.
-1.682 -1 0 1 1.682
Cutting The reason is when feed rate increase the cutting
r.p.m 400 500 630 800 1000
speed (N) force normally increased lead to increase the plastic
Feed (f) mm/rev 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 deformation.When the plastic deformation increased
Depth of the chip hardening increased gradually specially in
mm 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 the contact zone between tool and chip which
cut (d)
increased the hardness of chip. The influence of cut
The total number of all experiment used can be depth (d) on chips hardness is showed in Figure (4).
calculated by using the equation below The chips hardness increased when increasing depth
For R < 5 of cut. The reason is when cut depth increased
produce more strain hardening because of thermal
N = 2𝑅𝑅 + 2R + 𝑛𝑛₀ eq. (1) [10] softening of the material at high cut depth. Also
Where: higher cutting force produce large amount of heat
R : The number of controllable process parameters. lead to increased hardness of chip. We can see the
2𝑅𝑅 : The factorial points value of hardness was oscillation at spindle speed
n ₀ : group of experimental runs, (800) (r.p.m), because of some trouble shooting like
In this present work R=3, therefore there is eight machine vibration, deviation from work piece
kernel, six star, and six center runs, that’s lead to the center, accuracy of machining in addition to smaller
total experiments number N=20. The value of star size of specimen make the measurement difficult.
arm, 𝛼𝛼= 1.682 [10]. The experimental design matrix 3.2 The influence of cutting parameters on
are shown in table (3) below. the roughness of surface
2.3 Hardness The influence of spindle speed (N) on the
All hardness measurement were tested by roughness of surface, showed in Figure (5). The
(Digital micro vikers hardness tester). In order to roughness of surface decreased when increasing the
make chips hardness measurement i make (20) spindle speed. The reason is the increasing in
specimens by using (agrilic powder and acid), spindle speed lead to decreasing the (BUE) (Build-
shown if Fig. (1) then making grinding using sand up edge) tendency formation, lead to decreasing the
paper of various grade (320, 500, 1000). Also the deformations and consequently the roughness of
specimens manually polished with aid of alumina surface. Minimum roughness of surface is (0.98 μm)
paste. Finally the chips hardness taken using at (400 r.p.m) spindle speed (0.14 mm/rev) feed
Vickers hardness technique. The amount of load and (0.9 mm) cut depth. The influence of feed (f) on
applied is (1 kg) for (15 sec). roughness of surface, showed in Figure (6). The
2.4 Surface roughness roughness of surface increased when increasing
All surface roughness measurement were feed. The reason is while feed increase the cutting
tested by using MarSurf Ps1 the portable surface tool move from one point to another on the
roughness gauge, MarSurf Ps1 consist of key used workpiece with higher rate so the hardness of the

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 (CPGR'2017) College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain Univ., Baghdad, Iraq Akbar et al., pp.55-59

chip and workpiece become higher, lead to produce S° : constant.

a large amount of metal removal in a small time, Si , Sii , Sij : coefficient of independent variables
producing high deformed chip with high value of ui : linear expression.
temperature, leading to metal removal by rupture u2i : quadratic expression .
action, so the cutting force increased that’s leading ui uj : interaction expression.
to produce rough surface. The influence of cut depth The equation of mathematical model for chips
(d) on roughness of surface as showed in Figure hardness are shown below:
(7).The roughness of surface increased when Y = – 941.043 + 0.7992 N + 11643.1 f + 515.135
increasing cut depth. The reason of increasing is d– 4.644 N2 – 32941.6 f 2 − 270.97 d2 –
when the cut depth increase leading to increase the 3.6261N f + 0.14570 N d – 6.2500 f d eq. (3)
amount of metal removal in addition the cutting
The equation of mathematical model for
edge having a large value of interfaced length with
the metal to be removed that’s leading to increase surface roughness are shown below:
Y = 4.9195 – 0.013035 N – 16.234 f + 5.4625
cutting force and heat so produce rough surface.
4.3465 N2 – 48.245 f 2 +0.5456 d2 +
3.3 Prediction of chips hardness and surface
0.07059 N f – 0.00663 N d – 9.531 f N eq. (4)
roughness by using RSM The value of (R-sq) for chips hardness equal to
RSM used to produce a 2nd polynomial equation (95 %) and R-sq (adj) (91%). The (R-sq) value
models that used to predict the chips hardness and used to find the degree of fit among the data that
surface roughness by using the experimental results. produce from experiments and the predicted result.
The design matrix and the set of controllable When the value R-sq is high it show a better fit.
variable, can be fitted by using the polynomial R-sq for surface roughness equal to (94.07 %) and
equation of second order [10]: R-sq (adj) (89%). The regression model provides a
better clarification for relationship between the
Y= S° +∑M M M
i=1 Si ui + ∑i=1 Sii u+∑i=1,j>i Sij ui uj.. eq.(2) [10] experimental value and prediction values for the
Where: response (chips hardness and surface roughness).
Y: The output or response (chips hardness,
roughness of surface).
Table (3): Design of experiment matrix.
No. X1 (N) X2 (f) X3 (d) Spindle speed Feed Cut depth
(r.p.m) (mm/rev) (mm)
1 -1 -1 -1 500 0.12 0.7
2 1 -1 -1 800 0.12 0.7
3 -1 1 -1 500 0.16 0.7
4 1 1 -1 800 0.16 0.7
5 -1 -1 1 500 0.12 1.1
6 1 -1 1 800 0.12 1.1
7 -1 1 1 500 0.16 1.1
8 1 1 1 800 0.16 1.1
9 -1.682 0 0 400 0.14 0.9
10 1.682 0 0 1000 0.14 0.9
11 0 -1.682 0 630 0.10 0.9
12 0 1.682 0 630 0.18 0.9
13 0 0 -1.682 630 0.14 0.5
14 0 0 1.682 630 0.14 1.3
15 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9
16 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9
17 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9
18 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9
19 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9
20 0 0 0 630 0.14 0.9

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N = 400 r.p.m N = 500 r.p.m N= 630 r.p.m N = 800 r.p.m N = 1000 r.p.m
f = 0.14 mm/rev d = 0.9 mm. f = 0.14 mm/rev d = 0.9 mm. f = 0.14 mm/re d= 1.3 mm. f = 0.12mm/rev d = 1.1 mm. f = 0.14mm/rev d = 0.9 mm.
Figure 1: Specimen after grinding and polishing.

600
f= 0.1 (mm/rev) , 600 N= 400
d= 0.5 (mm) (r.p.m) , d=
500
0.5 (mm)
Hardness (Hv)

500
f= 0.12 (mm/rev) , N=500

Hardness (Hv)
400 d= 0.7 (mm) (r.p.m) , d=
400
(0.7) mm
300 f= 0.14 (mm/rev) , N=630
300
d= 0.9 (mm) (r.p.m) , d=
200 0.9 (mm)
f= 0.16 (mm/rev) , 200 N= 800
d= (1.1) (mm) (r.p.m) , d=
100 100 1.1 (mm)
f= 0.18 (mm/rev) , N= 1000
0 d= (1.3)mm 0 (r.p.m) , d=
400 500 630 800 1000 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 1.3 (mm)
Spindle Speed (r.p.m) Feed (mm/rev)

Figure 2: The influence of spindle speed on the chips hardness. Figure 3: The influence effect of feed on the chips hardness.

500 3.5
N= 400 (r.p.m) , f= 0.1
f= 0.1 (mm/rev) (mm/rev) , d=
3
Roughness of surface

400 0.5 (mm)

Hardness (Hv)

N= 500 (r.p.m) 2.5 f= 0.12

, f= 0.12 (mm/rev) , d=
300
(mm/rev) 2 0.7 (mm)
(μm)

N= 630 (r.p.m) , f= 0.14

200 f= 0.14 1.5
(mm/rev) , d=
(mm/rev) 0.9 (mm)
1
N= 800 (r.p.m) , f= 0.16
100
f= 0.16 0.5 (mm/rev) , d=
(mm/rev) 1.1 (mm)
0 N=1000 (r.p.m) 0 f= 0.18
0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 , f= 0.18 400 500 630 800 1000 (mm/rev), d=
(mm/rev) 1.3 (mm)
Cut depth (mm)
Spindle speed (r.p.m)
Figure 4: The influence of cut depth on the chips hardness. Figure 5: The influence of spindle speed on roughness of surface.

3.5 4
N= 400 f= 0.1 (mm/rev)
(r.p.m) , d= 3.5 , N= 400 (r.p.m)
Roughness of surface (μm)

3
Roughness of surface (μm)

0.5 (mm)
3
2.5 N= 500 f= 0.12
(r.p.m) , (mm/rev) , N=
2.5
2 d=0.7 (mm) 500 (r.p.m)

N=630 2
f= 0.14
1.5 (r.p.m) , (mm/rev) , N=
d=0.9 (mm) 1.5 630 (r.p.m)
1
N= 800 1 f= 0.16
(r.p.m) , d= (mm/rev) ,
0.5
1.1 (mm) 0.5 N=800 (r.p.m)

0 N= 1000 0 f= 0.18
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 (r.p.m) , d= (mm/rev) , N=
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
1.3 (mm) 1000 (r.p.m)
Feed (mm/rev) Cut depth (mm)

Figure 6: The influence of feed on roughness of surface . Figure 7: The influence of depth of cut on roughness of surface.

4. Conclusions
From present work we conclude the following: affect the chips hardness and surface roughness
1. The experimental and predicted result showed followed by feed and cut depth.
that the spindle speed is the main parameters

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2. Experimental results showed: the chips hardness
increase with spindle speed decreased and chips
hardness increased when feed and cut depth
increased. Maximum value of chips hardness
was (395 Hv) at spindle speed (400 r.p.m), (0.14
mm/rev) feed and (0.9 mm) cut depth. Minimum
value of chips hardness was (236 Hv) at spindle
speed (1000 r.p.m), (0.14 mm/rev) feed rate
and (0.9 mm) depth of cut.
3. Experimental results showed: roughness of
surface decreased with increasing spindle speed
and roughness of surface increased when feed
and cut depth increasing. Minimum roughness
of surface was (0.98 μm) at (400 r.p.m) spindle
speed (0.14 mm/rev) feed and (0.9 mm) cut
depth. Maximum roughness of surface was
(3.11 μm ) at spindle speed (400 r.p.m), (0.14
mm/rev) feed and (0.9 mm) cut depth.
4. RSM model can predict the responses with a
better accuracy of (95%) for chips hardness and
(94.07%) for surface roughness.
References
[1] D.B. Dallas, ”Tool and Manufacturing
Engineers Handbook”, third edition, 1976, Mc
Graw- Hill.U.S.A.
[2] Boothroyd, G.,“Fundamentals of Metal
Machining and Machine Tools”,
International.Student..Edition,..McGrawHill..Int
ernational..Book..Company, Tokyo, 1981.
[3] J. Beddoes and J.G. Parr, “Introduction to
Stainless Steels”, third edition, ASM
International, 1999.
[4] J.R. Davis, “ASM Specialty Handbook
Stainless..Steels”..ASM..International, 1994.
[5] G.H. Senussi ,” Interaction Effect of Feed
Rate and Cutting Speed in CNC-Turning on
Chip Micro-Hardness of 304- Austenitic
Stainless Steel”, International
Journal..of..Mechanical,..Aerospace,
Industrial,..Mechatronic and Manufacturing
Engineering ,Vol:1, No:4, 2007, Pp. 159-164.
[6] I. Korkut, M. Kasap, I. Ciftci and U.
Sekar,..“Determination..of..Optimum Cutting
Parameters during Machining of AISI 304
Austenitic Stainless Steel,” Materials & Design,
Vol. 25, No. 4, 2004, Pp. 303-305.
[7] M.F. Abdullah, A. B. Sulong, I. H. Chua, C.
H. Che Haron, J. A. Ghani “Studied Effects of
Insert Nose Radius And Machining Parameters
on The Surface Roughness of Stainless Steel
316l” Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 447-
448,2010,Pp.51-54.
[8] G. K., Stanislaw , P. N., Maksymilian , ”
Study of The Surface Integrity Micro-Hardness
of Austenitic Stainless Steel After Turning”,
Faculty of Production Engineering and
Logistics, ISSN 1330-3651 (Print)
,2014,Pp.1307-1311.
[9] ASTM standards: test method, Practice And
Terminology For Chemical Analysis Of Steel
Products.
[10] G.H. Senussi, ”Effect of Machining Parameters
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Stainless Steel”,..Master..thesis,..industrial
engineering department ,university of garyounis
Benghazi, spring 2002.

‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼدة اﻟﻨﺤﺎﺗﮫ واﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻘﺎوم‬
316L‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻊ ﺿﯿﺎء ھﺎدي‬ ‫راﺋﺪ رﺷﯿﺪ ﺷﻮﯾﺶ‬ ‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬,‫ وﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ )ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ‬,‫ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬,‫ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪوران‬
‫( ﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬TiAlN) ‫ اﻟﻠﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻛﺎرﺑﯿﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ب‬.‫( ﻛﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺮاطﺔ‬316L ) ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ( ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬
.‫ ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ ﺗﺰداد ﻋﻨﺪ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ وﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬, ‫ ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ ﺗﺰداد ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪوران‬.(316L) ‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﺼﺪأ‬
‫ اﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬.‫ اﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ وﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻦ‬,(‫اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪوران ﺗﻘﻮد اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺼﺎن ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻠﻢ( واﻗﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ھﻲ‬0.9) ‫دورة( وﻋﻤﻖ ﻗﻄﻊ‬/‫ ﻣﻠﻢ‬0.14) ‫ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬,(‫ دورة ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬400) ‫( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ دوران‬395) ‫ﻟﺼﻼدة اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ ھﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ‬.(‫ ﻣﻠﻢ‬0.9) ‫ دورة( وﻋﻤﻖ ﻗﻄﻊ‬/‫ ﻣﻠﻢ‬0.14) ‫ ﺗﻐﺬﯾﺔ‬,(‫ دورة ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬1000) ‫ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ دوران‬0.98)
‫( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪد درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬R-sq) ‫( ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة ﺣﯿﺚ اﻋﻄﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬Minitab16) ‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
.‫( ﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬94.07%)‫( ﻟﺼﻼدة اﻟﺮاﯾﺶ و‬95%) ‫ ان ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﯾﺔ‬

59 MM7