➢ There were even Filipino (Tagalog) and other

Literature during the Period of Imitation

vernacular versions of them. By and large, short
 During this period, the Philippines is under the rule of stories began to be published in various school
American. newspapers and periodicals such as:
 The public education was introduced and became
accessible to many Filipino children. More schools were UP College Folio which became Philippine Collegian
established, and English was used as medium of Bulletin
instruction.  The Philippine Herald
 The Philippine Review
Period of Imitation (1910-1924)  The Independent
 This period was characterized by the Filipino writers  Rising Philippines
imitating the American and English writers.  Citizens
 The UP College Folio, the school publication of the The Philippine Education Magazine
University of the Philippines, published literary Many Filipino writers became popular during this period
compositions in English written by the pioneers in English due to their masterful works. Notable writers include:
poetry, essays and short stories.  Paz Marquez Benitez who wrote the “Dead Stars”
which stand out
Period of Imitation Poets as model of perfection in character delineation, local
 Fernando Maramag wrote the “Rural Maid.” Other color, plotand message.
poets include:  She also became the editor of Women’s Journal, the
 Juan F. Salazar first literary magazine in English published in the
 Jose M. Hernandez Philippines
 Vicente del Fierro  Bernardo P. Garcia wrote the poem “George
 Francisco Tonogbanua Washington.”
 Maximo Kalaw  Eulogio B. Rodriguez was a research writer of UP
 Vidal A. Tan, College of Liberal Arts who won Villamor Prize in the
 Francisco Africa Provincial History Competition
 Victoriano Yamzon  Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote the award-
winning poem “Azucena.”
Period of Imitation Essay Writers  Procopio Solidum wrote “Never mind and Other
Essay was a Filipino literary genre that was born in the Poems.”
Period of Imitation. The following essayists wrote Formal  Lorenzo E. Paredes wrote the first poetry anthology
essays which were truly scholarly, full of sobriety, substance “Reminiscenses.”
and structure.  Zoilo Galang published his first volume of essay
Pioneers in formal essay include: entitled “Life and Success.”
 Carlos P. Romulo,  Eliseo Quirino and Vicente Hilario wrote the essay
 Jorge C. Bocobo, “Thinking for Ourselves.”
 Mauro Mendez,  Zoilo Galang published the first anthology of short
 Vicente Hilario stories in “Tales of the Philippines.”
Informal essay writers also emerged and they are composed  Rodolfo Dato published his anthology “Filipino
of: Poetry.”
 Ignacio Manlapaz,  Carlos P. Romulo published a collection of plays
 Godofredo Rivera, entitled “Daughters for Sale and other Plays.”
 Federico Mangahas, Procopio Solidum
 Francisco B. Icasiano,  He was born in Cadiz, Negros Occidental on July
 Salvador P. Lopez, 1901, the son of Jayme Solidum and Columba Lopez-
 Jose Lansang, Vito.
 Amado G. Dayrit  He studied in the barrio school of Sicaba,and later at
the Cadiz Central School where he wrote his first
Period of Imitation Short Stories poem, "Your Early Time.“ and the other poems aside
➢Short story as a literary genre was brought along by the Nevermind are titled Luzon,Visayas, Mindanao.
the Americans. Filipinos readily adopted short story Endeavor, Freedom,Andoy Mondoy, Babson's
because as a form of relaxation and entertainment, it Statistics, Juan and Juana, Lovers Isle, Fair Rosario of
proved to be worthwhile for one can read such in just a Sagay and The Soul of A Woman.
short while.

Nevermind and Other Poems
By Procopio Solidum
 Procopio Solidum is a Negreose Poet.Procopio
Solidum holds the distinction of being the first
Filipino to publish a collection of poems in English.
Nevermind and Other Poems published in 1921 this
book exemplifies the kind of poetry written by those
Filipinos who first ventured to express their vision of
life in the new language.
 Procopio Solidum must be valued for recording a
Filipino's sensibility in the first 40 years of this
century
Bernardo P. Garcia
He was born on August 20,1890 at Albay Philippines.
His father was Adriano Fermin Garci, his mother was
Prudencia Palomer. He married Isidra Bella Reuto
about 1921.They have at least six sons and four
daughters.
George Washington
George Washington (February 22,1732-December
14,1799).Was an American military officer, stateman,
and Founding Father who served as commander of the
Continental Army in June 1775, Washington led Patriot
forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and
then served as president of the Constitutional
Convention in 1787.Which drafted and ratified
the Constitution of the United States and established the
American federal government. Washington has thus
been called the "Father of his Country".
George Washington By Bernardo P.Garcia was
published
in El Renaciemento.
Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion
Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion was born in Santa Maria,
Ilocos Sur. Concepcion also studied in Santa Maria,
Ilocos Sur. He served with the United States Navy
during the First World War. After the war, he spent a
summer in the Alaskan fisheries. Then he attended in
the University of California, where he first studied law
and then to be a writer.
While studying, he supported himself by being a
dishwasher, a postal clerk, and a newspaper reporter.
Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion was a romantic poet
whose greatest influences, were Edgar Allan Poe,
Rabindranath Tagore, and Lafcadio Hearn. As de Gracia
Concepcion wrote, he returned to the Philippines shortly
after an episode of what appeared to be
harassment by Los Angeles police officers.
In 1925, Azucena, the book of poems which won him
fame, was published. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion
became the first Filipino poet to have his English
written poem collection published into a book of
poetry in New York, U.S.A. on 1925 by G.P. Putnam’s
Sons, and that is for the book entitled Azucena, which
was named after a lily found in the Philippines.
Azucena
is a Spanish word that translates to "lily" in English. His
poems reveal simple images with deep sensitivity and
original thought. The mystical poems in Azucena
revealed the spiritual emotions of the poet as he looks
upon the universe. The poem "Ili-na" from his collection
azucena was made because of a vivid memory when
Marcelo was 13 years old, when he was embarrassed
after speaking in front of people for using English in
expressing his thoughts. So, in order for him to escape
from the embarrassment, he wandered on a strange
road inIli-na, a place in Ilocos Sur. He wandered on a
strange road in Ili-na with his friend. After that, he
realized that he found the perfect place for him and
made him break the odds of his being and from then on,
he began to express himself in words without any kind of
judgment.
ILI-NA
And he is carried back into dreams to the beautiful
sundowns of his ili-na. There is the music of young
laughter. He well remembers now his old friendships, the
long-lost ties of long ago. There he sits under the
shadows of the bells at vesper-time. The scenes are
different now. The voices are not the same he used to
hear. He is all alone now in the world, for he feels
strange himself. Seemingly out of place. Seemingly
miscarried by the current of time. He stands to go.He
cannot go. For the scent of azucena at sundown brings
back to him the long-lost ties of long ago.
This poem shows a surprisingly modern style.The
imitation of the language found in the English Romantic
and Victorian periods has been dropped and the use of
formal diction is minimal.Aside from the strong rhyme of
“go” with “ago,” Concepcion does not use any other
rhymes.“Ili-Na” certainly displays the characteristics of
Modern poetry in English. But is the poem worthy of
inclusion in the canon of Modern American poetry?
When one takes into account the history of American
poetry in the 1920s when the styles, the concerns of
form and meter of English Romantic and Victorian poetry
still had a strong influence on American poets, we
see that “Ili- Na” is breaking away from that English
tradition, making it give some Modern American poetry
vibes, so, yes, it is worthy of inclusion.
It is also important to note that the formalization of
American free verse in the style of William Carlos William
remained to be fully articulated until the thirties and
forties. And in Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion’s poems,
we have lines of clear language and the preferred use of
“plain speech.”If only he were given his due by the
American critics of his time, can you imagine the rich
textures he could have added to the Modernist
movement in American poetry? Unfortunately, that did
not happen and Azucena was quickly forgotten by the
American literary establishment, and consequently,
forgotten by the Filipinos themselves
The first collection of poems in book
form was Reminiscences, by Lorenzo
Paredes, in 1921.
Reminiscences By Lorenzo E.
Paredes
MY PARTING WORDS To “Her” Come lay the dead love
out, And close his vacant eyes, That once shone with the
light And hope of Paradiza. Unbend the rounded limbs
So perfect still in death, Lay by the harmless bow And
poison harrow shealth. Fold back the broken wings That
now shall mount no more, Though once beyond the
stars. The gold like child they bore. Yes, take my hand
again, Though we be parted wide, And far a moment’s
space Go softly by my side. While once more, as of old, A
common pain we brave, And bear our dearest dead
Together to the grave. Reminiscence is what the poem is
about: the remembering of a loved one.
The Reminiscences by Lorenzo Paredes is a captivating
collection of personal memories that provides readers
with a unique glimpse into the life and experiences of
the author. Paredes takes us on a journey through his
past, sharing anecdotes and reflections that offer
profound insights into the human condition
One of the most striking aspects of Paredes’
reminiscences is his ability to evoke a sense of nostalgia
and sentimentality. Through vivid descriptions and
heartfelt storytelling, he transports readers to different
times and places, allowing them to relive moments from
his own life. Whether it’s recounting childhood
adventures or reflecting on significant milestones,
Paredes captures the essence of each memory with
remarkable clarity. Moreover, The Reminiscences also
serves as a social commentary on various aspects of
society. Paredes discusses the mean such as love,
friendship, loss, and personal growth in a way that
resonates deeply with readers. His observations
are often thought-provoking and encourage
introspection about our own lives.
In conclusion, The Reminiscences by Lorenzo Paredes is
an extraordinary literary work that offers a profound
exploration of personal memories. Through his eloquent
prose and insightful reflections, Paredes invites readers
to reflect on their own experiences while providing an
intimate glimpse into his own life. This collection is not
only an enjoyable read but also serves as a reminder of
the power of storytelling in connecting individuals
across time and space.
Zoilo Galang
Zoilo Galang (July, 1895- 1959) was a Filipino writer
from Pampanga. He is credited as one of the pioneering
Filipino writers who worked with the English language.
He was born on July 27, 1895 in the town of Bacolor,
Pampanga during the later years of the Spanish colonial
era in the Philippines
Life and success 1921 first volume of Philippine essays
in English. It is a collection of Philippine essays. Life and
Success” is one of his notable works. It explores themes
of personal development, perseverance, and the pursuit
of success in life with the aim of inspiring and guiding
readers toward personal development and success. The
book delves into motivational and self-help themes,
offering insights and advice to readers on how to
navigate life’s challenges and achieve success. Galang
likely wanted to share his perspectives and experiences
to contribute to the well-being and growth ofindividuals
in society.
Tales of the Philippines
By Zoilo Galang
Galang notes in the preface that the novel is a
“fragmentary page of real life” and his intention is to
“form what is known as our National Literature.”
Written during a period of transition that saw the
Philippines go from being a Spanish colony to an
American colony, Galang was influenced by English and
American literatures. One gets the sense that Galang
was attempting to elevate Filipino literature by writing
in a Romantic style, with situations and characters that
would have been familiar to readers of 19th century
Anglophone literature
Rodolfo Dato
Rodolfo Dato (April 17, 1899 – October 11, 1955) was a
Filipino lawyer, editor and educator from Baao,
Camarines Sur. His book "Filipino Poetry", published in
1924, is one of the first anthologies of Filipino poets
from 1911 to 1924. The book is regarded as the first
published work to acknowledge the Filipino talents in
English poetry writing in just about 20 years after the
American occupation of the Philippines in 1898.
With the support of his brother Luis, Rodolfo edited and
published the book Filipino Poetry in 1924. In his
Introduction, Rodolfo described the book as “a
collection of the maiden songs of our native bards
warbling in borrowed language,”2 furthermore, that
“the full flowering of our poetic art has not yet come,
but the fertile field smiles abundant growth and gives
promise of a rich and bountiful harvest in a day not far
distant.”
The collection had works of early poets, writers like
 Maximo M. Kalaw,
 Fernando Maramag,
 Procopio Solidum,
  Maria Agoncillo and
 Luis G. Dato.
The book “seems to be deeply saturated with the
fragrance of the jasmines and the sampaguitas, vibrant
with the mellifluous songs of the mayas..”
Paz Márquez-Benítez
Paz Márquez-Benítez (March 3, 1894 – November
10, 1983) was a Filipino short-story writer, educator and
editor. Her career as a woman educator as well as her
contributions as a writer are seen as an important step
within the advancement of women in professional
careers as well as in the development of Philippine
literature. She was also a beauty queen. The story is
mainly about three people: Esperanza, Alfredo Salazar,
and Julia Salas. Esperanza and Alfredo are engaged to
be married, and during this period, Alfredo met Julia
who he grew very fond of to the point where he almost
"unwished" his inevitable marriage to Esperanza.
Dead Stars By Paz Marquez Benitez
The short story "Dead Stars" is conveying the theme
that pertains to forbidden love. It says that forbidden
love is only apparent, and its banes haunt the person
until such time that he realizes his faults.
Carlos P. Romulo
Carlos P. Romulo (born January 14, 1899, Camiling,
Philippines—died December 15, 1985, Manila)
Philippine general, diplomat, and journalist known for
his activities on behalf of the Allies during World War II
and his later work with the United Nations. In 1941
Romulo won the Pulitzer Prize for Peace for his prewar
evaluations of the military situation in the Pacific area.
In 1948 he served as president of the United Nations
Conference on Freedom of Information in Geneva.
Romulo was president of the General Assembly of the
UN (1949–50) and in 1950 became secretary of
foreign affairs of the Philippines.
Daughters for Sales and Other Plays
by Carlos P. Romulo
American period is one of the turning points which
made our Philippine literary tradition colorful and
interesting. This period saw the addition of a colorful
language, the English language, as an indispensable tool
for literature and
communication. Indeed, this period witnessed a
dramatic flowering of the Philippine literature
considering the sheer volume of works produced, the
ringing of names etched in the Philippine literary
pantheon, as well as the introduction and development
of new literary genres as genuine additions to the
already rich Philippine literary tradition.
“Literature During the Period of Self Discovery”
It refers to the time period during the 1960s and 1970s
when Filipino writers started exploring and asserting
their own voices and identities in their literary works.
Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English
writing. Some key things to know:
 It was a response to the then-dominant American
colonial legacy in literature.
 The writers' main concerns were the self, the
Filipino cultural identity, the real spirit of the Filipino
people, and current societal challenges.
 More people started to use the vernacular languages
than formal English. This covers the languages and
dialects of thePhilippines, especially Tagalog.
 During this time, notable writers including Nick
Joaquin, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Bienvenido Santos,
Edilberto Tiempo, Lina Espina-Moore, Liwayway
Arceo, and Carlos Bulosan came into being.
 The traditional poetry, short tale, and essay gave way to
more contemporary genres that drew inspiration from
oral and folk traditions. Among them were the
mythopoeia of Nick Joaquin and the magically realistic
short stories of N.V.M. Gonzalez.
The years 1935 to 1945 saw the emergence of a
significant trend in Philippine literature in English. Jose
M. Hernandez describes this period as a time of self-
discovery and of rapid growth. Period of Self-Discovery
and Growth (1925-1941) began to write confidently and
competently. They wrote in free verse, sonnets,
odes, elegies and others. They even started to write
novels and dramas. A new set of colonizers brought
about new changes in Philippine literature. New literary
forms such as free verse [in poetry], the modern short
story and the critical essay were introduced.
These are the few notable writers in this period are the
following:
Nick Joaquin- 1917-2004
He represented the golden age of Filipino literature,
developing in a variety of genres both during and after
World War II in the Philippines and bringing attention to
a number of societal issues.
A Woman Who Had Two
Novels (1961)
Genres: Novel, Fiction,
Historical Novel
It tells the story of an elite Filipina who is hallucinating,
and is preoccupied with the notion that she has two
navels or belly buttons in order to be treated as an
extraordinary person.
N.V.M. Gonzalez 1915-1999
He won numerous honors and was instrumental in the
establishment of Filipino writing in English, particularly
Filipino short fiction. His depictions of rural Filipino life
in his paintings are regarded as universal models of the
 genre.
Novels/poetry
 The Winds of April (1941)
 A Season of Grace (1956)
 The Bamboo Dancers (1988)
 The Land and the Rain
 The Happiest Boy in The World
 Bread of Salt
 Short fiction
 "The Tomato Game".1992
Carlos Bulosan 1913-1956
He was an Filipino American writer, activist, and
influential activist, created labor movements for
migrant workers' rights and highlighted experiences
In semi-autobiographical novels and short tales.
Liwayway Arceo1920-1999
Her well-known romance novels from the Philippines in
the 20th century, which focused on moral principles,
love, and bad luck, had a big impact on mainstream
Tagalog literature and helped to establish the genre in
the country's canon of literature.
Themes that were commonly used by the writers
during this period are the following:
1. Filipino Identity and Consciousness -Writers examined
and expressed the true essence of the Filipino identity
and spirit.
2. Social Realism - Literary depictions of contemporary
Philippine society, focusing on social issues like
poverty, corruption, inequality etc.
3. Folklore and Mythology - Use of Philippine mythology,
legends, folk tales and indigenous belief traditions to
showcase the richness of pre-colonial culture.
4. Family, Homecoming and Nostalgia - Notions of family
and community bonds, the importance of 'loob' or
'kalooban' (inner self), and homecoming after
migration.
5. History and Colonial Influences - Exploring the
Spanish and American colonial legacy and influences on
Filipino culture and psyche. Effects of colonization on
the Filipino mindset.
6. Emerging Social Issues - Changing landscape due to
urbanization, globalization, effects of political leadership
and governance.
7. Revisiting Religion and Spirituality - Some re
examination of Catholic
PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY AND GROWTH (1925-
1941) PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY and GROWTH
Why is self-discovery important in literature?
It allows for the words on a page to transform from still
words, into a journey of personal expedition, where
individuals deepen their connections to the characters
as well venturing on a self-discovery expedition.
Luis G. Dato
1906-1985
One of the earliest Filipino writers to compose and
publish in English, poet, educator, journalist, and
politician Luis G. Dato was born on July 4, 1906, in Baao,
Camarines Sur, Philippines. As a poet, Luis Dato drew
inspiration from his own life experiences, especially
those that involved his true love. He stated, "A poet is
not inborn, but it is made by the gushing experiences
that urge you to become one."
Notable work s: Manila A Collection of Verse, My Book
of Verses, Land of Mai
Manila: A Collection of Verses by Luis Dato
This book was the first ever book that the author
published. It was published by the author in
the year 1926, in the age of 20. The book describes the
author's 1920s experiences in the city with recognition
of his country early years. Within 20 years of the
American occupation, it is among the first poetry books
published in the Philippines in the English language.
The themes of the author's work, as the collection's title
suggests, are naturally the sound and representations
of daily life in Manila that he meets on a daily basis
during the short periods in between study and work in
the classroom.
My Book of Verses by Luis Dato
My Book of Verses is Luis G. Dato's second collection of
poetry, which was first released in 1936 by his brother
Rodolfo G. Dato. N launched the book and printed it.
Sanchez S. at Naga City.
This piece belongs to the literature in the period of self
discovery because the author that published this piece
acquired the mastery of English writing, was recognized
to other western countries and belonged to one of the
most notable pieces that Filipino poets had created in
the history of literature in the Philippines.
Bamboo Flute by Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion
This book was published in the year 1932. This is
a collection of poems that he compiled and published
during at the time of his death and named the collection
as ‘Bamboo Flute’. At that time of his death, he was
doing a minor role in a Hollywood movie. This collection
belongs to the period of discovery because it is original,
spontaneous, competently written, incorporated social
consciousness. Marcelo was the first Filipino poet to
have his collected poems published in the United States
as a book. He was a romantic poet whose greatest
influences, he wrote, were Edgar Allan Poe,
Rabindranath Tagore, and Lafcadio Hearn. De Gracia
Concepcion returned to the Philippines shortly after an
episode of what appeared to be harassment by Los
Angeles police officers.
Literary pieces of Marcelomde Gracia Concepcion:
 Concepcion
 Azucena
 Balintawak
 Bamboo Flute
 Alone
 Queens of the Beans
 The Ifugao Man
 Rain
Nuances by Aurelio Alvero
Aurelio Alvero's "Nuances" delves into the idea of
deriving beauty and significance from life's small
elements as opposed to large-scale actions. The poem
highlights the value of subtle experiences and delicate
expressions for expressing more profound feelings and
realities. The author's main goal in writing this essay
appears to be investigating the significant influence that
subdued, peaceful times can have in comparison to
more obvious and overt aspects of life.
The friend's smile and the lover's sigh offer consolation
as the poem tackles topics of friendship, love, and
honesty. The poet believes that rather than extravagant
buildings the silent language of life can reveal reality.
This work of self-discovery literature inspires readers
to explore their own feelings and realities by
appreciating life's small details and delicate
moments. It supports readers' reflective tendencies
by allowing them to make a connection with their
experiences, which promotes self-awareness and
personal development.
During the Japanese occupation Alvero, championed
the revival of the Filipino culture by establishing the
Kulturap and the New Leaders Institute. Later on,
Alvero's pro-Filipino group, the Bisig Bakal ng Tagala,
fought against the atrocities committed by theMAKAPILI
and likewise fought the Americans early in 1945.
Then again there's always a first time and this one's
called Aurelio which is the first Filipino made supercar.
It's a company made up of friends and you have at the
helm siblings Kevin, 22 and Bryan Factor, 25, and
Brendan Aurelio,37
Who was this Aurelio Alvero?
Why was he summoned to this meeting of
prominent personalities? And why was he largely
forgotten by the Filipinos. The research conducted by
the author showed that Alvero was a rising star in
the field of literature before World War II. He was also a
Filipinologist who spoke about a love for the country
and defendingthe its honor. During World War II, he
sided with the Japanese because, in Alvero’s view, the
Spaniards and Americans corrupted the Filipino nation
through their influence. He believed that it was through
an alliance with fellow Asians, can the Philippines truly
free itself. During the Japanese occupation Alvero,
championed the revival of the Filipino culture by
establishing the Kulturap and the New Leaders Institute.
Later on, Alvero’s pro-Filipino group, the Bisig Bakal ng
Tagala, fought against the atrocities committed by the
MAKAPILI and likewise foughttheAmericansearly in
1945. He was later arrested and tried for being a
collaborator resulting to being imprisoned twice. He
died shortly after his release from prison. Today, Alvero
is hardly mentioned, not even in literature books. For
this reason, this paper revisits Alvero’s life and discusses
why his patriotism was interpreted as treason against
his own people during World War.
Moon Shadows on the Water by Aurelio S. Alvero
He was born in Tondo, Manila, on October 15, 1913. His
parents were Emilio Alvero, painter, glass artist, and
interior decorator, and Rosa Sevilla, writer, educator,
social worker, and founder of Instituto Mujeres, the first
lay Catholic school for women administered by Filipinos
and one of the oldest institutions for girls in the
Philippines. He studied law and teaching at the same
time and was a skilled orator. At the age of 21, he self-
published his first collection of poetry, Moon Shadows
on the Water. He was a history, English, and Tagalog
language teacher. Numeismatist, philatelist, bibliophile
(having been secretary of the Philippine Booklovers
Society at the time of his death), businessman,
playwright, artist, dramatist, curator, art collector, script
writer, and businessman were just a few of Alvero's
many interests. Aside from Moon Shadows on the
Water, Alvero is also well-known for his painting
Nuances.
First Leaves by Rafael Zulueta da Costa
The poet understands how short these first leaves' lives
are. As he considers their nearing demise he
overcomes with a profound sense of loss. The revelation
that all of the first leaves had fallen away at the poem's
conclusion emphasizes life's fleeting nature and the
poet's grief for it.
Rafael Zulueta Da Costa's poem "First Leaves" explores
the temporary nature of youth and the cycle of life,
comparing human life to fragile leaves found in forests.
The poem expresses loss and time passing, highlighting
the beauty of the first leaves. The poem reflects on the
fleeting nature of life, the inevitable aging process, and
the melancholic aspects of mortality.
Rafael Zulueta Da Costa's poem "First Leaves" explores
issues of identity, purpose in life, and direction in the
universe. It compares the life cycle of leaves to human
existence, using nature as an example to express
feelings and ideas. The poem focuses on the themes of
mortality, transience, introspection, and the quest for
purpose in life during the phase of self-discovery.
Rafael Zulueta da Costa
 Born in Manilla in 1915
 Studied at De La Salle College
 Specialized in business administration
 Executive at San Miguel Brewery
 First Collection of Poems was First Leaves
 Famous for Like the Molave
 Published in 1940 by Carmelo and Bauermann
 Won the 1940 Commonwealth Literary Contest (beats
Jose
 Garcia Villa's entry)
Soft Night by Abelardo Subido
This poem illustrates how, even if it takes a lifetime, you
will wait devotedly for someone you genuinely love and
consider to be true love. The poem "Soft Night" by
Abelardo Subido speaks about a strong love that one may
only have for a unique someone. The poem's narrator is
spending an alone night reflecting on a wide range of
topics. He gives a passionate, sensitive call to his
sweetheart. This piece belongs to the period of literary
self-discovery because it explores the personal emotions,
longing, and inner desires of the poetic voice.
The theme of the poem entitled “Soft Night” by Abelardo
Subido is about a faithful, passionate and eternal love.
Faithful love in a way that, the man is willing to wait for
his love and is proving the power of eternal love.
Passionate love because the man calls his love with
tenderness. This poem represents that when you truly
love someone and believe that, that love is true love
then, you really are going to wait faithfully even if it takes
forever. Alelardo Subido’s poem Soft Night is about
passionate love than can ever offer to someone special.
The persona in the poem is alone on a lonely night, and
he is thinking about a lot of things. With passionate
tenderness, he calls out to his beloved. The persona is
someone who is willing to wait until the right time comes
to be with the person he unconditionally loves. This kind
of love is genuine and lasts a lifetime. Soft Night is a
poem by a Pilipino poet named Abelardo Subido. The
poem is a true expression of love. It about a man waiting
for his love to arrive at any cost.
Poems by Doveglion by Jose Garcia Villa
Villa, a Pulitzer Prize nominee, was known for his deep,
revered poems. His first collection, Doveglion, was
published in 1942. Penguin Classics, a global library of
classic literature, offers up-to-date translations and
authoritative texts, complemented by introductions and
notes by eminent scholars and current writers.
Jose Garcia Villa, a Filipino poet, critic, short story writer
and painter, is an important person to recognize during
Filipino American History Month. The renowned
modernist poet of experiment and innovation known as
“The Pope of Greenwich Village” and a pioneer of Filipino
American poetry. In 1929, he published a collection of
erotic poems called Man Songs. Aside from publishing
various collections of poetry, Villa also added to the world
of poetic style, introducing a new rhyme scheme called
“reversed consonance.” Villa also wrote something he
called “comma poems,” where a comma is included after
each word in the poem.
Filipino Love Stories by Paz Marquez Benitez
Benitez is one of the first Filipino women to publish
literary works in English, and she is deserving of praise
and acknowledgment. The book Philippine Quarterly of
Culture and Society states that she is regarded as a crucial
literary character. One of her most sought-after pieces is
Dead Stars. It was the first contemporary Filipino short
tale written in English that contributed to her success in
Philippine literature. The protagonist, Alfredo Salazar,
goes through the complexities of falling in and out of
love. The 1925 story significantly influenced Filipino short
fiction, transitioning it from imitation to adaptation and
experimentation. Her other writings include Filipino Love
Stories, A Night in the Hills, and Woman's Home Journal.
LITERATURE DURING THE PERIOD OF SELF DISCOVERY
 Philippines short stories by Josie Gracia Villa
 How my brother Leon brought home a wife by Manuel
Arguilla
 Broken Parasol by Jose Lansang
 Sunset by Paz Latorena Talabata’s wife by Sinai Hamada
 The Filipino way of living by Camilo Osias
 I am a Filipino by Carlos Romulo
 The Radiant symbol by Jorge Bacobo
Philippine Short Stories" by José García Villa is a
collection of short stories that fall within the genre of
Philippine literature. Villa was known for his modernist
and avant-garde writing style, often experimenting
with form and language in his works. During the
period that influenced by the historical, literary, and
personal context of the time. His experimentation
with form and content made his works stand out and
contribute to the evolution of Philippine literature.
One of José's main themes in the teaching—and
practicing—of poetry, is that poetry is not prose.
Villa's writing seeks to challenge conventional norms,
pushing the boundaries of traditional storytelling. His
works are characterized by a blend of Filipino cultural
elements and modernist techniques, contributing to
the richness of Philippine literature.
José Garcia Villa (1908–1997)
• Jose Garcia Villa, a Filipino poet, critic, short story
writer and painter, is an important person to
recognize during Filipino American History Month.
• Villa was born in 1907 in the Philippine Islands. His
early path did not involve poetry. Instead he began a
pre-medical course of study at the University of the
Philippines, eventually switching to pre-law. After
some time, Villa recognized that his true passion was
in the creative arts, and his career as a writer began.
• In 1929, he published a collection of erotic poems
called Man Songs. This collection was met with some
 controversy. But that same year, he was selected for
the Best Story of the Year from the Philippine Free
Press magazine for his story called Mir-l-Nisa.
• Villa moved from the university in the Philippines to
attend the University of New Mexico where he went
on to found Clay, a “mimeograph literary magazine.”
After finishing his BA there, he moved to Columbia
University for his post-graduate education.
•Aside from publishing various collections of poetry,
Villa also added to the world of poetic style,
introducing a new rhyme scheme called “reversed
consonance.” As Villa explained, “The last sounded
consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal
consonant of a word, are reversed for the
corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme for near would
be run; or rain, green, reign.”
• Villa also wrote something he called “comma
poems,” where a comma is included after each word
in the poem. As he explained in the preface to his
Volume Two, “The commas are an integral and
essential part of the medium: regulating the poem’s
verbal density and time movement: enabling each
word to attain a fuller tonal
Characteristics of literary pieces of the author Jose
Garcia Villa
 He is known to have introduced the "reversed
consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as
well as the extensive use of punctuation marks—
especially commas, which made him known as
the Comma Poet. He used the pen name
Doveglion (derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion"),
based on the characters he derived from his own
works.
 The prose in his short stories reflects his unique
approach to storytelling, characterized by vivid
imagery and symbolic elements.
Here is a sample of Villa's work, an excerpt from "Have
Come Am Here" lyrics (1942):
In my desire to be Nude I clothed myself in fire:– Burned
down my walls, my roof, Burned all these down.
Emerged myself Supremely lean Unsheathed like a holy
knife. With only His Hand to find To hold me beyond
annul. And found Him found Him found Him Found the
Hand to hold me up! He held me like a burning poem
And waved me all over the world.
HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A
WIFE By Manuel Arguilla
 "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" by
Manuel Arguilla is a short story that explores the
cultural clash and adjustments faced by a woman
named Maria who visits her husband's rural
hometown for the first time. The story delves into
themes of love, acceptance, and the challenges of
bridging different worlds. Leon brings his wife, Maria,
home to introduce her to his family, and the narrative
unfolds through Maria's perspective as she navigates
the unfamiliar environment and gains insights into her
husband's roots.
 The central theme of "How My Brother Leon Brought
Home a Wife" revolves around the clash of cultures and
the challenges faced by individuals trying to navigate
between urban and rural lifestyles. The story explores
the complexities of love and acceptance within the
context of traditional Filipino values and customs.
Through Maria's eyes, the narrative highlights the
importance of understanding, tolerance, and adapting
to cultural differences in the pursuit of familial harmony
and happiness.
 The theme of 'How My Brother Leon Brought Home
a Wife' To endure journey sacrifices is necessary. In
order to achieve success we must be strong enough,
show determination, be patient on whatever difficult
event or situation you must have to sacrifice just to
be happy.
Manuel Arguilla
Manuel Arguilla was a Filipino writer known for his short
stories, essays, and poems. Born on June 17, 1911, in
Barrio Naguilian, Bauang, La Union, Philippines, he was
part of the generation of writers who emerged in the
1930s. Arguilla's works often depicted rural life in the
Philippines, exploring themes of love, family, and social
issues. One of his notable short stories is "How My
Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife," which won first
prize in the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.
Unfortunately, Manuel Arguilla's promising literary
career was cut short when he died at the young age of
30 in 1944 during World War II. Despite his brief life, his
contributions to Philippine literature continue to be
celebrated and studied. Transpires in Barrio Nagrebcan
in La Union,the birthplace of Manuel E. Arguilla himself
you’ll immediately realize how the writer loves his
hometown by the vivid imagery and sensuality that
heffers on the plate. From the shapes and the sounds to
even the scent of the air, Arguilla spares no detail to
prove that beauty exists in Nagrebcan, because the place
was very provincial in which there is a peaceful and
simple leaving which will serve as a challenge to Maria,
Leon’s wife that will lead to the main idea which is Maria
being tested with Leon’s family specially his father, if she
will be able to live a simple life in province away from
their city.
Reason why how my brother Leon Brought home a wife
by Manuel Arguilla belong literature during
the period of self discovery "How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife" by Manuel Arguilla is
considered literature during the period of self-discovery
because it explores themes of cultural
identity, familial relationships, and the protagonist's
journey to understand and reconcile different
aspects of his own identity. The story delves into the
complexities of self-discovery through the lens
of rural Filipino life, offering insights into the characters'
evolving perceptions of themselves and
their heritage.
"How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" by
Manuel Arguilla is a short story that explores the
cultural clash and adjustments faced by a woman named
Maria who visits her husband's rural
hometown for the first time. The story delves into
themes of love, acceptance, and the challenges of
bridging different worlds. Leon brings his wife, Maria,
home to introduce her to his family, and the
narrative unfolds through Maria's perspective as she
navigates the unfamiliar environment and gains
insights into her husband's roots.
BROKEN PARASOL BY JOSE LANSANG
Jose M. Lansang Jr. Author Born: September 2, 1939,
Pampanga Died: 2006 Awards: Carlos Palanca Memorial
Awards for Poetry Books: 15 Poems, Black or Otherwise
Influence of Western culture was already evident Short
stories. The Broken Parasol – Jose Lansang.
By Paz Latorena
Theme: The central theme of the story revolves around
resilience, love, and the challenges couples face.
The story is about a maid who seeks shelter in a
cobbler's shop after running away from her señorita's
house due to harassment by the señorita's younger
brother. Grateful for the cobbler's kindness, she tells him
about her troubles, and he promises to marry her once
he saves enough money. They live happily together, but
when the señorita visits, she gives the maid money as a
gift for her marriage, asking her not to reveal seeing her.
The maid hopes the cobbler will use the money for their
wedding but discovers he refused it. Instead, he gives
her a violet scarf as a surprise. Heartbroken, the maid
decides to return to her señorita.
Paz Latorena (1907-1953) Paz Latorena, is a Filipino
English writer who was born in Boac, Marinduque in
1907. A fictionist. She completed her basic education in
Manila at St. Scholastica and South Highschool. In 1925
she enrolled at the University of the Philippines of
Education where she earned her Bachelor of Science in
degree of Education, and took a graduate coarse at the
University of Santo Tomas (UST). It was not long before
Mrs. Benitez, the editor of Herald Midweek Magazine
encouraged her to write and publish her works in the
magazine. She became nationally known when Jose
Garcia Villa included her story "Sunset", in his anthology
of Philippine Short Stories in 1929.
Characteristics of literary pieces of the author Paz
Latorena
Period of discovery
The story belongs to literature during the period of self-
discovery because it explores the characters' journey of
understanding themselves and their relationships. The
maid's escape from an abusive situation and her search
for refuge represent a quest for personal freedom and
self-discovery. Additionally, the cobbler's willingness to
help and the promise of marriage reflect his own
evolving understanding of love and commitment.
Latorena's stories
Latorena's stories have a wistfulness which tells of a
gentle disillusionment with life. Many of her stories
chronicle the unexpressed heartaches of women. There
is bitterness, however, but sadness over certain dreams
left unfulfilled.
TANABATA’S WIFE By Sinai Hamada
Theme: Betrayal, Inferiority, unfaithfulness
Fas-ang, a Bontoc woman, arrives in Baguio with the
intention to work on road construction. She and three
others plan to stay in the city but face uncertainty about
accommodations. Japanese gardener Tanabata offers
work to two women, including Fas-ang, in his garden.
Fas-ang agrees for ten pesos. Over time, she adapts to
Japanese customs and has a child with Tanabata. Fas-ang
becomes a frequent moviegoer, causing tension with
Tanabata. One night, she leaves a note, revealing an
affair with a man from Bontoc, and escapes with their
child, leaving Tanabata heartbroken.
Written in the year 1932, Tanabata’s Wife is also
significant for capturing an almost forgotten chapter of
Philippine history when Japanese migrant workers
moved to rural places like Baguio during the American
Colonial Period to work on major construction projects
like Kennon Road, and who would later settle down as
farmers and intermarry with native women. Hamada
himself is half-Japanese, born to a Japanese father and a
Cordilleran mother from the Ibaloi tribe. So in many
ways, this story is deeply personal for Hamada. The story
begins with a young Igorot woman of the Bontoc tribe
named Fas-ang traveling to Baguio to look for work. She
encounters a Japanese farmer named Tanabata-san who
offers her and a fellow Bontoc woman work to help him
tend his garden. As they work the fields together, the
farmer and his Bontoc helper develop a close bond, and
Tanabata-san takes a liking to Fas-ang. The old man
makes up his mind to make her his wife upon consulting
with his friend Okamoto-san, and so one night, he
proposes to her, “explaining to her as best as he could
his intentions…[And] Without ceremony and without the
law, they were wedded by a tacitly sworn agreement
between themselves.” Simple Prose, Complex Meaning
The story belongs to literature during the period of self-
discovery
It explores the journey of the protagonist, Fas-ang, as
she undergoes significant personal and cultural
transformations. The narrative delves into her
experiences as a Bontoc woman adapting to a new life in
Baguio and eventually marrying a Japanese gardener,
Tanabata. Fas-ang navigates cultural differences, learns
Japanese customs, and becomes a mother, all of which
contribute to her self-discovery.
Sinai Hamada(1912-1991)
 A Japanese-Filipino who is born in Baguio City.
 His father was an Japanese engineer and his
mother was an Ibaloi.
 Writes features, essays, poems, and short
stories, mostly on cross-cultural currents.
 The founding editor of the Midland Courier.
 The first lawyer of the city.
 Tanabata' Wife was described by National Artist
for Francisco
 Arcellana as the finest filipino love story ever
written.
THE FILIPINO WAY OF LIFE By Camilo Osias
"The Filipino Way of Life: The Pluralized Philosophy"
is a book written by Camilo Osias. Osias was a
prominent figure in the Philippines, having served as
the First Filipino Division Superintendent of Schools,
the First President of the National University in
Manila, a former Philippine Resident Commissioner
to the United States, a delegate to the Philippine
Constitutional Convention, and an author. His book,
"The Filipino Way of Life," provides an in-depth look
into the diverse and pluralized philosophy of the
Filipino way of life.
The main theme of "The Filipino Way of Life" by
Camilo Osias revolves around the exploration and
celebration of Filipino culture. Osias delves into the
cultural identity, values, and traditions that shape
the way of life in the Philippines. The narrative
underscores themes of hospitality, strong family
bonds, religious influences, and the distinctive
qualities that set Filipino culture apart. Overall, the
book serves as a tribute to the richness and
uniqueness of the Filipino way of life.
SUMMARY
"The Filipino Way of Life" by Camilo Osias explores
the cultural and social aspects of the Philippines,
emphasizing values such as hospitality, close family
ties, and religious influence. Osias delves into the
unique characteristics that define the Filipino way of
life, offering insights into the country's traditions,
customs, and cultural heritage. The book provides a
comprehensive overview of the Filipino identity and
the factors that shape their societal norms. The
Filipino Way of Life" by Camilo Osias was published
in 1940. It's a fascinating exploration of the Filipino
culture and philosophy. SUMMARY The Filipino Way
of Life" by Camilo Osias is not a story in the
traditional sense but rather a philosophical
exploration of the Filipino culture and way of life. It
delves into the complexities of the Philippines'
civilization and culture, particularly in the context of
its colonial history with Spain and the United States.
The book was written after the Philippines achieved
independence in 1946, and it addresses the vestiges
of colonialism imposed by the West. It's a valuable
resource for understanding the pluralized philosophy
of the Filipino way of life.
CAMILO P. OSIAS
Camilo Osias (1889–1976) was a prominent Filipino
educator, politician, and author. Born on March 23,
1889, in Balaoan, La Union, Philippines, Osias played
a significant role in Philippine education and politics
during the early to mid-20th century.
He earned a law degree from the University of the
Philippines College of Law and later pursued
postgraduate studies in the United States.
The President of the Senate of the Philippines from
1945 to 1946 and was a member of the Philippine
delegation to the United Nations in the 1950s.
I AM A FILIPINO by Carlos P. Romulo
"I Am a Filipino" by Carlos P. Romulo is an essay that
passionately expresses the author's deep sense of
national pride and explores the essence of being
Filipino. Romulo delves into the rich cultural heritage
of the Philippines, celebrating its history, diversity,
and resilience. The essay reflects on the unique
qualities that define the Filipino identity,
emphasizing a strong sense of community, family,
and patriotism. Romulo's work serves as a powerful
expression of love for his country and has become an
influential piece in Philippine literature, resonating
with readers as a testament to the spirit of being
Filipino.
SUMMARY
"I Am a Filipino" by Carlos P. Romulo is an essay that
passionately expresses the author's deep sense of
national pride and explores the essence of being
Filipino. Romulo delves into the rich cultural heritage
of the Philippines, celebrating its history, diversity,
and resilience. The essay reflects on the unique
qualities that define the Filipino identity,
emphasizing a strong sense of community, family,
and patriotism. Romulo's work serves as a powerful
expression of love for his country and has become an
influential piece in Philippine literature, resonating
with readers as a testament to the spirit of being
Filipino. I am a Filipino is an essay written by Carlos
Peña Romulo, Sr. which was printed in The
Philippines Herald on August 16, 1941.
REASON WHY THE AUTHOR WRITE THE PIECE
Carlos P. Romulo wrote "I Am a Filipino" with the
intent of expressing and celebrating his profound
love and pride for his country. The essay is a literary
declaration of his Filipino identity, capturing the
essence of what it means to be a Filipino. Romulo
likely wrote this piece to evoke a sense of national
pride, unity, and self-awareness among his fellow
countrymen. Additionally, the essay may have been
 a response to the historical and social context of its
time, addressing the need for Filipinos to assert their
identity in the face of various challenges, including
colonial history and the quest for independence.
CARLOS P. ROMULO
 A prominent Filipino diplomat, soldier, journalist,
and statesman
 Born on January 14, 1899, in Camiling, Tarlac,
Philippines.
 He made significant contributions to Philippine
politics, foreign affairs, and literature.
 He also had a distinguished diplomatic career,
serving as the Philippines' representative to the
United Nations and eventually becoming the
President of the United Nations General
Assembly in 1949.
The Radiant Symbol By Jorge Bocobo
Theme of the radiant symbol As specific information
about the stories included in "The Radiant Symbol" by
Jorge Bocobo is not readily available, it is challenging to
provide an accurate analysis of the themes present in
the collection.
Reason why the radiant symbol wrote
"The Radiant Symbol" by Jorge Bocobo is a collection of
Filipino short plays and stories. Unfortunately, there
isn't much specific information available online about
the exact purpose and motivation behind Bocobo
writing this particular work.. However, considering
Bocobo's background as a scholar, lawyer, writer,
journalist, and educator, it can be inferred that his
works, including "The Radiant Symbol," were likely
aimed at enlightening and educating readers about
Filipino culture and society. His writings often reflected
his deep understanding and appreciation of the Filipino
identity and its rich cultural heritage.
Jorge Bocobo
Author biography Jorge Bocobo was born on October
19, 1886, in Gerona, Tarlac Province, on the Philippine
island of Luzon. He received his early education in his
hometown, and at the age of 17, he traveled to Manila
to attend a private school. Bocobo was a well-traveled
man, scholar, lawyer, writer, journalist, religious leader,
educator, political scientist, and successful college
executive. He translated Dr. Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo into English, and also translated
the Code of Kalantiaw, Lupang Hinirang, and Andres
Bonifacio's Decalogue. He is recognized as the principal
author of the Civil Code of the Philippines, for which he
received the Presidential Award of Merit in 1949.
Bocobo passed away on July 23, 1965.
Reason why the radiant symbol is part of the literature
during the period of self discovery
"The Radiant Symbol" by Jorge Bocobo was published in
1925, a time that falls within the period of self-discovery
in Philippine literature. This era, which roughly spans
from 1910 to 1935, is characterized by Filipino writers
beginning to break away from the traditional norms and
conventions imposed during the Spanish colonial
period. They started to explore their unique identity and
express their thoughts, experiences, and aspirations as
Filipinos.
Bocobo, as a prominent figure during this time,
contributed to this movement through his works. "The
Radiant Symbol," being a collection of Filipino short
plays and stories, likely showcases the Filipino
experience, culture, and social life. This aligns with the
themes prevalent in the literature of the period of self-
discovery, where writers started to express their own
voices and depict their own realities. However, without
a specific summary or detailed analysis of "The Radiant
Symbol," it's challenging to provide a more precise
explanation as to how this work specifically contributes
to the literature of the period of self-discovery. For a
more accurate understanding, it's recommended to
read the book itself or consult academic resources or
experts on Filipino literature.
13 Plays by Wilfrido Ma. Guerero
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero was a renowned Filipino
playwright and theater director. He penned a wide array
of plays, many of which are considered classics in
Philippine literature. Here are some of his most famous
works:
1. "Wanted: A Chaperon" - A play about a young woman
who wants to go out but needs a chaperon, and the
humorous situations that ensue.
2. "Forever" - A drama about a woman who is forced to
choose between her love and her family's honor.
3. "Condemned" - A play about a man who is sentenced
to death and his final moments.
4. "Perhaps" - A story about uncertainties and the
unpredictability of life.
5. "In Unity" - A play about the importance of unity and
cooperation.
6. "Deep in My Heart" - A drama about a woman who is
torn between her love and her duty.
7. "Three Rats" - A play about infidelity and its
consequences.
8. "Our Strange Ways" - A play about the idiosyncrasies
and peculiarities of Filipino culture.
9. "The Forsaken House" - A drama about a family that
is torn apart by greed and envy.
10. "Frustrations" - A play about the struggles and
frustrations of life.
11. "The Dancers" - A drama about a group of dancers
and their personal struggles.
12. "Call Me Flory" - A play about a woman who is trying
to find her identity.
13. "Half an Hour in a Convent" - A story about a young
woman who is about to become a nun but is visited by
her lover.
Author’s biography Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
(January 22, 1910 – April 28, 1995) was a highly
regarded Filipino playwright, director, teacher, and
theater artist. He made significant contributions to
Philippine theater and is known for writing over 100
plays, with 41 of them being published. His unpublished
works have been either broadcast on the radio or
staged in different parts of the Philippines. Guerrero's
influence on Philippine theater is profound, and his
works continue to be celebrated and performed
He was a dedicated teacher, having taught at the
University of the Philippines (UP), where he inspired
and mentored many aspiring theater artists.
Throughout his career, Guerrero explored various
themes and aspects of Filipino life and culture in his
plays. His works often touch on topics such as love,
family, societal norms, identity, and the human
condition. Guerrero's plays are known for their depth,
engaging storytelling, and ability to resonate with
audiences. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero's legacy in Philippine
theater is significant, and his contributions have left a
lasting impact on the country's cultural landscape.
Reason of Wilfrido Ma. Guerero in writing his play to
explore and depict various aspects of Filipino life and
culture. The themes in his works often revolve around
family, love, societal norms, identity, and the human
experience. Here are some reasons behind his plays:
1. "Wanted: A Chaperon", "Forever", "Deep in My
Heart", "The Dancers", "Call Me Flory", and "Half an
Hour in a Convent" - These plays often deal with themes
of love, duty, and societal expectations. Guerrero uses
these themes to explore the complexities of human
relationships and the moral dilemmas that people often
face.
2. "Condemned", "Perhaps", "In Unity", "Our Strange
Ways", "The Forsaken House", and "Frustrations" -
These plays reflect on the darker aspects of life such as
death, uncertainty, disunity, peculiarities, greed, envy,
and frustration. Guerrero uses these themes to depict
the struggles of life and the human capacity to endure
and overcome these struggles.
3. "Three Rats" - This play explores the theme of
infidelity and its consequences. Guerrero uses this
theme to delve into the complexities of human behavior
and the choices people make. Guerrero's plays are
significant in Philippine literature because they offer a
unique perspective on Filipino life and culture.
Wilfrido Maria Guerrero,
a prolific Filipino playwright, wrote his 13 plays with
multiple purposes, reflecting a commitment to
literature, culture, and societal engagement: Cultural
Representation: Guerrero aimed to represent Filipino
culture, traditions, and societal values through his plays.
His works often explore the nuances of Filipino life,
history, and identity. Nationalism: Many of Guerrero's
plays have strong nationalist themes, contributing to
the spirit of Filipino nationalism. He used drama as a
platform to celebrate Filipino heritage and address
issues related to national identity. Social Commentary:
Guerrero's plays often serve as a medium for social
commentary, addressing contemporary issues, societal
norms, and the challenges faced by individuals and
communities. Through his characters and narratives, he
provided insights into the Filipino society of his time.
Entertainment and Education:
As an educator, Guerrero likely saw his plays as a means
of both entertaining and educating the audience. The
dramatic form allowed him to communicate complex
ideas and moral lessons in a compelling and accessible
way. Literary Legacy: Guerrero sought to contribute to
the body of Filipino literature. His plays, with their
diverse themes and genres, represent a significant
literary legacy, providing a range of stories that
continue to be studied and performed. Advocacy for the
Arts: By actively writing and producing plays, Guerrero
advocated for the importance of theater and the arts in
society. He played a crucial role in promoting the
Filipino dramatic tradition. Reflection of Human
Experience: Like all playwrights, Guerrero wrote to
explore and reflect the diverse aspects of the human
experience. His characters and narratives capture the
complexities of relationships, emotions, and the human
condition. In essence, Guerrero's purpose in writing the
13 plays was multifaceted, encompassing a dedication
to cultural representation, social awareness, education,
and the enrichment of Filipino literature.
Theme of 13 plays by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero's plays
often explore themes related to love, family, societal
norms, and the human condition. Here are some
themes found in 13 of his plays:
1. "Wanted: A Chaperon" - The theme revolves
around societal norms and the concept of
dating in traditional Filipino society.
2. "Forever" - This play explores themes of love,
honor, and duty.
3. "Condemned" - The theme centers on the
human condition, particularly the concept of
mortality and justice.
4. "Perhaps" - This play explores the theme of
life's uncertainties and unpredictability. "In
Unity" - The central theme is the importance of
unity and cooperation.
5. "Deep in My Heart" - This play explores the
themes of love and duty
6. "Three Rats" - The main theme is infidelity and
its consequences.
7. "Our Strange Ways" - This play explores the
theme of cultural idiosyncrasies
8. "The Forsaken House" - The central theme
revolves around family, greed, and envy.
 9. "Frustrations" - This play explores the theme of
life's struggles and frustrations.
10. "The Dancers" - The theme revolves around
personal struggles and the world of dance.
11. "Call Me Flory" - This play explores the theme of
identity and self-discovery.
12. "Half an Hour in a Convent" - The theme
revolves around love, duty, and the choice
between worldly desires and spiritual devotion.

13. "13 Plays" by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero belongs to

literature during the period of self-discovery for
several reasons.

Firstly, the plays in this collection explore the theme of

self-exploration and self-discovery. They delve into the
inner thoughts, emotions, and conflicts of the
characters, allowing the audience to witness their
journey of self-discovery.

Secondly, the plays tackle societal issues and reflect the

socio-political climate of the period. They shed light on
the struggles, aspirations, and challenges faced by
individuals and communities, highlighting the need for
self-reflection and personal growth.

Furthermore, the plays in "13 Plays" showcase the

Filipino culture and identity. They celebrate Filipino
traditions, customs, and values, providing a platform for
self-reflection and self-discovery within the context of
one's cultural heritage.

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