Constitution

Legal Document

Written Unwritten

Conduct of
Governance
 Constitution

Power of Government

Define Limit
The written and unwritten legal os fyf[kr o vfyf[kr oS/kkfud nLrkost ftuds
document by which governance is }kjk 'kklu dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gS] lafo/kku
conducted is called the Constitution.
dgykrk gSA
The Constitution defines and limits the lafo/kku ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr ,oa
power of government. lhekc) djrk gSA
Note: Constitution is the fundamental uksV % lafo/kku ns’k dh vk/kkjHkwr@loksZPp fof/k
and supreme law of the country. gksrk gSA
Conduct of Governance

Government

3-Parts
Conduct of Governance is done by it’s 'kklu dk lapkyu ljdkj ds n~okjk fd;k tkrk
government. There are 3 parts of the gSA ljdkj ds rhu vax gksrs gSaA
government.
 Legislature Executive Judiciary

Work • To give or enact the law To Implement the law in force To interpret the law

• To bring a bill in
enforcement
Centre Parliament PM, Ministers, President Supreme Court

State State legislature CM, Ministers, Governor High Court

 Judiciary

Dual Role

Legislature Executive

Enquiring into
Enquiring into
Implementation of law
constitutionality

Judicial
Review
Dual Role of Judiciary
First Role:- The Judiciary, looks in to the
constitutionality of a law, whether it is
constitutional or not, and if it is
unconstitutional, then the judiciary can
declare it void and unconstitutional.
When the judiciary enquires into the
constitutionality of a law then the
process is known as judicial review.
U;k;ikfydk dh nksgjh Hkwfedk
igyh Hkwfedk %& U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk ds }kjk
cukbZ xbZ fof/k dh lafo/kku ds vk/kkj ij leh{kk
djrh gS fd og mfpr gS ;k ugha vkSj ;fn og
fof/k vlaoS/kkfud gS rks U;k;ikfydk ml fof/k
dks 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA
tc U;k;ikfydk fdlh fof/k dh leh{kk lafo/kku
ds vk/kkj ij djrh gS rks bls U;kf;d
iqufoZyksdu dgrs gSaA
Indian Young Lawyers Association v/s bf.M;u ;ax ykW;jl ,lksfl,’ku cuke Hkkjr
Union of India (2018) :- The entry of la?k ¼2018½ %& lcjhekyk eafnj esa vuqPNsn 14]
women in Sabrimala temple was allowed the 15 ,oa 25 ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dk izos’k ykxw
basis of Article 14, 15 and 25 fd;k x;kA
Second Role:- The judiciary also
overlooks whether the executive is
implementing the law properly or
not. If not, then direct its proper
implementation.
nwljh Hkwfedk%& U;kikfydk tk¡p djrh gS
fd dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk }kjk fufeZr fof/k
dks lgh izdkj ls fØ;kfUor dj jgh gS ;k
ugha rFkk dk;Zikfydk dks vkns’k ns ldrh gSA
 Sources of Constitution
Constitution of UK
1. Single Citizenship
2. Bicameral System
3. Procedure for making Law
4. Rule of Law
5. Parliamentary Form of Governance
6. Parliamentary Privilege
7. Speaker’s Role in Legislature
8. Nominal Supremacy of President
9. Collective Responsibility of Cabinet Ministers
10. Cabinet System
Constitution of America
1. Independency of Judiciary
2. Doctrine of Judicial Review
3. Procedure for Removal of Judge
4. Preamble
5. Post of Vice President
6. Impeachment Process
7. Public interest Litigation
8. Fundamental Rights
9. Financial Emergency
Constitution of Canada

1. Doctrine of Residual Powers

2. Strong Centre with Federal system

3. Governors appointed by Central Government

 Constitution of Japan

Procedure established by law

Constitution of Ireland

1. Presidential electoral collegium and system

2. Nomination of 12 member of Council of state

3. Directive Principles of State Policy

Constitution of Germany

1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency

Constitution of South Africa

1. Procedure of Amendment of Constitution

Constitution of Australia

1. Concurrent List

2. Language of Preamble

3. Joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament

Constitution of France

1. Republican System of Governance

2. Principle of Liberty, Equality and fraternity

Constitution of USSR (Russia)

1. Fundamental Duties

2. Principles of Justice in Preamble of Constitution(Social, Economic and Political)

Government of India Act, 1935

1. Office of Governor

2. Provisions of Emergency

3. Public Service Commission

4. Major part of it was retained in the Constitution of India

 Structure of Constitution

Original Constitution Present Constitution Total in Present Constitution

Schedule 8 12 12

Parts 22 22 25

Articles 395 More than 464

395
 Schedule

Original Constitution = 8

Present Constitution = 12
 Schedule-1

Provision of 28 State and 8 Union Territories

 Schedule-2

Key officials

Emoluments, Allowances, Pension

 CENTRE STATE

i. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of i. Speaker and Deputy Speaker of

House of People Legislative Assembly

Chairman and Deputy Chairman of ii. Chairman and Deputy Chairman of State
ii.
Council of States Legislative Councils

iii. President iii. Governor

iv. Judges of Supreme Court iv. Judges of High Court

v. Comptroller and Auditor General of

India (CAG)
 Schedule-3

Key officials

Oath and Affirmation

 CENTRE STATE

i. Member of Parliament Member of State Legislature

i.

ii. Ministers of Union ii. Ministers of State

iii. Judges of Supreme Court iii. Judges of High Court

iv. Comptroller and Auditor General of

India
 NOTE:
The post of President, Vice President and Governor is not covered under Schedule
3. Their Oath and Affirmations are as under

1. Oath of President

2. Oath of Vice President

3. Oath of Governor
 Schedule-4

Representation/allocation of Seats in council of States

Maximum Seats

1. U. P.
2. Maharashtra
3. Tamil Nadu
10. Rajasthan
 Schedule-5

Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes

Provisions for Administration and Control

 Schedule-6

Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram

Tribal Area

Provisions for Administration

 SCHEDULE - 4 vuqlwph&4
Provisions in relation to allocation of jkT;lHkk esa izkIr izfrfuf/kRo dk fooj.kA
seats for states and Union Territories
in Council of States Maximum Seats:
lokZf/kd lhV%
1. Uttar Pradesh - 31 Seat 1. mÙkjizns’k - 31 lhV
2. Maharashtra - 19 Seat 2. egkjk"Vª - 19 lhV
3. Tamil Nadu - 18 Seat 3. rfeyukMw - 18 lhV
10. Rajasthan - 10 Seat
10.jktLFkku - 10 lhV
SCHEDULE - 5 vuqlwph - 5
Provisions for Administration and vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds
Control of Scheduled Areas and
Scheduled Tribes
iz’kklu o fu;a=.k ds ckjs esa mica/k
SCHEDULE - 6 vuqlwph - 6
Provisions for Administration of vle] es?kky;] fetksje vkSj f=iqjk ds
Tribal Areas in states of Assam, tutkfr {ks=ksa ds iz’kklu ds ckjs esa mica/k
Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram
 SCHEDULE-7
Division of Powers between the Union and the States

Name Union List State List Concurrent list

Rule by Government Centre State Central & State

Total Subject

In Present Power/ Subject

 Schedule-8

Constitutionally Recognised Language

Original Constitution = 14 Language

Present Constitution = 22 Language

 Sindhi Language :
21st Constitutional Amendment, 1967

 Konkani, Manipuri & Nepali Languages :

71st Constitutional Amendment, 1992

 Bodo, Dogri, Maithili & Santhali Languages:

92nd Constitutional Amendment, 2003
 SCHEDULE-8 vuqlwph &8
Constitutionally Recognised laoS/kkfud ekU;rk izkIr
Languages Hkk"kk dk o.kZu
Original Constitution recognised 14
languages. At present the
ewy lafo/kku esa 14 Hkk"kkvksa dks gh lafo/kku
Constitution recognises 22 n~okjk ekU;rk nh xbZ Fkh ijUrq orZeku esa bl
languages. lwph esa 22 Hkk"kk,¡ 'kkfey gS&
 Sindhi Language :  fla/kh Hkk"kk %
21st Constitutional Amendment, 1967 ds 21osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku
1967
 Konkani, Manipuri & Nepali
Languages :
 dksad.kh] ef.kiqjh vkSj usikyh Hkk"kk %
71st Constitutional Amendment, 1992 ds 71osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku
1992
 Bodo, Dogri, Maithili & Santhali  cksM+ks] Mksxjh] eSfFkyh o laFkkyh Hkk"kk %
Languages: 2003 ds 92osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku n~okjk
92nd Constitutional Amendment, tksM+h xbZA
2003
 Schedule-9

Abolition of Zamindari System

Implementation of Land Reforme

First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951

 Act in the 9th Schedule

Judicial Review can not be done

Initially = 13 Act

Currently = 284 Act

1. Vamen Rao V. Union of India, 1981

2. I.R. Coelho V. State of Tamil Nadu, 2007

 SCHEDULE-9 vuqlwph &9
The Schedule was added by First ;g vuqlwph izFke lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e]
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 }kjk tksM+h xbZA bldk mn~s’; ;g Fkk fd
1951. The object of this Amendment tehankjh O;oLFkk dks lekIr djus rFkk Hkwfe
was to support measures to abolish
lq/kkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, bl vuqlwph dk
zamindari system prevalent at
izko/kku fd;k x;kA
that time & for proper implementation
of reformative land laws.
The list of Act included in this
Schedule are precluded from Judicial
Review.
Initially the Ninth Schedule had 13
Acts but at present there are 284
Acts.
;fn fdlh vf/kfu;e dks 9oha vuqlwph esa
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS rks mldk U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
izkjaHk esa uoha vuqlwph esa 13 vf/kfu;e ;s
ysfdu orZeku esa 284 vf/kfu;e gSA
1. Vaman Rao v/s Union of India, 1. Okkeu jko cuke Hkkjr la?k] 1981 %&
1981 loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk fd 24 vizSy] 1973
The Supreme Court held that the ¼ds’kokuUn Hkkjrh ekeys ds fu.kZ; dh frfFk½
laws under ninth schedule ds ckn uoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fd;s tkus
introduced after 24th April, 1973
okys vf/kfu;eksa vkfn dh U;kf;d leh{kk dh
(The date of decision of
tk ldrh gSA
Keshvanand Bharti case) were
subject to judicial review.
2. I.R. Coelho v/s State of Tamil Nadu
(2007)
The judges headed by J. Y.K.
Sabharwal unanimously held that
the Parliament had power to add
laws under the 9th Schedule but
such laws will be subject to judicial
review. The Supreme Court will
determine weather such laws
under the 9th scheduled confirm
with the principles laid down in
Art. 14, 19 and 21 of the
Constitution.
2. vkbZ-vkj-dksbYgks cuke rfeyukMw jkT;
¼2007½
U;k;ewfrZ okbZ-ds- lHkjoky dh v/;{krk esa 9
U;k;k/kh’kksa dh laoS/kkfud csap us loZlEefr ls
fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln dh ukSoha vuqlwph esa
fof/k fo’ks"k dks izfof"V djus dh 'kfDr iznku
dh xbZ gS] fdUrq bldh U;kf;d leh{kk Hkh
dh tk ldrh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; ;g
ns[ksxk fd ukSoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey fo/kk;u
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14] 19 ,oa 21 dh ewy
vo/kkj.kk ds fo:) rks ugha gSA
 Schedule - 10

Relating to Disqualification on defection

Relating to Prevention of defection

52nd Constitution Amendment, 1985

Schedule 10 :- nloha vuqlwph %&
Disqualification on ground of
Defection / Provision to stop party
ny ifjorZu ds vk/kkj ij fujgZrk ds ckjs esa
interchange. mica/k@ny cny ij jksd ls lacaf/kr izko/kku&
• If candidate of Parliament or
Legislative Assembly changes party • ;fn fo/kkulHkk o laln ds fdlh lnL;
of which he is member then his n~okjk ny cny fd;k tkrk gS rks mldh
membership as to Parliament or
Legislative Assembly, respectively, lnu dh lnL;rk lEkkIr dj nh tk;sxhA
shall be cancelled

• This schedule was added by 52nd • ;g vuqlwph 52 osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku

Constitutional Amendment, 1985. vf/kfu;e] 1985 n~okjk tksM+h xbZA
 Schedule - 11

Gave Constitutional recognition to

Panchayati Raj.

73th Constitution Amendment, 1992

 Schedule - 12

Municipalities were given

Constitutional Recognition

74th Constitution Amendment, 1992

Schedule 11 :-
Panchayats were given Constitutional
recognition
• Added by the 73rd Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1992.
• Powers in relation to 29 subject.
• Enforcement from 24/04/1993
Schedule 12 :-
Municipalities were given
Constitutional recognition
• Added by the 74th Constitutional
Amendment Act of 1992.
• Enforcement from 01/06/1993
X;kjgoha vuqlwph %&
iapk;rh jkt dks laoS/kkfud ekU;rk nh xbZA
• ;g vuqlwph 73osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku
vf/kfu;e] 1992 n~okjk tksM+h xbZA ¼29
'kfDr;ksa@fo"k;½&24@04@1993 ls ykxwA
ckjgoha vuqlwph %&
uxjikfydkvksa dks laoS/kkfud ekU;rk nh xbZA
• ;g vuqlwph 74osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku
vf/kfu;e] 1992 n~okjk tksM+h xbZA
01@06@1993 ls ykxwA
 Part of Constitution
Part Name Articles

1. Union and It’s Territories ¼la?k vkSj mldk jkT;{ks=½ 1- 4

2. Citizenship ¼ukxfjdrk½ 5-11

3. Fundamental Rights ¼ewy vf/kdkj½ 12-35

4. Directive Principles of State Policy ¼jkT; ds uhfr funs’kd rRo½ 36-51

4(A) Fundamental Duties (42th Constitution Amendment Act, 1976-inserted) 51(A)

ewy dÙkZO; ¼42 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1976&var%LFkkfir½
 Part of Constitution
Part Name Articles

5. The Union ¼la?k ljdkj½ 52-151

6. The States ¼jkT; ljdkj½ 152-237

7. Repealed by the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 238

¼7osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1956 ds }kjk fujflr½ (repealed)

8. The Union Territories ¼la?k jkT;{ks=½ 239-242

9. The Panchayats (73rd Constitution Amendment Act, 1992-inserted) 243-

iapk;rh jkT; ¼73 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1992&var%LFkkfir½ 243(0)
9A. The Municipalities(74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992-inserted) 243(P)-
uxjikfydk,¡ ¼74 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1992&var%LFkkfir½ 243(ZG)
9B. The Co-operative Societies (97th Constitution Amendment Act, 2011-inserted) 243(ZH)-
lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ ¼97 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 2011&var%LFkkfir½ 243(ZT)
10. The Scheduled and Tribal Areas ¼vuqlwfpr vkSj tutkfr {ks=½ 244-
244(A)
Part Name Articles

11. Relations between the Union and the States 245-263

¼la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp laca/k½

12. Finance, Property, Contracts & Suits ¼foÙk] laifÙk] lafonk,sa vkSj okn½ 264-300(A)

13. Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India 301-307
¼Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ds Hkhrj O;kikj] okf.kT; vkSj lekxe½

14. Services under the Union and States ¼la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds v/khu lsok,¡½ 308-323

14A Tribunals (42th Constitution Amendment Act, 1976-inserted) 323(A)-323(B)

vf/kdj.k ¼42 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e] 1976&var%LFkkfir½
Part Name Articles

15. Elections ¼fuokZpu½ 324-329(A)

16. Special Provision relating to Certain Classes 330-342

¼dqN oxksZa ds laca/k esa fo’ks"k mica/k½

17. Official language ¼jktHkk"kk½ 343-351

18. Emergency ¼vkikr mica/k½ 352-360

19. Miscellaneous (Special Powers of Special Authorities) 361-367

¼izdh.kZ fo’ks"k inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo’ks"k vf/kdkj½
Part Name Articles

20. Amendment of the Constitution ¼lafo/kku dk la’kks/ku½ 368

21. Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions 369-392

¼vLFkk;h] laØe.kdkyhu vkSj fo’ks"k mica/k½

22. Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi 393-395

¼laf{kIr uke] izkjaHk] fgUnh esa izkf/kd`r ikB vkSj fujlu½
 Nature of Constitution

Federal Constitution Unitary Constitution

Power is divided between All power is vested in the

Centre and State Central Government
 Nature of Constitution
Federal Unitary
A Constitution in A Constitution
which the power is under which all
divided between the
powers are vested in
Centre and the State. a single government,
Both the governments which is usually the
function Central Government.
independently in The states remain
their respective areas under the control of
e.g. America Central Government
e.g. Britain
lafo/kku dh izd`fr
la?kkRed ,dkRed
,slk lafo/kku ftlesa ,slk lafo/kku ftlds
'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnz ,oa varxZr lkjh 'kfDr;k¡
jkT;ksa esa foHkktu jgrk ,d gh ljdkj essa
gS vkSj nksuksa ljdkjsa fufgr gksrh gSa tks izk;%
vius&vius {ks=ksa esa dsUnzh; ljdkj gksrh gS
Lora= :i ls dk;Z izkUrksa dks dsUnzh;
djrh gS tSls& ljdkj ds v/khu jguk
vesfjdk iM+rk gSA tSls&fczVsu
• There has been a debate between
experts as to whether the
Constitution of India is federal or
unitary. Some experts believe it to be
federal because there is a clear
separation of power between Union
and State and both governments
function in their respective areas.
However, certain others believe it to
be unitary as maximum powers vest
with the Central Government and the
States are under the control of
central government.
• Hkkjr esa lafo/kku la?kkRed gS ;k ,dkRed
bls ysdj fon~okuksa esa erHksn jgk gSA dqN
fon~okuksa us Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks la?kkRed
ekuk gS] D;ksafd blesa dsUnz o jkT;ksa ds e/;
'kfDr;ksa dk Li"V foHkktu gS vkSj nksuksa
ljdkjsa vius&vius {ks=ksa esa Lora= :i ls
dk;Z djrh gSA tcfd dqN vU; fon~okuksa us
bls ,dkRed lafo/kku ekuk gS D;ksafd
vf/kdka’k 'kfDr;k¡ dsUnz ljdkj esa gh fufgr
gS vkSj izkarks dks dsUnzh; ljdkj ds v/khu
jguk iM+rk gSA
 Unitary Federal/Confederate
1. Centralisation of Power Separation of Power

2. Single Governance System Two Governments

3. Single Citizenship Bicameralism

4. One Constitution Written Constitution

5. Integrated Judiciary Independent Judiciary

6. Unwritten Constitution Supremacy of Constitution

7. Uniformity of Laws Rigidity of the Constitution

8. Flexibility of the Constitution E.g. Britain E.g. America

 Nature of Constitution of India
Unitary Federal & Confederal

1. Single Citizenship Separation of power

2. All India Service Rigidity of the

Constitution
3. Emergency Written Constitution

4. Central Government making laws on subjects mentioned in Independent Judiciary

State List

5. Appointment of Governor by President Supremacy of

Constitution
6. Unequal Representation in Council of States

7. New States are created by Parliament

1. In Re Kerala Education Bill, 1958

2. State of West Bengal v/s Union of India, 1963

3. State of Karnataka vs Union of India, 1978

4. Central Inland Water Transport Corporation v. Brajo Nath Ganguly, 1986

5. S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, 1994

1. In Re: Kerala Education Bill, 1958 :-
In this case, the Supreme Court has
called the Indian Constitution unitary
rather than federal.
2. State of West Bengal vs. Union of India
[1963]
As per the majority it was held that the
Constitution is not purely federal.
However, J. Subba Rao in his dissenting
opinion observed that the Constitution
is basically federal.
3. J. Beg in State of Karnataka vs. Union
of India [1978] and J. Madan in Central
Inland Water Transport Corporation
vs. Brajo Nath Ganguli [1986]
supported the opinion of J. Subba Rao
that the Constitution is federal in nature.
1. bu jh dsjyk ,tqds’ku fcy] 1958 %& bl
ekeys esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku dks la?kkRed dh rqyuk esa
,dkRed dgk gSA
2. if’pe caxky jkT; cuke Hkkjr la?k]
1963 %& cgqer dk ;g fu.kZ; gS fd
lafo/kku iw.kZ la?kkRed ugha gSA fdUrq
U;k;kf/kifr lqCckjko vius vYier esa
bls ewyr% la?kkRed ekurs gSaA
3. dukZVd jkT; cuke Hkkjr la?k] 1978 esa
U;k;kf/kifr Jh csx vkSj lsUVªy buySaM
okVj VªkUliksVZ dkjiksjs’ku cuke cztks
ukFk xkaxqyh] 1986 esa U;k;kf/kifr Jh
enu us U;k;kf/kifr Jh LkqCckjko ds mDr
er dk leFkZu fd;k gSA
4. In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India 4. ,l-vkj-cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k] 1994%&
[1994]:- • ds fofu’p; esa cgqer us ;g er O;Dr
• It was held by the majority that fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ifjla?kh;
Indian Constitution is a federal
gSA
Constitution.
• Justice P.B. Sawant said in this case • U;k;ewfrZ ih-ch- lkoUr us bl okn esa
that democracy and federalism are dgk fd yksdra= vkSj la?kokn gekjs
essential features of our lafo/kku dh vfuok;Z fo’ks"krk,¡ vkSj
Constitution and the basic bldh lajpuk dk ewy <k¡pk gSA
structure of its structure.
Indian System : The makers of the
Constitution of India understood that
both the systems whether Federal or
Unitary had certain advantages as well
as disadvantages. Keeping the best and
special needs of India in mind the
makers chose a middle path for
governance which is generally
Federal but in times of emergency
takes a Unitary form.
Hkkjr dh iz.kkyh % Hkkjr ds lafo/kku fuekZrk
bl ckr dks Bhd ls le>rs Fks fd bu nksuksa
gh iz.kkfy;ksa ds ;fn dqN Qk;ns gS]a rks dqN
xaHkhj uqdlku Hkh gSaA blfy;s mUgksaus Hkkjr dh
fof’k"V t:jrksa dks le>rs gq, chp dk ,d
jkLrk fudkyk ftlesa 'kklu dk Lo:i
lkekU;r% la?kkRed jgrk gS] fdarq fdlh Hkh
ladV ds le; og ,dkRed :i /kkj.k dj
ysrk gSA
1. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar observed thus
“that the Constitution notwithstanding
the many provisions which are
contained in it whereby the Centre has
been given powers to override the
provinces (States) nonetheless, is a
Federal Constitution.”
2. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar – The
Constitution has been formed in a
way to not be put into the rigid
structure of federalism
3. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar – The aim was that
the Constitution becomes both unitary as
well as Federal according to
requirement of time and circumstances.
1. MkW- Hkhejko vacsM+dj % ds 'kCnksa esa ;|fi
gekjs lafo/kku esa ,sls mica/kks dk lekos’k gS]
tks dsUnz dks ,slh 'kfDr iznku dj nsrs
gSa]ftuesa izkarks dh Lora=rk lekIr lh gks
tkrh gS] fQj Hkh ;g ifjla?kkRed lafo/kku
gSA
2. MkW- Hkhejko vEcsM+dj & ^^lafo/kku dks
la?kkRedrk ds rax <kaps esa ugha <kyk x;k
gSA^^
3. MkW- Hkhejko vEcsM+dj & ^^mn~ns’; ,d
lafo/kku cukus dk Fkk tks fd fLFkfr dh
vko’;drkvksa ds vuqlkj ,dkRed ;k
ifjla?kh; gksxkA^^
4. Sir Ivor Jennings has characterised the 4. lj vkboj tsfuaXl ds vuqlkj ^^Hkkjr
Constitution as a federation with strong ,d ,slk la?k gS] ftlesa dsUnzhdj.k dh
centralising tendency. l’kDr izo`fÙk gSA^^
5. As per Prof. K.C. Wheare the 5. izks-ds-lh-Ogh;j ds vuqlkj ^^Hkkjrh;
Constitution of India is Quasi – lafo/kku v)Z&la?kh; lafo/kku gSA
Federal.
6. Prof. K.C. Wheare – The constitution 6. izks-ds-lh-Ogh;j %
^Hkkjr ,d ,dkRed
establishes a system of Government jkT; gS] ftlesa ifjla?kh; rRo lgk;d gS
which is Unitary State with subsidiary
federal features rather than a federal u fd ifjla?kh; jkT; gS] ftlesa ,dkRed
state with subsidiary Unitary features. rRo lgk;d gSA
7. Austin – Indian Constitution is a Co- 7. vkWfLVu & Hkkjrh; lafo/kku lgdkjh
operative federation.
ifjla?k gSA
 Constitution

Flexible Rigid
Process of Amendment is
Process of Complex
Amendment is easily
Like:
Like: 1. Special Majority
1. Simple Majority 2. Special Majority and
ratification of half the
States
1. Sir Ivor Jennings - More Rigid Constitution

2. K.C. Wheare - Balance between rigid and flexible

Unique Combination of Rigidity and uE;rk vkSj vuE;rk dk vuks[kk feJ.k
Flexibility
From the point of view of amendment, the la’kks/ku dh n`f"V ls lafo/kku uE; rFkk vuE; nks
Constitution is of two types, flexible izdkj dk gksrk gSA os lafo/kku ftuesa la’kks/ku dh
and inflexible. Those Constitutions in
which the process of amendment is
izfØ;k tfVy gksrh gS vuE; ¼dBksj½ lafo/kku
complex are called Rigid Constitutions rFkk os lafo/kku ftlesa la’kks/ku ljyrk ls fd;k
and those Constitutions in which tk ldrk gS uE; lafo/kku dgykrs gSaA Hkkjrh;
amendment can be done easily are called
Flexible Constitutions. Amendment in the lafo/kku esa la’kks/ku laln }kjk lk/kkj.k cgqer]
Indian Constitution is done by Parliament fo’ks"k cgqer rFkk fo’ks"k cgqer vkSj vk/ks jkT;ksa
by Simple Majority, Special Majority and
Special Majority and Ratification of half ds vuqleFkZu }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
the states. In this way, some provisions are izdkj dqN micU/k rks vklkuh ls fdUrq dqN
amended easily while some other
provisions are amended with
micU/k dfBukbZ ls la’kksf/kr fd;s tkrs gSa]
difficulty.
Due to which it is called a unique
mixture of flexibility and rigidity.
1. Sir Ivor Jennings has called the
Indian Constitution more rigid than
necessary, while
2. K.C. Wheare has observed that the
Indian Constitution strikes a good
balance between being rigid and
flexible.
ftlds dkj.k bls uE;rk o vuE;rk dk
vuks[kk feJ.k dgk tkrk gSA
1. lj vkboj tsafuXl us Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
dks vko’;drk ls vf/kd dBksj lafo/kku
dgk gS tcfd
2. ds-lh- Ogh;j ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
vf/kd dBksj rFkk vf/kd yphysa ds e/;
,d vPNk larqyu LFkkfir djrk gSA
 PREAMBLE

Act

Goals Policy

Preamble
 Preamble

Act

Main Ideals Aspirations

 Preamble

Act

Source Structure Purpose Enactment

 Preface izLrkouk
Definition : Generally, every Act starts ifjHkk"kk % lkekU;r;k izR;sd vf/kfu;e dk izkjaHk
with the Preamble which helps in mn~nsf’kdk ls gksrk gS tks vf/kfu;e ds y{; o
understanding the goals and policies of the uhfr;ksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
Act.
• Golaknath v/s State of Punjab AIR • mn~nsf’kdk fdlh vf/kfu;e ds eq[; vkn’kksZa
1967 SC 1643-The Preamble states the ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dk mYys[k djrh gS &
main ideals and aspirations of an Act. xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; AIR 1967 SC
1643
4 Parts/Elements of the Preamble of lafo/kku dh mn~nsf’kdk ds pkj Hkkx@rRo gS%
Constitution: 1. lafo/kku dk L=ksr
1. Source of Constitution
2. lafo/kku dk Lo:i
2. Structure of Constitution
3. Purpose of Constitution 3. lafo/kku dk mn~ns’;
4. Enactment of Constitution 4. lafo/kku fuekZ.k@vf/kfu;fer gksuk
 People of India
1. Source of Constitution

1. Sovereign

2. Socialist

2. Structure of Constitution 3. Secular

4. Democratic

5. Republic
 Justice – Social, Economic & Political

Liberty – Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, Worship

Equality – Status and Opportunity

3. Purpose of Constitution

Fraternity
(i) Dignity of Individual
(ii) Unity and Integrity of Nation

4. Enactment of Constitution 26th November 1949 (adopt, enact, give to ourselves)

 PREAMBLE
We, the people of India, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India
into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure
to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and opportunity;
and to promote among them all;
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the
individual and the Unity and Integrity
of the Nation;
In our Constituent Assembly this
twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do
Hereby Adopt, Enact and Give to
ourselves this Constitution
mÌsf’kdk%&
ge Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr ds ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laié
lektoknh iaFk fujis{k yksdra=kRed x.kjkT;
cukus ds fy,] rFkk mlds leLr ukxfjdksa dks
Lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;]
fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo’okl] /keZ
vkSj mikluk dh Lora=rk]
izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk
izkIr djkus ds fy,] rFkk mu lc esa
O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj
v[kaM+rk lqfuf’pr djus okyh ca/kqrk
c<+kus ds fy,
n`<+ ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/kku lHkk
esa vkt rkjh[k 26 uoacj] 1949 bZ- ¼fefr ekxZ’kh"kZ
'kqDy lIreh] laor~ nks gtkj Ng foØeh½ dks
,rn}kjk bl lafo/kku dks vaxhd`r] vf/kfu;fer
vkSj vkRelefiZr djrs gSaA
 GLOSSARY TO THE PREAMBLE
We the people of India :- The Preamble
starts will the phrase ‘We, the People of
India’. The people of India are the very
source of Constitution and the central
point of all powers. The sovereignty
confirmed under the Constitution vests
with the people and the Constitution of
India is the result of such sovereignty.
These words are similar to the words used
in the Charter of United Nations “We the
people of United Nations”.
mÌsf’kdk dh 'kCnkoyh
ge Hkkjr ds yksx%& mÌsf’kdk dk vkjEHk ^ge
Hkkjr ds yksx^ (We, the People of India)
'kCn ls gqbZ gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
lafo/kku dk ewy L=ksr& Hkkjr dh turk gSA
ogh leLr 'kfDr;ksa dk dsUnz fcUnq gSA
lafo/kku }kjk iznÙk lEizHkqrk turk esa
fufgr gS rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku mldh bPNk
dk ifj.kke gSA ;s 'kCn la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dh
pkVZj dh mÌsf’kdk esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^ge la;qDr
jk"Vª ds yksx^ ds le:i gSA
 SOVEREIGN
The Preamble provides that India will be
sovereign nation. This clarifies that India
will not be governed by any foreign
authority or power in its internal or
external affairs. India will be completely
independent to be Allies with or enter into
a treaty with another nation in relation to
its internal and external affairs. The
sovereignty vests with the people.
lEiw.kZ izHkqRo lEié
mÌsf’kdk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d ^lEIkw.kZ izHkqRo
lEié^ jk"Vª gksxkA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
Hkkjr vius vkUrfjd ,oa ckgzk ekeyksa esa fdlh
fons’kh lÙkk ;k 'kfDr ds v/khu ugha gSA og
viuh vkUrfjd ,oa ckg~; fons’k uhfr fu/kkZfjr
djus ds fy, rFkk fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds lkFk
fe=rk ,oa lfU/k djus ds fy, iw.kZr% Lora= gSA
bldh laizHkqrk turk esa fufgr gSA
 SOCIALIST
• The word ‘Socialist’ was substituted by
the 42nd Constitutional Amendment,
1976. Indian Socialism is a democratic
socialism which is based upon the
concept of Nehru. In this social system,
the major means of production are
controlled by the Government.
• The democratic socialism can be
observed/seen from the provisions of
Constitution such as :- Economic justice;
Part-IV, specifically Article 39, 39B and
39C.
lektoknh
• 42 osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku 1976 }kjk mÌsf’kdk esa
^lektoknh^ 'kCn izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr dk lektokn] yksdrkaf=d lektokn
gS tks usg: th dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr
gSA lektoknh O;OkLFkk esa mRiknu ds
izeq[k lk/kuksa ij ljdkjh fu;a=.k gksrk gSA
• lafo/kku ds fofHkUUk mica/kksa ;Fkk&vkfFkZd
U;k;] Hkkx&4] vuqPNsn&39] 39B rFkk 39C ds
rgr~ Lkektoknh n`f"Vdks.k nf’kZr gksrk gSA
 SECULAR
• This word was also substituted by
the 42nd Constitutional Amendment
Act, 1976. Secular nation means a
nation which does not recognise a
religious of its own.
• It is described in Articles 25-28 (right
to religious freedom) of the Indian
Constitution.
iaFk&fujis{k
• bls Hkh 42 osa lafo/kku la’kks/ku }kjk
izfrLFkkfir fd;k x;kA ^iaFk fujis{k^ jkT; ls
rkRi;Z ,sls jkT; ls gS tks fdlh /keZ fo’ks"k
dks jkt/keZ ds :i esa ekU;rk iznku ugha
djrk gS] cfYd og lHkh /kekZsa dks rVLFk Hkko
ls leku laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA
• bldk o.kZu Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn
25&28¼/kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj½ rd
fd;k x;k gSA
 DEMOCRACY
Democracy means people’s system i.e.,
rule of people. According to Abraham
Lincoln, “Democracy is a government of
the people, by the people and for the
people.” The people of India govern the
country by electing representatives. It is
called as indirect democratic system or
representative system.
yksdra=
yksdra= ls rkRi;Z gS yksxksa dk ra= vFkkZr~ turk
dk 'kkluA vczkge fyadu ds vuqlkj
yksdra=kRed 'kklu turk dk] turk ds fy,]
turk }kjk LFkkfir 'kklu gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa
turk vius }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ek/;e
ls 'kklu pykrh gSA bls vizR;{k yksdrkaf=d
iz.kkyh ;k izfrfuf/k iz.kkyh dgk tkrk gSA
Kuldeep Nayyar vs Union of India, 2006 dqynhi uS;j cuke Hkkjr la?k] 2006
In this case, the Supreme Court said that bl okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd ;g
it has held that the right to vote is a legal vfHkfuf.kZr fd;k fd er nsus dk vf/kdkj ,d
right. fof/kd vf/kdkj gSA
 REPUBLIC x.kjkT;
• India is a republic. It means that the • Hkkjr ,d x.kjkT; gSA blls rkRi;Z gS fd
head of the nation will be elected and Hkkjr dk jk"Vª/;{k fuokZfpr gksxk uk fd
not hereditary. oa’kkuqxrA
 JUSTICE
• In the Preamble, justice is included in
three different forms – social, economic
and Political.
• It is protected through various provisions
of fundamental rights and directive
principles.
• Social Justice- Treating every person equally
without discrimination on the basis of caste,
colour, religion, sex.
• Economic justice – eliminating inequality
of wealth and income.
• Political Justice- All people will get equal
political rights, such as entry into
government office, conveying their views
to the government, voting etc.
U;k;
• izLrkouk esa U;k; rhu fHkUu :iksa esa 'kkfey
gS& lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuSfrdA
• bldh lqj{kk ekSfyd vf/kdkj o uhfr funs’kd
fl)karksa ds fofHkUu mica/kksa ds tfj;s dh tkrh gS
• lkekftd U;k;&izR;sd O;fDr ds lkFk tkfr]
jax] /keZ] fyax ds vk/kkj ij fcuk HksnHkko ds
leku O;ogkj djukA
• vkfFkZd U;k;&lEifÙk] vk; dh vlekurk dks
nwj djukA
• jktuSfrd U;k;& lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks leku
jktuSfrd vf/kdkj izkIr gkasxs] tSls& ljdkjh
n¶rj esa izos’k] viuh ckr ljdkj rd
igq¡pkuk] oksV Mkyuk vkfnA
 LIBERTY
• Not to impose any kind of restriction
in the activities of the public and to
provide opportunities for individual
development.
• The Preamble secures freedom of
expression, belief, faith and worship
for every person through
fundamental rights.
• This has been described in the
fundamental rights from Articles 19
to 22 (Right to Freedom).
Lora=rk
• turk dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa fdlh izdkj dh
jksdVksd uk djuk rFkk O;fDr ds fodkl ds
fy;s volj iznku djukA
• izLrkouk izR;sd O;fDr ds fy;s ekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ds tfj;s vfHkO;fDr] fo’okl] /keZ
,oa mikluk dh Lora=rk lqjf{kr djrh gSA
• bldk o.kZu ekSfyd vf/kdkjkas esa vuqPNsn 19
ls 22 ¼Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj½ rd fd;k x;k
gSA
 EQULITY
• Provisions to provide equal
opportunities to every person
without any discrimination and
absence of privileges for any section
of the society.
• This has been described in the
fundamental rights from Articles 14
to 18 (Right to Equality).
• Such as- inclusion in the voter list
(Article 325), provision for adult
franchise (Article 326), Directive
Principles of State Policy (Article 39).
lerk
• lekt ds fdlh Hkh oxZ ds fy;s fo’ks"kkf/kdkjksa
ds vuqifLFkfr vkSj fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds
izR;sd O;fDr dks leku volj iznku djusa
ds mica/kA
• bldk o.kZu ekSfyd vf/kdkjkas esa vuqPNsn 14
ls 18 ¼lerk dk vf/kdkj½ rd fd;k x;k
gSA
• tSls & ernkrk lwph esa 'kkfey gksuk ¼vuqPNsn
325½] O;Ld ernku dk izko/kku ¼vuqPNsn 326½]
uhfr funs’kd fl)kar ¼vuqPNsn 39½
 Fraternity
• It means feeling of brotherhood.
• The Constitution encourages the
feeling of brotherhood through a
single citizenship, which is described
in the Fundamental Duties (Article
51A).
ca/kqRo
• bldk vFkZ gS HkkbZpkjs dh HkkoukA
• lafo/kku esa ,dy ukxfjdrk ds ek/;e ls
HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS]
bldk o.kZu ewy dÙkZO; ¼vuqPNsn 51d½ esa
feyrk gSA
Preamble - From the USA Constitution

Language of the Preamble – From the Constitution of Australia

Preamble - From the Objective Resolution

 Amended

Once

42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976

substituted three words

i. Socialist
ii. Secular
iii. Integrity
Important Facts:-
1. Preamble of Constitution is taken
from the Constitution of America but
the language is taken from the
Constitution of Australia.
2. The emergence of Preamble of
Constitution can be traced back to
the Objective Resolution presented
by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru on 13th
December, 1946 at the 3rd meeting of
Constituent Assembly.
egÙkiw.kZ rF; :-
1. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk vesfjdk ds
lafo/kku ls yh xbZ gS fdUrq izLrkouk dh
Hkk"kk vkLVªsfy;k ds lafo/kku ls yh xbZ gSA
2. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk dk vkfoHkkZo
iafM+r tokgj yky usg: n~okjk 13 fnlEcj]
1946 dks lafo/kku lHkk dh r`rh; CkSBd esa
j[ks x, mn~s’; izLrko ls gqvk gS] ;gh dkj.k
gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk dks
mÌsf’kdk dgdj Hkh lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Till Date the Preamble has been
amended only once. The 42nd
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
substituted 3 words to the Preamble:-
i. Socialist
ii. Secular
iii. Integrity
3. izLrkouk esa orZeku rd ,d ckj la’kks/ku
fd;k x;k gSA 42 osa lafo/kku ¼la’kks/ku½
vf/kfu;e] 1976 ds }kjk izLrkouk esa
fuEufyf[kr rhu 'kCn izfrLFkkfir fd;s x,:-
i. lektokn
ii. iaFkfujis{k
iii. v[kaM+rk
 IMPORTANCE of INTRODUCTION
• The Preamble mentions the basic
philosophy and political, religious,
moral and fundamental values which
are the basis of our Constitution. The
great and ideal thinking of the
Constituent Assembly is mentioned
in it. As-
• K.M. Munshi :-Preamble is the political
horoscope of the Constitution of India
izLrkouk dk egRo
• izLrkouk esa ml vk/kkjHkwr n’kZu vkSj
jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] uSfrd o ekSfyd ewY;ksa dk
mYys[k gS tks gekjs lafo/kku dk vk/kkj gSA
blesa lafo/kku lHkk dh egku vkSj vkn’kZ
lksp mYysf[kr gSA tSls&
• ds - ,e-eq a ’ kh :- iz L rkouk Hkkjrh; la f o/kku
dh jktuhfrd da q M + y h gS A
 Thakurdas Bhargava & Jawahar Lal Nehru
:- Preamble is the soul of the Constitution
 N.A. Palkiwala :- Preamble is the
introductory statement of Constitution
 J. Subba Rao :- Preamble of an Act
states the main ideals and aspirations
of that law.
 Supreme Court :-Preamble is the key
to the minds of Constitution makers
 Bkdqjnkl HkkxZo o tokgj yky usg:
:- izLrkouk lafo/kku dh vkRek gSA
 N.A. ikydh okyk (Nani Ardeshir Palkhi
vala :- izLrkouk lafo/kku dk ifjp;&i= gSA
 U;k;kf/kifr lqCckjko :- mÌsf’kdk fdlh
vf/kfu;e ds eq[; vkn’kksZa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa
dk mYys[k djrh gSA
 mPpre U;k;ky; :- mÌsf’kdk lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa
ds fopkjksa dks tkuus dh dqath gSA
Preamble is a Part of the Constitution or not
i. In Re: Berubari Case, 1960

ii. Keshavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala, 1973

Other important cases related to the Preamble
i. Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, 1965

ii. Golaknath vs. State of Punjab, 1967

iii. S.R.Bommai vs. Union of India, 1994

 Whether Preamble is a Part of
Constitution or not ?
In Re : Berubari case (1960)
1. Preamble is not part of Constitution.
2. Preamble is written before any Act is
framed, which serves only as a
guideline to the makers.
3. Supreme Court observed that the
Preamble reflects the general
purpose of the Constitution and
hence “Preamble is the key to the
mind of the makers of Constitution.
izLrkouk lafo/kku dk vax gS ;k ugha\
cs:ckjh la?k okn ¼1960½
i. izLrkouk lafo/kku dk vax ugha gSA
ii. izLrkouk vf/kfu;e ds iwoZ fy[kh tkrh gS tks
dsoy fn’kk funsZ’k dk dk;Z djrh gSA
iii. S.C. us dgk fd] izLrkouk lafo/kku ds
lkekU; iz;kstu dks n’kkZrh gS vr% izLrkouk
lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa ds efLr"d dks le>us dh
dqath gSA^^
Keshvanand Bharti vs State of Kerala 1973 ds’kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; 1973
1. Supreme Court overruled it’s 1. mPpre U;k;ky; us vius iwoZ ds fu.kZ; dks
previous judgment myV fn;kA
2. Preamble is a part of the 2. izLrkouk lafo/kku dk ,d Hkkx gSA lafo/kku
Constitution. It has the same placed esa mldk ogh LFkku gS tks vU; mica/kks dk
in the Constitution as other gSA
provisions

3. The preamble can be amended in a 3. izLrkouk esa la’kks/ku fd;k tk ldrk gS

way that does not alter the basic fdUrq ewyHkwr <kaps dk ugha A
structure of the Constitution.

4. The preamble is not amenable to 4. izLrkouk U;k;;ksX; ugha gS] vFkkZr~ blds
judgement, i.e., no decision can be vk/kkj ij dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fn;k tk ldrk
given on its bases. gSA
 Other Important Cases relating to the
Preamble
1. Sajjan Singh vs. State of Rajasthan (1965)
:- In this case the Supreme Court held
that the Preamble represents the
essence, philosophy, ideals, life or soul
of the entire Constitution.
2. Golaknath Vs. State of Punjab (1967):-
i. In this case, the Constitutional Bench
of 11 Judges led by Chief Justice
Subba Rao held by a majority of 6 : 5
that where the language of the
Constitution is unclear and
ambiguous, then the help of Preamble
can be taken.
ii. In this case, J. Hidayatullah has called
the Preamble as the soul of the
Constitution.
izLrkouk ls lacaf/kr vU; egRoiw.kZ okn
1. lTtu flag cuke jktLFkku jkT;¼1965½
bl okn esa] mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd
izLrkouk lewps lafo/kku ds lkj] n’kZu] vkn’kk]sZa
izk.k ;k vkRek dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA
2. xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; ¼1967½
i. bl okn esa eq[; U;k;ewfrZ lqCckjko ds
usr`Ro esa 11 U;k;kf/k’kksa dh laoS/kkfud ihB
us 6 % 5 ds cgqer ls vo/kkfjr fd;k fd
lafo/kku dh Hkk"kk vLi"V o lafnX/k gksus
ij bldks le>us ds fy, izLrkouk dk
lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA
ii. bl okn esa U;k;ewfrZ fgnk;rqYykg us izLrkouk
dks lafo/kku dh ewy vkRek dgk gSA
S.R. Bommai Vs. Union of India (1994)
1. The Supreme Court reiterated it’s
observation on the Preamble as was held
in the case of Keshvanand Bharti and held
that Preamble is an integral part of the
Constitution.
2. J. Ramaswamy said that Preamble is an
integral part of the Constitution.
3. In this case it was observe as to what was
included in Basic Structure of the
Constitution-
i. Socialist
ii. Secular
iii. Federal Structure
iv. Democratic
v. Social Justice
vi. Judicial Review
vii. National Unity and Integrity
,l-vkj-cksEebZ cuke Hkkjr la?k¼1994½
1. mPpre U;k;ky; us ds’kokuan Hkkjrh okn esa
vfHkO;Dr n`f"Vdks.k dks nksgjk;k vkSj dgk
fd izLrkouk lafo/kku dk vfHkUu vax gSA
2. tfLVl jkekLokeh us dgk fd izLrkouk
lafo/kku dk vfHkUu vax gSA
3. bl okn esa crk;k x;k fd lafo/kku ds ewy
<kaps esa D;k 'kkfey gS&
i. lektoknh Lo:i
ii. /keZ fujis{krk
iii. la?kh; lajpuk
iv. iztkrkaf=d Lo:Ik
v. lkekftd U;k;
vi. U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu
vii. jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[kaM+rk