U18CO1055

COEN 342 ASSIGNMENT

Question 1
1. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Responsible for developing and promoting Internet
standards and protocols like TCP/IP, HTTP, and SMTP.

2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Develops standards for various
technologies, including Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), and other LAN and WAN
protocols.

3. International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T):

Develops standards for telecommunication networks, including protocols for signaling,
compression, and multimedia.

4. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): Manages the allocation and
coordination of unique identifiers used on the Internet, such as domain names and IP addresses.

5.Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA): Responsible for managing global IP address
allocations and other critical resources.

These committees and standardization bodies play a crucial role in ensuring interoperability and
consistency within the networking industry, allowing different devices and systems to
communicate effectively on a global scale.

Question 2
I. the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless and unreliable transport layer protocol
in the Internet Protocol suite. It offers low overhead and fast data exchange, making it suitable
for real-time applications like video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP. However, UDP does not
guarantee delivery or order of packets, making it less suitable for applications that require data
integrity and reliability. TCP, on the other hand, is a connection-oriented and reliable alternative
for such scenarios. The choice between UDP and TCP depends on the specific needs of the
application being developed.
II. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for transferring files
between a client and a server on a computer network. It operates on two channels: a command
channel (port 21) for sending commands and a data channel (port 20) for actual data transfer.
While FTP has been widely used, its lack of encryption and security vulnerabilities have led to
the development of more secure alternatives like SFTP and FTPS. These secure protocols
provide encryption and additional security features for safer file transfers.

III. The Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) is an application layer protocol used for sending
and relaying email messages over a network. It operates on port 25 and facilitates the transfer
of outgoing mail from a mail client or server to the recipient's mail server. SMTP uses a store-
and-forward model, where email messages are temporarily stored at each SMTP server along
the route until they reach the final destination. SMTP does not guarantee delivery or handle
email retrieval, but it forms an essential part of the email delivery process. To enhance security,
SMTP can be used with extensions like SMTPS or STARTTLS to enable encrypted
communication between the SMTP client and server.
IV. the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer protocol used for transmitting
and receiving web pages and resources over the internet. It operates on port 80 (by default) and
forms the foundation of data communication in the World Wide Web. HTTP is stateless, and
each request-response cycle is independent. For added security, HTTPS (HTTP Secure) is used,
which is the encrypted version of HTTP operating on port 443, ensuring secure data exchange
between the client and server for sensitive transactions.

V. the Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is an internet standard protocol that operates on
port 110. It is used for retrieving email messages from a mail server to a mail client. POP3
allows users to download their email messages to their local devices, and they can choose to
keep them on the server or delete them after retrieval. However, POP3 doesn't support email
synchronization across multiple devices. Many users now prefer using the Internet Message
Access Protocol (IMAP) for its ability to synchronize email messages across different devices
while keeping them on the server.
VI. the Network Time Protocol (NTP) operates on port 123 and is used to synchronize the
clocks of devices in a computer network. NTP clients connect to NTP servers to obtain accurate
time information, allowing them to adjust their clocks and maintain synchronization. NTP is
essential for various applications and systems that rely on precise timekeeping for smooth and
accurate operations in a networked environment. It operates over UDP for better timekeeping
performance.

VII. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an internet-standard protocol used to

manage and monitor network devices. It enables administrators to gather information, set
configurations, and receive notifications about network elements like routers, switches, and
servers. SNMP operates through a manager-agent model, where the manager collects data
from the agents, allowing for efficient network management and troubleshooting.
VIII. Port 443 is the default port used for secure communication over the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocols. This combination of protocols is commonly referred to as HTTPS (HTTP Secure).
When data is exchanged over port 443, it is encrypted, ensuring a secure and private
communication channel between the client (web browser) and the server hosting the website or
web application. This is particularly important when handling sensitive information such as
passwords, credit card details, or personal data on the internet.