DRRR REVIEWER

CHAPTER ONE (EARTHQUAKE) ➜ HUMAN-INDUCED:

➜ Earthquake and volcanoes Mining, Seismic Acticity
are instances of sudden caused by reservoirs, and
motions that originate from nuclear explotions.
within the ground.
➜ Earthquake refers to the Four Types of Earthquakes:
shaking of the ground. ➜ Tectonic Earthquake: The
➜ An Earthquake is described most common form of
as a sudden violent shaking ofearthquake, is caused by the
the ground caused by movement of loose
movements in the earth’s fragmented pieces of land on
crust or volcanic action. the earth’s crust known as
➜ These motions result in the tectonic plates.
release of energy along a ➜ Volcanic Earthquake: The
fault, causing the ground to less prevalent compared to
tremble. the tectonic variety, these
➜ Earthquakes, like earthquakes happen before or
volcanoes, are example of after the eruption of a
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES. volcano,
➜ Collapse Earthquake: This
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES? Earthquake occurs in
➜ TECTONIC ACTIVITY: Plate underground mines. The main
Boundaries at fault. cause is the pressure
➜ Volcanic Activity: Volcanic generated within the rocks.
Eruption
➜ EXPLOTION
EARTHQUAKE: The
occurrence of this type of
earthquake is artificial. High-
Density explosion such as
nuclear explosions is the
primary cause.
EXAMPLE OF EARTHQUAKE
THAT OCCURRED IN BAGUIO:
➜ KILLER EARTHQUAKE
MEASUREMENT AND
MAGNITUDE OF AN
EARTHQUAKE:
➜ Magnitude 1-3: Generally
not felt, but recorded.
➜ Magnitude 4-6:
Noticeable shaking of
objects and rattling noises.
➜ Magnitude 7-9: Major
Earthquakes causing serious
damage.
➜ Magnitude 10+: Rare and
extremely powerful
Earthquakes.
EARTHQUAKE
PREPAREDNESS:
➜ It is critical that you are
prepared for potential
disasters, depending on your
area.
➜ Having and emergency
supplies kit and an
emergency plan are two
basic steps towards being
prepared!
➜ Make and emergency
plan: specify meeting places,
emergency contacts, and
evacuation routes.
➜ Prepare an emergency kit
with food, water, first-aid
items, and a flashlight.
➜ Secure heavy furniture
and a thing with wall
brackets and fasteners to
keep them from falling
during an earthquake.
CHAPTER II (EARTHQUAKE HAZARD) and countless injuries. Earthquakes
COLOR CODING OF THE MAPS:
have been recorded throughout the
➜ WHITE: No Risk
country, except for the Palawan
➜ YELLOW: Low Risk
region
➜ ORANGE: Medium Risk
➜ RED: High Risk TOP 10 EARTHQUAKE-PRONE
PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY PROVINCES
MEASURES BEFORE AN 1.) SURIGAO DEL SUR
EARTHQUAKE: 2.) LA UNION
➜ Learn first aid kit. 3.) BENGUET
➜ Assure that you have a fire 4.) PANGASINAN
extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery- 5.) PAMPANGA
powered radio, a flashlight, and 6.) TARLAC
7.) IFUGAO
extra batteries at home.
8.) DAVAO ORIENTAL
➜ Learn how to turn-off the gas, 9.) NUEVA VIZCAYA
water and electricity. 10.) NUEVA ECIJA
➜ Make a plan of where you will
PLACES IN THE PHILIPPINES
meet your family after the disaster. WHERE MOST EARTHQUAKE HITS:
➜ Don’t leave the heavy objects in 1.) MINDANAO
shelves, will fall during earthquake. 2.) DAVAO REGION
RISK TO EARTHQUAKES: 3.) COTABATO TRENCH
PHIVOLCS has documented twelve
significant earthquakes in the RISK TO EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
SHALLOW LANDSLIDES:
Philippines since 1968, including Palawan is the only province not prone to
the devastating July 16, 1990 Luzon landslides. The top ten provinces at risk of
earthquake, which led to over a earthquake-induced shallow landslides are:
thousand fatalities  Ifugao
 Lanao del Sur
 Sarangani
 Benguet
 Mountain Province
  Bukidnon ➜ SIQUIJOR
 Aurora
 Davao del Sur ➜ SURIGAO DEL SUR
 Davao Oriental ➜CAMUGUIN
 Rizal
➜ MASBATE
➜ July 27, 2022
SEPTEMBER 17, 2019 (TAWI-
RISK TO TSUNAMIS TAWU, BONGAO)

➜ Most coastal areas in the CHAPTER III (VOLCANO)

Philippines face either experienced
tsunamis or possess a potential
tsunami hazard.
IMPACT AND PREPAREDNESS:
VOLCANIC-RELATED HAZARD:
These are phenomena directly
associated with eruption.

➜ Discuss the potential impact of PHILVOCS: Philippine Institute of

tsunamis on these provinces, Volcanology and Seismology
highlight preparedness measures
and community resilience efforts. TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS:
➜ LAHAR: Mudflows or volcanic
TOP 10 TSUNAMI PRONES debris flow. There are two types of
PROVINCES: lahars: Primary or Hot Lahar and
➜ SULU Secondary or Cold Lahar.
> Lahar can destroy by direct impact.
➜ TAW-TAWI > Lahars can block tributary stream and
form a lake.
➜ BASILAN > Lahars can bury valleys and
communities with debris.
➜ BATANES > Lahars can lead to increased
deposition of sediments along affected
➜ GUIMARAS rivers and result to long

➜ ROMBLON
Flooding problems in the low-lying
downstream communities.
➜ASHFALL: Volcanic ash consisting of
fragments of pulverized rock, minerals
and volcanic glass, created during
volcanic eruptions.
> can cause poor visibility.
> bury agricultural lands.
> clog human lungs, machine filters,
motors.
➜ Pyroclastic flow: Pyroclastic flow
refers to hot dry masses of fragmented
volcanic materials that move along the
slope and in contact with ground
surface.
> Faster than ash fall.
> Destroy anything on its path by
direct impact.
> Burn sites with hot rock debris.
> Deadly effects include asphyxiation
(inhalation of hot ash and gasses)
➜ Ballistic Projectile: are rocks that an
erupting volcano may hurl into the air.
> Ballistic projectine endanger life and
property by the force of impact of
falling fragments.
> Producing suspensions of fine-
granted particles in air and water which
clogs filters and vents of motor, human
lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear
power plants.
> carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts,
and close to the vent, heat.
> burial by tephra can collapse
Roofs of buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or
kill vegetation.
➜ Volcanic Gasses: As magma rises
towards the surface and pressure
decreases, gasses are released from the
liquid portion of the magma and
continue to travel upward and are
eventually released into the
atmosphere.
> can cause health problems to people
and animals through intoxication.
➜ LAVA FLOW: Is a highly elongated
mass of molten rock materials
cascadinga downslope from an
erupting vent.
> Burying, crushing, covering, burning
everything in its path.
SIGN OF IMPENDING VOLCANO
ERUPTION:
➜ Intensified steaming activity
➜ What used to be white steam slowly
or drastically change to gray or dark
(suggest increasing presence of ash)
➜ Drying up vegetation, drying up of
streams, water wells.
➜ Crater glow at the summit area
➜ Hear rumbling sounds
➜ Increaasing frequency of rolling
rocks from the summit, localized
landslides not related to heavy rains.
➜ Summit area appears to glow
or becomes incandescent at night.
➜ smell of sulfur (rotten egg)
➜ ground movement/ volcanic
earthquake increasingly become felt.
CHAPTER IV (VOLCANO)
Volcanoes, despite their appeal and
charm due to their unique creation, it
can also be harmful because their
unpredictable nature. Understanding
their activities can help prepare for
potential disasters, ensuring the safety
of people, property, livelihood, and
environment.
WHAT IS A VOLCANIC HAZARD?
➜ A volcanic hazards is the probability
a volcanic eruption or related
geophysical event will occur in a given
geographic area and within a specified
window of time.
WHAT ARE VOLCANO HAZARD
MAPS:
➜ Illustrate potential ground-based
volcanic impacts like lava-flows,
pyroclastic flows, ash fall, volcanic
gases and lahars.
➜ Help undestant areas affected by
specific volcanic eruption phenomena.
➜ Show areas that can be affected and
safe areas.
➜ Determine risks of living in
indentified hazardous areas.
➜ Help people become aware of
potential dangers in case of a volcano
reactivation.
WHAT ARE VOLCANO ALERT
LEVELS?
➜ Uses volcano alert signals to define
volcano status.
➜ Alert levels range from 0 to 5.
➜ Guides local government responses.
➜ Each alert level requires
corresponding action from authorities.
WHAT IS THE PERMANENT DANGER
ZONE?
➜ PDZ delineates area for no
permanent habitation due to potential
hazards.
➜ Mayon volcano’s pdz: 6 kilometer
radius from summit.
➜ Alert Level: 0-1: No Venture within
this area.
➜ Province of albay’s precautionary
action during alert 1 declaration.
ELEMENTS OF HAZARD MAP:
➜ TITLE: Identifies the type of hazard
map or the are of the map.
➜ LEGEND: Explains the meaning of
different colors and sign in the map.
➜ ORIENTATION COMPASS: Indicates
the map’s orientation in relation to
magnetic north.
➜ BAR SCALE: Explains the relationship
of tha data frame extent to the real
world
➜ GPS COORDINATE: Unique identifier
or a precise geographic location on
earth, usually expressed in
alphanumeric characters,
➜ COORDINATES: Points of
intersection in a grid system, usually
expressed as the combination of
latitude and longitude.
➜ Consult local disaster coordinating
council for protection from ash fall,
landslides, and debris flows.
➜ Understand community warning
systems and emergency plans.
➜ Develop an evacuation plan and
equip schools with goggles, basic kits,
and evacuation supply kits.

WHAT SHOULD WE DO TO PREPARE RESPONSE (DURING)

FOR A VOLCANIC ERUPTION? ➜ Stay alert and follow warning
➜ Precautionary measures before, instructions.
during and after volcanic eruption. ➜ Evacuate immediately if instructed
to do so.
WHY DO WE NEED TO PREPARE AND
➜ Protect pupil’s heads and evacuate
BE READY BEFORE, DURING AND
AFTER A DISASTER? if caught in a small rock fall.
➜ To help and self lives. ➜ Prioritize evacuation outside the
➜ Reduce the impact of any disaster area of ash shower for pupils with
on our health, property, and daily life. breathing problems.
➜ Being prepared helps in quicker ➜ Scratch off ashes to prevent heavy
recovery after the disaster. loading of school building roofs.
➜ Wear long-sleeved shirts and long
PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION pants.
(BEFORE)
➜ Close windows and doors to reduce AFTER (REHABILITATION)
ash entry. ➜ Clear canals and pathways of debris.
➜ Develop evacuation plans and ➜ Hose down accumulated ash and
conduct drills. plant leaves.
➜ Avoid low places or areas vulnerable ➜ Stay away from the slide area.
to avalanches, rock falls, lava flows and ➜ Check for injured or trapped
mudflows. persons.
➜ Preapre for evacuation if warning ➜ Direct rescuers to their locations.
for imminent volcanic eruptions or ➜ Listen to local radio or television for
mudflows are raised. emergency information.
CHAPTER V (GEOLOGICAL
HAZARD)
➜ LANDSLIDE: A landslide is the
movement of a mass of rock, soil, and
debris down a slope, triggered by
factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes,
or human activities, potentially causing
significant damage and posing risks to
lives and property.
CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE:
➜ Earthquake climate weathering
volcanoes forest fires.
➜ Mining clear cutting.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LANDSLIDE:
➜ FALLS: Are sudden movements of
loads of soil, debris, and rock that
break away from slopes and cliffs. Falls
landslides occur as a result of
mechanical weathering, earthquakes,
and force of gravity.
➜ SLIDES: a downslope movement of
material that occurs along a distinctive
rupture or slip surface. The slip surface
tends to be deeper than that of other
landslide types and not structurally
controlled.
➜ TOPPLE: Topple failures involve the
forward rotation and movement of a
mass of rock, earth or debris out of a
slope.
➜ SPREAD: They are commonly
known as lateral spreads and takes
place on gentle terrains vila lateral
extension followed by tensile fractures.
➜ FLOWS: Flows are further
subcategorized depending upon the
geological material, for example, earth,
debris, and bedrock.
EFFECTS:
➜ Lead to economic decline
➜ Loss of life
➜ Decimation of infrastructure
➜ SINKHOLE: Is a hole in the ground
that forms when water dissolves
surface rock. Often, this surface rock is
limestone, which is easily eroded, or
worn away, by the movement of water.
HOW DO SINKHOLES FORM?
➜ Sinkholes form when acidic
rainwater dissolves bedrock, creating
underground channels. These channels
erode the bedrock, forming caverns.
Eventually, the overlying soil collapses
into these caverns, creating a sinkhole.
WHAT CAUSES A SINKHOLE?
➜ Sinkholes are often associated with
catastrophic ground collapse, but such
extreme incidents are rare. More
commonly, they manifest as smaller
depressions, posing as costly
inconveniences rather than life-
threatening events.
TYPES OF SINKHOLE:
➜ DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE: Form when
rain dissolves bedrock, creating
depressions. Some turn into ponds.
Posing risks if the bottom layer fails,
causing sudden drainage.
➜ COVER-SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLE:
occur where sand cover soft limestone.
As limestone dissolves voids form and fill
with sediment, creating small
depressions that often turn into ponds
when water outflow is blocked.
➜ COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLE: Are
perilous, occurring where bedrock is
under clay. Water dissolves a cavity
below, eroding the ground. When a thin
layer remains, it collapses suddenly,
creating a sinkhole that swallows objects
➜ ARTIFICIAL SINKHOLES: Human
activities like pumping groundwater,
construction, mining, amd changes in
water flow cause sinkholes. Increased
water dissolves underground caverns,
while surface pressure worsens existing
openings.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING SINKHOLE:
➜ Cracks in interior joint areas, windows
or doors.
➜ Cracks in your exterior block or
stucco.
➜ Windows and doors become harder
to close properly.
➜ Observation of an actual cavity
beginning to open.
➜ Deep cracks and separation of paves
concrete walks and drives.
CHAPTER VI (GEOLOGICAL HAZARD)
➜ MASS WASTING: It is a natural
process wherein the soil and rock move
downhill due to the gravity pull. It
includes landslides and sinkholes.
FOUR TYPES OF MASS WASTING:
➜ CREEP: Is a very slow mass movement
that goes on for years or even centuries.
> Occur along tops and basal portions of
hills.
> Usually travels only a few millimeters
or centimeters per year.
➜ ROCK FALL: Sudden and rapid free fall
movement of a rock.
> Occurs mainly in rocky areas.
> Happens in mountainous regions or
where artificial excavation is taking place.
➜ EARTH FLOW: They move very quickly.
> Can be rapid or slow and it typically
occurs on hillsides in humid region.
> Large flows can bury entire villages,
smaller flows can block roads.
➜ LANDSLIDES: Movement of rock,
earth or debris down a section of land as
a single unit.
> Happens when a section of soil or rock
suddenly gives way and moves down a
slope.
> Occurs on moderately steep slope.
MITIGATION STRATEGIES:
BEFORE LANDSLIDE:
➜ Prepare for an emergency kit.
➜ Know the safe and evacuation ares in
your community.
➜ Learn and make an evacuation plan
and emergency response procedures.
➜ Always be informed for potential
landslides.
SINKHOLE:
➜ Remove the hole by fencing or roping
it off, ensuring immediate action is taken.
➜ Notify all parties: occupants, real
estate agents, buyers, owners and
visitors.
➜ Keep children away.
➜ Protect area from garbage and waste.

DURING LANDSLIDE:
➜ Stay alert and listen for unusual
sounds.
➜ Monitor sudden water flow changes,
especially when driving, as bridges may
be washed out.
➜ Evacuate or stay out of the path of
landslide or debris flow.
➜ If evacuation is not possible, seek
shelter in a stable building or structure
on higher ground.

AFTER LANDSLIDE:
➜ Stay away from slide area.
➜ Check for injured or trapped
individuals and animals.
➜ Check the surroundaings for possible
falling debris or broken utility lines.
➜ Always listen to the radio or television
for updates and additional information.