UNIT 6 ­ INDIAN POVERTY / வ"ைம

ECONOMY
S NO Chapters
1 Introduction / அ"#க%

2 Planning & NITI Aayog / &'ட)ட* ம,-% .& ஆேயா3

3 National Income / ேத5ய வ7மான%

4 Inflation / பண;3க%

5 Money & Banking – RBI / பண% ம,-% வ<=>ய*

6 Monetary Policy / பண?ய* ெகாAைக

7 Fiscal Policy & Source of Revenue / .&3 ெகாAைக & வ7வாC ஆதார%

8 Finance Commission & GST / .& ஆைணய% & EஎGH

9 External Sector / ெவIJறLM Nைற

10 Poverty / வ-ைம

11 Unemployment / ேவைல>Pைம

12 Agriculture / ேவளாRைம

13 Industrial Policy / ெதாS* ெகாAைக

14 Rural Growth / ஊரக வளUV5

15 Social Problems / சXகY ZரVசைனகA

POVERTY / வ"ைம
“Poverty is the worst form of violence.” - Gandhi "வGைம எ(பM வ(Nைற'( ேமாசமான வ*வ8." - காP=
Poverty can be defined as a situation where a ச"க$%& ஒ( )*+ன- வா01ைக3&
section of society is unable to fulfil even the
basic necessities of life.
அ56பைட$ ேதைவகைள1 <ட =-$% ெச?ய
A5யாத B0Cைலைய வEைம எ&E
Multi Dimensional Nature of Poverty
வைரயE1கலாI.
• Basic Necessities of Life
• – food, clothes, shelter, livelihood, health, வEைம3& பல ப*மாண இயLM
Education • வா#$ைக'( அ*+பைட. ேதைவக1- உண4,
• Capability உைடக1, த567ட8, வா#வாதார8, :காதார8,
க;<
• Social Exclusion
• =ற(
• Choice
• ச@க <ல$6
• Civil Liberties and Rights
• ேதB4
• அரCய; மFG8 ெபாIளாதார உKைமக1
4
POVERTY / வ"ைம
Absolute Poverty:
• This concept is based on absolute
needs of the people and people are
defined as poor when some absolute
needs are not sufficiently satisfied.
• It is a condition where household
income is below a necessary level to
maintain basic living standards (food,
shelter, housing). This condition
makes it possible to compare between
different countries and also over time.
ANைமயான வEைம:
• இOத க($P ம1கQ& ANைமயான
ேதைவகைள அ56பைடயாக1 ெகாRடP
மSEI Tல ANைமயான ேதைவகU
ேபாPமான அளV %(6% அைடயாதேபாP
ம1கU ஏைழகளாக
வைரயE1க6பYZறா-கU.
• \YIப வ(மானI அ56பைட வா01ைக$
தர$ைத (உணV, த^\_டI, `Y)
பராம*1க ேதைவயான அள+S\1
\ைறவாக இ(1\I Cைல. இOத Cைல
பLேவE நாYகைள ஒ6)Yவைத
சா$%யமா1\ZறP.
POVERTY / வ"ைம
Poverty Headcount Ratio வ"ைமதைல எ()*ைக ,-த.
• The Poverty Head Count ratio measures • வ"ைம* ேகா1234* 5ேழ உ8ள
the proportion of population whose per
capita income/ consumption expenditure த:நப= வ>மான./ @க=AB
is below the Poverty line or it is measures ெசலAக8 அFலG வ"ைம*
the total number of people living below ேகா1234* 5ேழ வாH. ம*கIJ
the poverty line.
ெமாKத எ()*ைகைய அள,M.
• Head Count ration does not reflect the
severity of poverty.
ம*க8ெதாைகNJ ,-தKைத தைல
எ()*ைக ,-த. அள,M-றG.
• தைல எ(P. ேரஷJ வ"ைமNJ
S,ரKைத TரUபV*காG.
POVERTY / வ"ைம
Relative Poverty
• It is defined from the social
perspective that is living standard
compared to the economic
standards of population living in
surroundings.
• Hence it is a measure of income
inequality.
• Usually, relative poverty is measured
as the percentage of the population
with income less than some fixed
proportion of median income.
ஒ"#$% வ'ைம
• *%+ப வ-மான+ சராச2 வ-மான3ைத
5ட ஒ- *7"8$ட சத9த3:;
இ-=*+ >ைல.
• எனேவ இB வ-மான
சம3BவCDைமED அளHேகாலா*+.
• வழ=கமாக, சராச2 வ-மான3:D Kல
>ைலயான 5Mத3ைத 5ட *ைறவான
வ-மான+ ெகாPட ம=கQெதாைகED
சத9தமாக உற5னS வ'ைம
அள5ட"ப%MறB.
POVERTY / வ"ைம

Poverty Gap Ratio வ"ைம இைடெவI ,-த.

• The Poverty Gap Ratio is the gap by • வ"ைம இைடெவ( )*த, எ.ப0
which mean consumption of the ஏைழகQ& சராச* bக-V1\I வEைம1
poor below poverty line falls short of ேகாc5S\I இைடேய உUள
the poverty line. இைடெவQயா\I
• A higher poverty gap index means that • அ%க வ"ைம இைடெவ(1 2345
poverty is more severe. எ.றா8 வ"ைம _கVI கYைமயானP
எ." ெபா9:.
POVERTY / வ"ைம
• Primary poverty is defined as a
situation where income is insufficient
to meet basic needs – even if every
penny is spent wisely.
• Secondary poverty is defined as a
situation where money is misspent on
luxuries – leaving insufficient
disposable income to buy necessities.
• Aத&ைம வEைம - ஒ<ெவா9 ைபசா>,
?@AசாB@தனமாகE
ெசலவG1கHபIடாJ, Kட -
அ56பைட$ ேதைவகைள6 =-$% ெச?ய
வ(மானI ேபாPமானதாக இLலாத
Cைலேய Aத&ைம வEைம என
வைரய"1கHப5*ற0.
• இரRடாI Cைல வEைம எ.ப0
ஆடIபர$%Sகாக பண, தவறாக
ெசல)டHப5, OPQைல என
வைரய"1கHப5*ற0 - ேதைவகைள
வாT2வதU2 ேபா0மான ெசலவGH?
வ9மான, இ8லாம8 இ912,.
POVERTY / வ"ைம
POVERTY LINE / வEைம1 ேகாY
Dadabhai Naoroji –
• Subsistance cost based poverty line based on
1867-68 prices - cost of a subsistence diet of
"rice or flour, dhal, mutton, vegetables, ghee,
vegetable oil, and salt.“
National Planning Committee
• Subhash Chandra Bose, the president of the
Congress, established the National Planning
Committee (NPC) in 1938, with Jawaharlal
Nehru as chairman and Professor K. T. Shah
as secretary, to create an economic plan
with the primary goal of ensuring a
sufficient quality of living
தாதாபா$ ெநௗேரா* –
• 1867-68 +ைலைய அ01பைடயாக4 ெகா5ட
வா7வாதார8 ெசல: அ01பைட;லான வ=ைம4
ேகா? - "அ@A அBலC மா:, பD1E,
ஆG0ைற8A, கா$கIகJ, ெந$, தாவர
எ5ெண$ மM=N உ1E" ஆPயவMIQ
வா7வாதார உண+Q +ைல.
ேதAய RGடSடB TU
• காVPரWQ தைலவரான XபாY சZRர ேபா[,
1938 இB ேதAய RGட4 TUைவ (NPC)
]=+னா^, ஜவஹ^லாB ேநD தைலவராக:N,
ேபராA@ய^ K. T. ஷா ெசயலாளராக:N, ஒD
ெபாDளாதாரd RGடdைத உDவா4TவதMT,
ேபாCமான வா74ைகd தரdைத உ=R ெச$வைத
eதQைம இல4காக4 ெகா5? உDவா4Pனா^.
POVERTY LINE / வEைம1 ேகாY
• First Planning Commission Working Group
– 1962 - The national minimum for each
household of five persons should be not less
than Rs 100 per month for rural and Rs. 125
for urban at 1960-61 prices.
• Y K Alagh Committee 1979 - Minimum
Income based - calorie based Poverty Line
• Lakdawala Committee (1993) –
Consumption based state specific Poverty
Line
• Suresh Tendulkar Committee (2009) –
Monthly spending on Education, Health,
Electricity, Transport; Shift from Calorie based
to Nutritional outcomes based
• Nத; =Qட$ க7ஷ( பS$6T – 1962 - ஐ"#
நப&கைள* ெகா-ட ஒ0ெவா2 345ப67835
ேத;ய 3ைற"தப>ச6 ெதாைக மாத5 ஒAB*3
C.100*3 3ைறயாமD EராமGHறIகJD C. 1960-
61 KைலMD நக&GHறIகN*3 125.
• Y K Alagh Committee 1979 - 3ைற"தப>ச
வ2மான5 அQGபைடMலான - கேலாR
அQGபைடMலான வBைம* ேகா4
• ல$டவாலா க7Q* (1993) - Sக&T
அQGபைடMலான மாUல 3VGW>ட வBைம*
ேகா4
• :ேரU ெடVW;கB க7Q* (2009) - கDK,
Xகாதார5, YAசார5, ேபா*3வர6# ஆEயவ8VD
மாதா"7ர ெசலT; கேலாR அQGபைடMD இ2"#
ஊ>ட]ச6# KைளTகN*3 மாBதD
 • ெட5?Bக^ TU வ"ைம% ேகா)*+, -னச0
POVERTY LINE / வEைம1 ேகாY த2நப5 ெசல8 9. 27 :ராம<=ற?க@A 9.33
நக5<=ற?க@A
• The Tendulkar panel stipulated a benchmark
daily per capita expenditure of Rs. 27 and Rs. • ரVகராஜQ கSG0, 2014 - நகர?க@A ஒC
33 in rural and urban areas, respectively நாைள%, ₹47 %,E ₹32 ெச
• Rangarajan Committee, 2014 - Persons லைவ
spending below ₹47 a day in cities and ₹32 in :ராம?க@A ₹32 ெசல8E ெசலைவ பFவ5
villages be considered poor. கG ஏைழகளாக% கCத<பFவா5கG.
• In July 2013, based on the Tendulkar • ஜூைல 2013 இA, ெட5?Bக^ வ=ைம4
poverty line, Planning Commission released ேகாG0Q அ*<பைடOA, -)ட% கPஷR
poverty data for 2011-12. 2011-12 ஆE ஆT*+கான வ"ைமU தரைவ
• The number of poor in the country was ெவ@O)டV.நா)*A உGள ஏைழக@R
pegged at 269.8 million or 21.9% of the எTY%ைக 269.8 SBfயQ அBலC
population. ம4கJெதாைக;B 21.9% என
• After this, no official poverty estimates in India ம-<Zட<ப)FGளV.
have been released.
• இத+,< Zற,, இ[-யா]A அ-கார<^5வ
வ"ைம ம-<_FகG எV8E
ெவ@Oட<பட]Aைல.
MULTI- DIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX
பல ப*மாண வEைம1 \efY
• NITI Aayog prepared Multidimensional
Poverty Index at the national, for all states and • NITI ஆேயா1, இWAயா). அைன@0
districts of India measuring deprivation மாQலTக: மU", மாவIடTகY12
across twelve indicators ேதZய அள)8 பல ப[மாண வ"ைம1
• Around 13.5 crore people moved out of 234Iைட@ தயா[@த0.
multidimensional poverty during this period.
• இ0 ப&gரRY \eகாc5கQL
• India's population living in multidimensional
poverty decreased from 25% in 2015-16 to பUறா12ைறைய அள)5,.]
15% in 2019-21 • இWத காலகIட@A8 \மா] 13.5 ேகா5
ம1கU பல ப*மாண வEைம3h(OP
ெவQேயeன-.
• பல ப[மாண வ"ைம^8 வா_,
இWAயா). ம1க: ெதாைக 2015-16 இ8
25% ஆக இ(OP 2019-21 இL 15% ஆக
2ைறW0:ள0.
 ஊQடYச.M,
6ழPைதக1 மFG8 இள8 பIவ.=னK( இற+\,

உட#நல&, தா]வ^ ஆேரா$`ய8,

ப1a+ப*+\ ஆVWக1,
ப1a வIைக,

க#(, சைமய; எKெபாI1,

:காதார8,
6*bB,
cW,
7(சார8,
வா+,ைக. தர&
ெசா.M$க1
வ5`$ கண$6க1
POVERTY வ"ைம
Causes of Poverty in India இ"#யா&' வ)ைம,கான காரண1க2
• ம"க$ெதாைக ெவ*+,
• Population Explosion
• ச.க /ல"1 - சா2, பா4ன6
• Social Exclusion - Caste, Gender
• 1ைற8த /வசாய உ;ப<2<2ற=
• Low Agricultural Productivity
• ெப>6 ேவைல@=ைம
• Huge Unemployment • 1990 வைர 40 ஆCDகளாக 1ைற8த ெபா>ளாதார
• Low Rate of Economic Development for 40 வளFGH /Iத6
years till 1990 • /ைல உயFJ ம;K6 பணM"க6
• Price Rise and Inflation • காலN<Oவ கட8த கால6
• Colonial Past • ஊழS
• Corruption • Iராம+,ற கட=
• Rural Indebtness • பா4ன சம<OவT=ைம

• Gender Inequality • வKைம@= த=ைம ப;Uய ,VதS இSலாைம

• Lack of Understanding of Nature of poverty

POVERTY வEைம

Poverty Alleviation Approaches வ"ைம ஒ&'( அ*+,ைறக/

• Growth Oriented - Trickle Down • வள#$% சா#(த -
theory • *ய ேவைலவா/01
• Self Employment
• 2ைற(தப5ச அ70பைட
• Provision of Minimum basic
வச9கைள ேநர7யாக வழ>2த?
amenities directly

POVERTY வEைம
Poverty Alleviation Schemes
• Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samridhi
Yojana
• Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana:
• Food for Work Programme:
• National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS):
• Annapurna Scheme:
• Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005:
• National Rural Livelihood Mission: Aajeevika
(2011):
• National Urban Livelihood Mission:
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:
• PM SVANIDHI
• PM Vishwakarma Yojana
வ=ைம ஒg1E
• ஒDVPைணZத ஊரக வள^8Ad RGடN (IRDP)
• ஜவஹ^ ேரா[க^ ேயாஜனா/ஜவஹ^ PராN சN@R
ேயாஜனா
• Pராம1Eற i?கJ - இZRரா ஆவா[ ேயாஜனா:
• ேவைல4கான உண: RGடN:
• ேதAய eRேயா^ ஓ$kRயd RGடN (NOAPS):
• அQனl^ணா RGடN:
• சNl^ணா PராSQ ேரா[க^ ேயாஜனா (SGRY):
• மகாdமா காZR ேதAய ஊரக ேவைல உ=R8
சGடN (MGNREGA) 2005:
• ேதAய Pராம1Eற வா7வாதார பm: ஆn+கா
(2011):
• ேதAய நக^1Eற வா7வாதார பm:
• oரதாQ மZR@ ெகௗஷB +கா[ ேயாஜனா:
• oரதாQ மZR@ ஜQ தQ ேயாஜனா:
• PM [வா]R
• PM +[வக^மா ேயாஜனா