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NphSv
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
FULL SCORER
MUHAMMED RASAK K
GHSS ERANHIMANGAD
MALAPPURAM
REVISED
& (4th EDITION)
SUMAYYA U
GHSS PULLENGODU
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ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 1
CONSTITUTION: WHY? HOW?
Objective Questions:-
1. President of Constituent Assembly? Important

Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2. Chairman of Drafting Committee?
Dr. B.R Ambedkar
3. Who had presented Objective Resolution in Constituent Assembly?
Jawahar Lal Nehru
4. Constitution was enacted and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on?
1949 November 26
5. Constitution came in to force on?
5
1950 January 26
Important FUNCTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION
Constitution allows coordination and assurances.

The first function of the constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that permit
minimal co-ordination among the members of a society. To live peacefully members of a society
have to agree on some basic rules. These rules provide the basis of a Constitution.
Specification of decision making powers.
The second function of a constitution is to specify which institution has the power to
frame and take decision. The Constitution specifies how the government should be constituted.
Limitation on the powers of the government.
The third function of the constitution is to limit the powers of the government.
These limits are fundamental in the sense that the government may never trespass them.
Aspirations and goal of the society.
The fourth function of a constitution is to enable the government to fulfil the
aspirations of the society. The constitution enables the government to fulfill the aspirations of the
society and to implement the ideals of justice, liberty and fraternity. It should try to create a just
society.
Fundamental identity of the people.
The fifth function of the constitution is to give a fundamental identity to the people.
Before the Constitution is formed, the individuals have many identities. The Constitution provides
collective identity to the people.
ചഽവട്
THE AUTHORITY OF A CONSTITUTION
Mode of Promulgation
Indian Constitution was created by a Constituent
Assembly. The Indian Constitution embodies the spirit of
nationalist movements
3
Provisions of the Constitution
A constitution should ensure freedom and equality of
citizens. A Constitution that discriminates between
different sections of the population will not be acceptable
Balanced institutional design

Important
Clear separation of powers between the organs of the
Govt. ie Legislature, Executive & Judiciary. Indian
Constitution is described as a ‗living document‘.
COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
British India Princely States
292 Seats 93 Seats
The Authority of the Indian Constitution – FOUR Factors
Principle of Deliberation Discussion – Arguments - Consensus
Committees – Giving importance to public

Procedures
reason
Created by the principles of India‘s freedom
Inheritance of the Nationalist Movement
struggle
Balance between the Legislature, Executive &
Institutional arrangements
Judiciary
ചഽവട്
OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION
Presented by NEHRU
 India is an Independent, Sovereign, and Republic.
 All powers and authority shall flow from the people.
 All people of India shall be guaranteed social, economic and

political justice.
 The minorities, backward and tribal areas shall be provided

adequate safeguards.
Important
BORROWING PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION
Country Provisions
 Rule of Law
 First Past the Post System - FPTP
British Constitution  Parliamentary Government
 Speaker: Functions and Powers
 Law making procedure
French Constitution  Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
 Fundamental Rights
USA  Judicial Review
 Independence of the Judiciary
Ireland  Directive Principles of State Policy - DPSP
 Federation with Strong Centre

Canada
 Residuary powers
Australia  Concurrent List

QUESTIONS
Answer the following.
1. Identify the provisions in Indian 1. ചഽവീെ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന വൿവസ്ഥകള഻ൽ

Constitution borrowed from British ന഻ന്നഽും ഇത്ഫൿൻ ඀ര഻ട്ട഼ഷ്
ഭരണഘെനയ഻ൽ ന഻ന്നഽും കെും ീകഺണ്ട
Constitution form the list given
വൿവസ്ഥകൾ ത഻രീെെഽക്കഽക
below.
 Directive Principles  മഺർഗന഻ർുദശക തതവങ്ങൾ
 Rule of Law  ന഻യമവഺഴ്ച
 Parliamentary Government  പഺർലീമന്ററ഻ സ඀രദഺയും
 Fundamental Rights  മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങൾ
 Position of Speaker  സ്പ഼ക്കർ പദവ഻
Score 3 Score 3
2. Match the following -
President of Constituent Assembly

B R Ambedkar
ആ
ൻ
Chairman of Drafting Committee Jawahar Lal Nehru

ൻ ജവഹ
Presented Objective Resolution Dr. Rajendra Prasad

വ ജ
Score 3
Judicial Review Canada

വ
Directive Principles France

ൻ
Quazi Federal Government Ireland

വ
Liberty, Eqality, Fraternity USA

ഹ
Score 4
4. The Constitution of India came to 4. ඀പഺരലൿത്ത഻ൽ വന്നത്
എന്ന്?
force in?
 1949 നവുംരർ 26
 1949 November 26
 1950 ജനഽവര഻ 26
 1950 January 26  1952 ഡ഻സുംരർ 26
 1952 December 26
Score 1 Score 1
Answer the following. Each question carries 3 Score
5. Point out three factors that 5. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ആധ഻കഺര഻കത

ന഻ശ്ചയ഻ക്കഽന്ന മാന്ന് ഘെകങ്ങൾ
determine the authority of a
ഏീതല്ഺും?
Constitution?
6. Write the various functions of a 6. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ඀പധഺന ധർമ്മ ങ്ങീള

കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക
Constitution?
SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL NOTE

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 2
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Important
CONTITUTION GUARANTEES SIX FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

PART III
Art – 12-35 Right to Equality – Article 14 to 18
Right to Freedom - Article 19 to 22
Right against exploitation - Article 23 & 24
SIX
CATEGORIES Right to freedom of religion - Article 25 to 28
Cultural and Educational rights- Article 29 & 30
Right to Constitutional remedies - Article 32
Article Provision
Article 14 Equality before law & Equal protection of law
Protection from discrimination on the basis of
Right to Equality Article 15
religion, Caste, race, sex etc.
Article 14 to 18 Equality of opportunity in matters of public
Article 16
employment
Article 17 Abolition of untouchability
Article 18 Abolition of titles
Article 19 Six Freedom

Right to Freedom Protection against arbitrary and excessive
Article 20
Article 19 to 22 punishment
Article 21 Right to life and personal liberty
Right to education – Free and compulsory
Article 21A
education of all children between the age 6-14
Protection against arbitrary arrest and
Article 22
detention
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Freedom of Assembly
Article 19 Freedom of Association

Six Freedom
Freedom of Movement
Freedom of Residence
Freedom of Profession, trade, Commerce & Industry
ചഽവട്
Right against Prohibits traffic in human being and beger and

Article 23
exploitation other forms of forced labour
Article 23& to 24 Abolished child labour – Prohibits the
Article 24
employment of children below the age of 14
Right to practice, profess and propagate
Article 25
religion
Right to Freedom
of religion Right of religious denominations to manage
Article 26
their affairs in matters of religion
Article 25 to 28
No person shall be compelled to pay tax for
Article 27
the probation of religion
Article 28 Prohibition of imparting religious instructions

Cultural & Any sections of citizens having distinct
Educational rights Article 29 language, script or culture have the right to
Article 29& to 30 conserve the same
All minorities have right to establish and
Article 30
Right to administer of educational institutions.
constitutional
Right to Constitutional Remedies – Rights and
Remedies Article 32 Article 32
remedies go together
WRITS
Habeas Corpus ‘To have the body’. An order for release of illegally detained person
Mandamus ‘We Command’. Order to perform an act which falls within its duty
Certiorari Issued to transfer a case from lower court to a higher Court & Quash an order
Prohibition Forbidding performing an act outside its jurisdiction
Quo Warranto Restrain a person from acting in public office to which he is not entitled
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
 Which right deleted from the Fundamental Rights?
Right to Property
 Constitutional Amendment which deleted right to property from Fundamental rights?
44th
 Writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Article 32
 Writ jurisdiction of the High Courts
Article 226
Important
 Constitutional amendment which inserted Fundamental Duty?
42nd
 Which right Ambedkar decribed as ‗heart and soul‘ of the Constitution
Article 32 - Right to Constitutional Remedies
ചഽവട്
Right to Property
Legal Right
Article 300A
RUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
The 42nd amendment introduced Part IV A which consists of Article 51 A
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY - DPSP
Part IV deals with DPSP, which consists of Article 36-51
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FUNDEMENTAL RIGHTS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY
FUNDEMENTAL RIGHTS DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY
Negative in Character Positive Directions
Impose restrictions Ask to follow the DPSP
Limitations upon state actions Instrument of Instructions
Justifiable Non justifiable
Mandatory Optional
Important
QUESTIONS
1. Fundamental duties were added 1. ............ ുഭദഗത഻യ഻ലാീെയഺണ് മൗല഻ക

to the Indian Constitution by the ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയ഻ുലക്ക്
കാട്ട഻ുച്ചർക്കീെട്ടത്?
……amendment? Score 1
Score 1
2. Which one of the following is the 2. ചഽവീെ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന ഘെനഺ

constitutional amendment that ുഭദഗത഻കള഻ൽ ഏതഺണ് സവത്തവകഺശും
removed right to property from the മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങള഻ൽ ന഻ന്നഽും ഒഴ഻വഺ
list of Fundamental Rights? ക്ക഻യത്?
 44th  44th
 84th  84th
 61st  61st
 42nd  42nd
Score 1 Score 1
3. Which right described by 3. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ‘ഹിദയവഽും

ആത്ധഺവഽും’ എന്ന് അുംുരദ്കർ
Ambedkar as the ‘Heart and Soul of
വ഻ുശഷ഻െ഻ച്ച അവകഺശും ഏതഺണ്?
the Constitution’?
o Article 14
o Article 14 Score 1 Score 1
o Article 21
o Article 21
o Article 32 o Article 32
A B C
4.
Provision Part Articles
വ
IV Article 51 A
Fundamental Rights
III Article 36-51
Fundamental Duties
IV A Article 12-35
Directive Principles
Score 3
5. Writ Jurisdiction 5. റ഻ട്ടധ഻കഺരും
Supreme Court High Courts സഽ඀പ഼ും ുകഺെത഻ ൂഹുകഺെത഻
Article 32 ?
Article 32 ?
Score 1 Score 1
6. Distinguish between Fundamental 6. മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങളുും ന഻ർുദശക

തതവങ്ങളുും തമ്മ഻ലഽള്ള വൿതൿഺസും
Rights and Directive Principles? എഴഽതഽക?
7. Explain the five writs which are 7. മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങൾ സുംരക്ഷ഻ക്കഽ

ന്നത഻നഺയ഻ ജഽഡ഼ഷൿറ഻ പഽറീെെഽവ഻-
issued by the Judiciary to safeguard
ക്കഽന്ന അഞ്ചഽ റ഻ട്ടുകീള കഽറ഻ച്ച്
Fundamental Rights? എഴഽതഽക?

8. Prepare an essay on Fundamental 8 ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഉറെ് നൽകഽന്ന
Rights guaranteed by the മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച് വ഻ശദ഼-
Constitution of India? കര഻ക്കഽക

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 3
ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION
First Election Present Chief Article related to the

Commission Election Election Commission?
Commissioner?
Sukumar Sen Article 324
Rajiv Kumar
SIMPLE MAJORITY SYSYTEM PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

FPTP
VOTE = SEATS
A candidate who obtains a majority
is declared elected
PR used in the election to
the Rajyasabha
SIMPLE MAJORITY SYSYTEM PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION

(FPTP) (PR)
Vote for the Candidate Vote for the Party
Electing One Representative only More than One representative
Majority votes may not required Candidate who wins gets majority
No proportion with Votes and Seats Proportion with Votes and Seats
Prevailing in India, Britain Prevailing in Denmark , Israel
Important
Why India adopt the FPTP System?
FPTP system is simple
Is easy understand
Suitable for large country like India
It can Provide stable governments
Voters know who their representative are

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION

 Conduct free and fair election.
 Prepare Electoral Roll.
 Conduct Election to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State Legislatures.
 Conduct election to the office of the President and Vice President.
 Recognition of the Political parties
 Allotment of Election symbols
 Issue the Model code of conduct.
Important
 Settle election disputes
 Setting limit of election expenses
 Notification of election dates.
 Appointing polling officers for conducting election.
 Giving advice on disqualification of a elected representative.
 Counting and Announce result.
 Custody of ballot machines.
ELECTION REFORMS
 Introduce Proportional Representation.
 Ensure Women Reservation
 Political Education should be given.
 Control Money Power.
 Criminals should be barred from contesting elections.
 Complete ban on the use of caste and religious appeal in the campaign.
 Independent candidate should be barred from contesting Election.
 Election expense should be paid from a special fund.
 Compulsory Voting.
Importan
 President‘s rule during election. t
 Introduce Multi Member Constituency
 Linking Electoral roll with Bio metric details of the voter.
Introduced Reforms Election Expenditure Limit

 Electronic Voting Machine - EVM Lok Sabha
 NOTA Rs 54 lakh - Rs 95 lakh
 Anti Defection Law passed (depending on states)
Assembly
 Voting rights to NRIs
Rs 20 lakh - Rs 40 lakh
 Included Photograph of the
(depending on states)
candidate in the ballot
QUESTIONS
1. Name the First Chief Election 1. ആദൿ മഽഖ്ൿീതരീെെഽെ്

Score 1
Commission of India കമ്മ഼ഷന്ീറ ുപര്?
Score 1 Score 1
2. Article related to the Election 2. ീതരീെെഽെ് കമ഼ഷനഽമഺയ഻

Commission? രന്ധീെട്ട വകഽെ്?
 Art 110  Art 110

 Art 226  Art 226
 Art 324 Score 1  Art 324 Score 1
3. In the election to the …………. in 3.ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ൽ …………… ുലക്ക് നെക്കഽന്ന

India we have adopted Proportional ീതരീെെഽെ഻ൽ ആനഽപഺത഻ക ඀പഺത഻-
ന഻ധൿ വൿവസ്ഥയഺണ് സവ഼കര഻ച്ച഻ട്ടുള്ളത്
Representation.
 ുലഺക്സഭ
 Lok Sabha
 രഺജൿസഭ
 Rajya Sabha
 സുംസ്ഥഺന അസുംബ്ല഻
 Legislative Assembly Score 1 Score 1
4. Explain the reasons for adopting 4. ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ൽ ുകവല ഭാര഻പക്ഷ

സ඀രദഺയും നെെ഻ലഺക്ക഻യത഻ന്ീറ
the First Past The Post system in
കഺരണങ്ങൾ എീത്ഫല്ഺും?
India?
5. State how the FPTP system differs 5. ുകവല ഭാര഻പക്ഷ സ඀രദഺയവഽും

ആനഽപഺത഻ക ඀പഺത഻ന഻ധൿ സ඀രദഺയവഽും
from the Proportional
തമ്മ഻ലഽള്ള വൿതൿഺസും വൿക്തമഺക്കഽക?
Representation?
6. Suggest measures for reforming 6. ീതരീെെഽെ് സ඀രദഺയും
പര഻ഷ്കര഻ക്കഽന്നത഻നഽള്ള മഺർഗങ്ങൾ
Indian Electoral System?
ന഻ർുദശ഻ക്കഽക
7. What are the functions of the
7. ീതരീെെഽെ് കമ്മ഼ഷന്ീറ
Election Commission of India? ചഽമതലകൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 4
EXECUTIVE
ORGANS OF THE GOVERNMENT
Importan GOVERNMENT
t
EXECUTIVE LEGISLATURE JUDICIARY
TYPES OF EXECUTIVE
Presidential Govt. Parliamentary Govt. Semi - Presidential
USA India France
Brazil England Russia
Canada Sri Lanka
PRESIDENTIAL EXECUTIVE FEATURES
President is head of the Sate & Real Executive
President is elected for a fixed term
Important
Based on seperation of powers
Ministers are Subordinate to President
President not responsible to Legislature

ചഽവട്
PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE
Titular & Real Leadership of

Collective Political
the Prime
Executive Minisrer
Responsibility Homogenity
PARTLIAMENTARY PRESIDENTIAL
Prime Minister is the Head of the Govt. President is the head of the Govt.
The head of the state is Titular executive President is the head of the state
Prime Minister and ministers are collectively President is not responsible to the
responsible to the Legislature Legislature
Cabinet is the real executive President is the real executive
Collective responsibility Ministers are subordinate to the President
Ministers are members of the legislature President is not a member of Legislature
UNION EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT  Head of the State.

+  Head of the Executive.
VICE PRESIDENT  Elected by the Electoral College.
+
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS  Elected for 5 Years.
 Impeachment procedure for removal from office.
PRESIDENT – POWERS
 Administrative Powers – Appointing Ministers, Judges of SC & HC..etc
 Executive Powers –Executive powers of the Union is vested in the President.
 Legislative Powers – Summon and Prorogue Parliament, Assent to Bills, Ordinance etc..
 Judicial Powers – Pardon, respite, remit, commute, suspend a person sentenced guilty.
 Financial Powers – Budget, Contingency and Consolidated fund are under his control.
 Emergency Powers – Declare emergency under Art – 352, 356, & 360
 Military Powers – Supreme Commander of the defence forces, declare war and peace.
ചഽവട്
DISCRETIONARY POWERS
Importan
 Sent back the advice given by the Council of Ministers. t
 Withhold or refuse to give assent (Pocket veto).
 Appointing Prime Minister when no leader has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha
Ex-Officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is

Vice President
Prime Minister and other Ministers are

PRIME MINISTER
appointed by the President.
PRIME MINISTER - POWERS
 Chairman of the Cabinet

 Prime Minister forms the Ministry.
 Decides the size of the Ministry
 Distributes Portfolios to Ministers. Importan
 Leader of the Party in power. t
 Chairman of the NITI Aayog.
 Decides and Clarifies the govt. policy
 Link between President and Council of Ministers
Deputy
Ministers
TYPES OF MINISTERS
Ministers
of State
Cabinet
Ministers
Important
POLITICAL EXECUTIVE PERMANENT EXECUTIVE

Politically Elected Bureaucracy
President & Vice President Chief Secretary
Prime Ministers & Ministers District Collector
FUNCTIONS OF BUREAUCRACY
Delegated Legislation
Helping the political executive
Implementation of governmental decisions
Administrative adjudication
SERVICES
Central Service State Service All India Service
Indian Postal Service Sale Tax Indian Police Service
Indian Administrative
Railway Health Services
Service
Indian Foreign Service Agriculture Indian Forest Service
Importan
t
QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following state 1. ചഽവീെ ുചർത്ത഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നത഻ൽ ഏത്

follows Constitutional Monarchy? രഺജൿത്തഺണ് ഭരണഘെനഺപരമഺയ രഺജ
 Germany വഺഴ്ച ന഻ലന഻ൽക്കഽന്നത്?
 Japan  ജർമന഻
 India  ജെഺൻ
 France  ഇത്ഫൿ
Score 1 Score 1
 ඀രഺൻസ്
2. Fill up the column by choosing 2. തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നവീയ ശര഻യഺയ
correct answer given below. ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക

 രഺ඀രപത഻
 President
 ജ഻ല്ഺ കളക്െർ
 District Collector
 ඀പധഺനമ඀ത്ഫ഻
 Prime Minister
 ച഼ഫ് ീസ඀കട്ടറ഻
 Chief Secretary
Political Executive Permanent Executive
Score 2
3. Arrange the given answer 3.തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നവീയ ശര഻യഺയ

ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക
appropriately in the table.
ഇത്ഫൿൻ തപഺൽ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Postal Service
ഇത്ഫൿൻ ുപഺല഼സ് സർവ഼സ്
Indian Police Service
വ഻ല്പന ന഻കഽത഻
Sales Tax
ആുരഺഗൿ ുസവനങ്ങൾ
Health Services
ഇത്ഫൿൻ വ഻ുദശ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Foreign Service
ഇത്ഫൿൻ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Administrative Service
വ വ വ
Central Service State Service All India Service
Score 3
4. Identify the process by which the 4. രഺ඀രപത഻ീയ സ്ഥഺനത്ത് ന഻ന്ന് ന഼ക്കും

President of India is removed? ീചയ്യുന്ന ඀പ඀ക഻യ എത്ഫഺണ്?
Score 1 Score 1
5. ……..is an example of All India 5. അഖ്഻ുലത്ഫൿഺ സർവ഼സ഻ന്ീറ
Service? ഉദഺഹരണമഺണ്?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Administrative Service
ഇത്ഫൿൻ വ഻ുദശ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Foreign Service ഇത്ഫൿൻ റവനൿഽ സർവ഼സ്
Indian Revenue Service
Score 1 Score 1
6. Complete the chart showing the 6. ഇത്ഫൿൻ സ഻വ഻ൽ സർവ഼സ഻ീന
Civil Services in India കഺണ഻ക്കഽന്ന ചഺർട്ട് പാർത്ത഻യഺക്കഽക
Civil Services സ഻വ഻ൽ സർവ഼സ്
? State Service ? ? സുംസ്ഥഺന ?

സർവ഼സ്
Score 2
Score 2
7. Who is the Supreme Commander 7. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ඀പത഻ുരഺധ ുസനയഽീെ സർവ്വ

of the defence force of India? ൂസനൿഺധ഻പൻ ആരഺണ്?
Score 1 Score 1
correct answer given below ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
 ඀പസ഻ഡണ്ട് ആണ് യഥഺർത്ഥ

 President is the real Executive
എക്സ഻കൿാട്ട഼വ്.
 Collective responsibility
 കൂട്ടുത്തരവാദിത്വം
 Political Homogeneity  രഺ඀ര഼യ സജഺത഼യത
 Ministers are subordinate to  മ඀ത്ഫ഻മഺർ ඀പസ഻ഡണ്ട഻ന്ീറ
President ക഼ഴഽുദൿഺഗസ്ഥരഺണ്
 Head of the state is nominal  രാഷ്ട്രത്തലവൻ നാമമാഷ്ട്ത്
Executive അധികാരി.
 President not a member in the  ඀പസ഻ഡണ്ട് ന഻യമ സഭയ഻ൽ
parliament അുംഗമഺയ഻ര഻ക്ക഻ല്
ൻ
Parliamentary Executive Presidential Executive
Score 4
9. ചഽവീെ Score 1
ുചർത്ത഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നവീയ
9. Categorize the following into the പഺർലീമന്ററ഻ കഺരൿ വ഻ഭഺഗീമന്നഽും
table as Parliamentary, Presidential ඀പസ഻ഡൻഷൿൽ കഺരൿവ഻ഭഺഗീമന്നഽും
and Semi Presidential. അർത്പ ඀പസ഻ഡൻഷൿൽ കഺരൿവ഻ഭഺഗ
ീമന്നഽും പട്ട഻കയ഻ൽ ുവർത഻ര഻ച്ചു
എഴഽതഽക.
Parliamentary Presidential Semi Presidential

ൻ ൻ
ൻ
Canada Russia France
ൻ
Britain America Brazil
Score 3
10. Who is the ex-officio Chairman 10. രഺജൿസഭയഽീെ എക്സ് ഓര഼ുഷൿഺ

of the Rajya Sabha? ീചയർമഺൻ ആര്?
 സ്പ഼ക്കർ
 Speaker
 രഺ඀രപത഻
 President  ഉപരഺ඀രപത഻
 Vice President
Score 1 Score 1
11. The Government has three basic 11. ഭരണകാെത്ത഻ന് മാന്നഽ ඀പധഺനീെട്ട
organs. Complete the following ഘെകങ്ങളഺണഽള്ളത്. തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽ
ന്ന ചഺർട്ട് പാർത്ത഻യഺക്കഽക.
chart.
Government
ഭരണകാെും
Score: 2
Judiciary
ജഽഡ഼ഷൿറ഻
12. Write a note on the discretionary 12. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ඀പസ഻ഡണ്ട഻ന്ീറ
powers of the President of India? വ഻ുവചനഺധ഻കഺരങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച് ഒരഽ

കഽറ഻െ് തയ്യഺറഺക്കഽക?
13. Briefly explain the powers of 13. ഇത്ഫൿയഽീെ രഺ඀രപത഻യഽീെ
the President of India? അധ഻കഺരങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച് ചഽരഽക്ക഻

എഴഽതഽക?
14. What are the powers of the 14. ඀പധഺനമ඀ത്ഫ഻യഽീെ അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ

Prime Minister? എീത്ഫല്ഺും?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER : 5
LEGISLATURE
TYPES OF
UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURES
One House
BICAMERAL
Two Houses
STATES – BICAMERAL LEGISLATURES

Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
UNION LEGISLATURE
PRESIDENT
RAJYASABHA LOK SABHA

UPPER HOUSE LOWER HOUSE
PARLIAMENT
OF
INDIA
ചഽവട്
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT
Control over
Legislative Executive Financial Elective Judicial Constituent
RAJYA SABHA – UPPER HOUSE LOK SABHA – LOWER HOUSE

Permanent House 5 Years term
Elected by the MLAs of the States Elected by the People
6 Years term for representative Can dissolve by the President
Total 250 Members Total 545 Members
12 Members nominated 2 Members nominated

by the President by the President
POWERS
RAJYA SABHA LOK SABHA
Law Making Law Making
Control over Executive Control over Executive
Elect President and Vice President Elect President and Vice President
Constituent Function Constituent Function
Impeachment Impeachment
No Confidence Motion
Money bill
Important
Government formed according to the Majority in the Lok Sabha.

ചഽവട്
TYPES OF BILL
Introduced by a Minister
Government Bill
Private Memers Bill Introduced by any member
Bill concerns Taxation or

Money Bill spending
Non Money Bill Bill other than Taxation or

spending
Ordinary Bill Matter other than Financial
Constitution Amendment
For amending Constitution
Bill
Importan BILL LAW

t
LAW MAKING PROCEDURE
First Reading Introduction of the bill

Second Reading Basic Principles of the bill are discussed
Bill referred to a Select Committee - Detailed
Committee Stage
examination of the Bill
Clause by clause discussion –
Report Stage
Drastic change in the Bill
Third Reading Final Stage - Only verbal amendments
Bill is put to Vote in the House & Sent to the other house
Same procedure in the other House,
If needed, President summon joint sitting
Assent by the President
President can give assent, can send back, can withhold (Pocket Veto)
ചഽവട്
TECHNIQUES OF PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL
 Question Hour – Members raise

questions of public importance
 Zero Hour – Can raise any issue in the
Deliberation and Discussion Parliament
 Adjournment Motion – Raise matters
for discussion
 Half an hour Discussion
A bill become law only after the parliament‘s

Approval and Ratification of Law
approval
The budget has to be passed by the

Parliament, Report of the C&AG, Report of
Financial Control
the Finance Commission, Report of Public
Account Committee
The government can be voted out by
No Confidence Motion
the Lok Sabha
Importan
t
NEED FOR TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT
 India is a country with large size

 Accommodating diversities
 Adequate representation of the people and regions
 Ensure Double check on every decision.
 Representation of the federating states in Union Legislature
DEFECTION
 Leaving a party voluntarily and joining other party

 Absenting from the house when asked by the party to present
 Voting against the instruction of the party
QUESTIONS
1. In the election to the ………….

Score 1in 1.ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ൽ …………… ുലക്ക് നെക്കഽന്ന
Score 1 ീതരീെെഽെ഻ൽ ആനഽപഺത഻ക Score ඀പഺത഻-1
India we have adopted Proportional
ന഻ധൿ വൿവസ്ഥയഺണ് സവ഼കര഻ച്ച഻ട്ടുള്ളത്
Representation.
 ുലഺക്സഭ
 Lok Sabha
 രഺജൿസഭ
 Rajya Sabha  സുംസ്ഥഺന അസുംബ്ല഻
 Legislative Assembly Score 1 Score 1
2. The powers of the parliament are 2. പഺർലീമണ്ട഻ന്ീറ അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ

given below. Arrange them തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നഽ. അവീയ ശര഻യഺയ
appropriately in the table. ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
Legislative Function ന഻യമ ന഻ർമ്മഺണ അധ഻കഺരും
Judicial Function ന഼ത഻നൿഺയ അധ഻കഺരും

Financial Function ധനപരമഺയ അധ഻കഺരും
Control the Executive എക്സ഻കൿാട്ട഼വ഻ീന ന഻യ඀ത്ഫ഻ക്കൽ
A B
Call attention motion
Budget
ജ
Impeachment
Law making
Score 4
correct answer given below ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക
 Members are elected directly  അുംഗങ്ങീള ുനര഻ട്ട്

ീതരീെെഽക്കഽന്നഽ
 Permanent House
 സ്ഥ഻രും
 Originate Money Bill  ധനര഻ല്ുകൾ ഉത്ദവ഻ക്കഽന്നഽ
 Lower House  അുധഺ
 Elected by the MLAs  ീതരീെെഽക്കഽന്നത് എുംഎൽഎ
മഺരഺണ്
 Upper House
 ഉപര഻സഭ
 Can’t be dissolved by the
 രഺ඀രപത഻ക്ക് പ഻ര഻ച്ചു വ഻െഺൻ
President സഺധ഻ക്ക഻ല്
 Can pass No confidence Motion  ആവ഻ശവഺസ඀പുമയും പഺസഺക്കഺും
Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha

ജ
Score 4
4. Write two special powers of Lok 4. ുലഺക് സഭയഽീെ രണ്ട് ඀പുതൿക
Sabha? അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ എഴഽതഽക?
Two Special Powers of Lok Sabha ുലഺക് സഭയഽീെ രണ്ട് ඀പുതൿക

അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ
? ? ? ?
Score 2 Score 2
correct answer given below ുകഺളത്ത഻ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
 മ඀ത്ഫ഻ അവതര഻െ഻ക്കഽന്ന ര഻ല്്

 Introduced by a minister.
 അുംഗങ്ങൾ അവതര഻െ഻ക്കഽന്ന
 Introduced by any member
ര഻ല്്
 Bill concerns taxation or spending  വരവ് ീചലവ് എന്ന഻വയഽമഺയ഻
 Bill other than taxation or രന്ധീെട്ട ര഻ല്്
spending  ധുനതര ര഻ല്്
Types of Bill Nature of Bill

വ വ വ
Ordinary Bill
Government Bill
Money Bill
Private Members Bill
Score 4
6. What is defection? 6. കാറഽമഺറ്റും എന്നഺീലത്ഫ്?

7. Explain the powers of Lok Sabha 7. ുലഺക് സഭയഽീെയഽും രഺജൿ

സഭയഽുെയഽും അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ എീത്ഫല്ഺ
and Rajya Sabha? ീമന്ന് എഴഽതഽക?
8. What are the functions of the 8. ന഻യമന഻ർമ്മഺണ സഭയഽീെ
Legislature? ചഽമതലകൾ എീത്ഫല്ഺും?
9. Briefly explain about the law 9. ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ീല ന഻യമ

ന഻ർമ്മഺണത്ത഻ന്ീറ നെപെ഻ ඀കമങ്ങൾ
making procedure in India? ചഽരഽക്ക഻ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
10. Briefly explain the methods by 10. ഇത്ഫൿൻ പഺർലീമന്് വ഻വ഻ധ
which the parliament controls the പെ഻കള഻ലാീെ എക്സ഻കൿാട്ട഼വ഻ീന

ന഻യ඀ത്ഫ഻ക്കഽന്നഽ. അവീയ കഽറ഻ച്ച് ඀പത഻-
executive?
പഺത഻ക്കഽക?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 6
JUDICIARY
Measures for ensuring independence of the Judiciary
Mode of Appointment
 Judges are appointed by the President. Importan
t
Fixed Term
 Retirement age of the judges is 65 years.
Handsome Salary
Salaries are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
No criticism allowed against the Judges
 Proceedings for Contempt of court will initiate.
Security of Office
Impeachment is the only procedure for removal of judges.
Restriction of practice after retirement
Practice after retirement not allowed.
STRUCTURE OF JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN INDIA
Supreme Court
High Courts
Importan
t
District and
Sessions Courts
Subordinate Courts
JUDICIAL REVIEW
Judicial review means the power of the Supreme Court of High

Court to examine the constitutionality of any law. The Constitution has
implicitly given the Supreme Court the power of judicial review
ചഽവട് Importan
t
JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT
 Federal Cases.- Union Vs States or between States

 Disputes related to the Election of President
Original Jurisdiction
and Vice President.
 Enforcement of Fundamental rights under Art 32.
 Supreme Court is the Highest Court of appeal

Appeal Jurisdiction  Civil, Criminal and Constitutional appeals
from the lower Court.
 Advice the President on matters referred to it.

Advisory Jurisdiction
 As per the Art 143 of the Constitution
 Under Art 32
Writ Jurisdiction
 As appeal from High Court.
 The Supreme Court records are of immense legal

Court of Record and constitutional importance.
The Supreme Court is a Court of Record.
Writ Jurisdiction
Supreme Court – Art 32 High Courts – Art 226
JUDICIAL ACTIVISM PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION

When the human rights are violated,
and both the legislature and the executive  Any member of the public having
fail to act on it, the judiciary interferes and sufficient interest can approach the
takes decisions. This is called judicial court for enforcing the rights of
activism other person
 Any person can approach the court
PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION for the enforcement of fundamental
rights though PIL.
Justice. VR Krishna Iyyer
Justice. PN Bhagavati Important
QUESTIONS

Public Interest Litigation Original Jurisdiction
ഹ ജ
Removal of Judges PN Bhagawati

ജ ജ ൻ വ
Collegium Impeachment
ജ
Federal Disputes Appointment of Judges

ജ ജ
Score 4
2. What is Judicial Activism? 2. ജഽഡ഼ഷൿൽ ആക്റ്റ഼വ഻സും

എന്നഺീലത്ഫ്?
3. Briefly explain the structure of 3. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ജാഡ഻ഷൿറ഻യഽീെ

Indian Judiciary? വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
4. What is Judicial Review? 4. എത്ഫഺണ് ഭരണഘെനഺ പഽനരവ-

ുലഺകനും?
5. Prepare a note on the importance 5. ീപഺതഽ തഺല്പരൿ ഹഺരജ഻യഽീെ

඀പഺധഺനൿും എത്ഫഺീണന്ന് എഴഽതഽക?
of Public Interest Litigation?
6.
. What are the safeguards in the 6. സവഺത඀ത്ഫ ന഼ത഻നൿഺയ
constitution to ensure Independence സുംവ഻ധഺനത്ത഻ന് ുവണ്ട഻ ഇത്ഫൿൻ

സവ഼കര഻ച്ച മഽൻകരഽതലഽകൾ
of the Judiciary?
എീത്ഫല്ഺും?
Answer the following. Each question carries 8 Score.
7. Explain the various jurisdictions of 7. സഽ඀പ഼ും ുകഺെത഻യഽീെ അധ഻കഺര
the Supreme Court of India? പര഻ധ഻ീയ കഽറ഻ച്ച് വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 7
FEDERALISM
INDIAN FEDRAL SYSTEM – FEATURES OF FEDARATION
 Double Government
 Division of Powers
 Written Constitution
 Independent Federal Court Indian Federation
‘Unitarian Federation’
UNITARY FEATURES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION Canadian Model
The Indian Constitution possesses the following unitary features:

1. Strong Centre
The division of powers is in favour of the Centre. Firstly, the Union List contains more
subjects than the State List. Secondly, the more important subjects have been included in the
Union List. Thirdly, the Centre has overriding authority over the Concurrent List. Finally, the
residuary powers have also been left with the Centre.
2. States Not Indestructible

Unlike in other federations, the states in India have no right to territorial integrity. The
Parliament can by unilateral action change the area, boundaries or name of any state. Federation
is ―an indestructible Union of destructible states‖
3. Single Constitution
Usually, in a federation, the states have the right to frame their own Constitution separate
from that of the Centre. In India, on the contrary, no such power is given to the states. Both the
Centre and the states must operate within this single-frame.
4. Flexibility of the Constitution

The process of constitutional amendment is less rigid than what is found in other
federations. The bulk of the Constitution can be amended by the unilateral action of the
Parliament.
5. No Equality of State Representation

The states are given representation in the Rajya Sabha on the basis of population. Hence,
the membership varies from 1 to 31.
6. Emergency Provisions
The Constitution stipulates three types of emergencies—national, state and financial.
During an emergency, the Central government becomes all powerful and the states go into the
total control of the Centre. Emergency Provision – Art 352, 356, 360
7. Single Citizenship
In spite of a dual polity, the Constitution of India, like that of Canada, adopted the system
of single citizenship. There is only Indian Citizenship and no separate state citizenship.
8. Integrated Judiciary
The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme
Court at the top and the state high courts below it. This single system of courts enforces both the
Central laws as well as the state laws.
9. All-India Services
In India services (IAS, IPS, and IFS) which are common to both the Centre and the states.
Thus, these services violate the principle of federalism under the Constitution.
10. Integrated Audit Machinery

The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India audit the accounts of not only the Central
government but also those of the states. Hence, this office restricts the financial autonomy of the
states.
11. Parliament’s Authority Over State List
The Parliament is empowered to legislate on any subject of the State List if Rajya Sabha
passes a resolution to that effect in the national interest.
12. Appointment of Governor
The governor, who is the head of the state, is appointed by the President. He also acts as
an agent of the Centre. Through him, the Centre exercises control over the states.
13. Integrated Election Machinery

The Election Commission conducts elections not only to the Central legislature but also to
the state legislatures. But, this body is constituted by the President and the states have no say in
this matter.
14. Veto Over State Bills
The governor is empowered to reserve certain types of bills passed by the state
legislature for the consideration of the President. The President can withhold his assent to such
bills. Thus, the President enjoys absolute veto over state bills.
Importan
t
LISTS – SCHEDULE VII
Union List – 97 Subjects Exclusive powers to the Centre

State List – 66 Subjects Exclusive powers to the States
Concurrent List- 47 Subjects Both Centre and States have powers
Residuary Powers – The subjects not included in any of the three lists
Powers to the Centre
RESIDUARY SUBJECT: CYBER LAWS
UNION LIST STATE LIST CONCURRENT LIST

Banking Police Criminal Law
Citizenship Public Health Education
Nuclear Energy Local Self Governemnt Forest
Defence Agriculture Trade Union
Importan
t
ചഽവട്
CENTRE - STATE RELATION CONFLICTING AREAS
Demand for Autonomy

Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bangal and Kerala demanding greater power in
importent areas - States demanded independent revenue sources and greater
control over resources - Against the dominance of One lauguage and culture over
the others. Cultural and linuistic dominance will be resisted by the people
Role of Governors
Governor acts as an agent of the Centre. Through him, the Centre exercises control
over the states. The Governors trying to interfere in the smooth functioning of the
state government . Through the governors the central govt. can take the control
over the administration of the state.
Art 356 - Dead Letter
Article 356 provides for the declaration of Presidents rule in a state States are
opposing this provision. This leads to a lot of conflicts between the centre and the
states (Kerala in 1959, 18 times in Punjab)
Demand for New States

Reason for conflict between the centre and the states is the demand for the
formation of new states based on locality or language. Eg. Goorkha Land in West
Bengal, Vidarbha in Maharastra, Harith Pradesh in Utter Pradesh
Interstate Conflicts
Water Sharing (Cauvery issue between Karnataka & Tamil Nadu, Narmada between
Gujrat, Madhyapradesh and Maharashtra), Construction and maintanence of dams
(Mullapperiyar between Kerala and Tamil Nadu), Boarder disputes (Belgam between
Maharashtra and Karnataka, Chandigarh between Punjab and Hariyana)
Special Provisions
Usually all states are equal,there are certain states enjoy special status. Assam,
Nagaland, Arunachal etc. More states demanded equal treatment and Special
Powers.
Important
CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS
Sarkaria Commission
Answer the following. QUESTIONS
1. The Commission which appointed 1.ുക඀ര സുംസ്ഥഺന രന്ധങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച്

for the study of Centre-State പഠ഻ക്കഺൻ ന഻യമ഻ച്ച കമ്മ഼ഷൻ ഏതഺണ്?
relation? Score 1 Score 1
2. Arrange the following subject 2. തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നവീയ ശര഻യഺയ

under appropriate columns. ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക
 Banking  രഺങ്ക഻ങ്
 Criminal Law  ඀ക഻മ഻നൽ ന഻യമങ്ങൾ
 Fisheries  ര഻ഷറ഼സ്
 ീറയ഻ൽുവ
 Railway
 വ഻ദൿഺഭൿഺസും
 Education
 ുപഺല഼സ്
 Police
Union List State List Concurrent List

യാണ഻യൻ ല഻സ്റ്റ് ുസ്റ്ററ്റ് ല഻സ്റ്റ് കണ്‍കറ ല഻സ്റ്റ്
Score 3
Interstate Conflicts -
Chandigarh Maharashtra & Karnataka
ഹ &
Mullapperiyar Tamil Nadu & Karnataka

&
Belgaum Kerala & Tamil Nadu

&
Cauvery Punjab & Hariyana

വ &ഹ
Score 4
correct answer given below ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
 ുക඀രത്ത഻ന് പാർണ്ണമഺയ
 Exclusive powers to the Centre
അധ഻കഺരും
 Exclusive powers to the States
 സുംസ്ഥഺനങ്ങൾക്ക് പാർണ്ണമഺയ
 Both Centre and States have അധ഻കഺരും
powers  ുക඀രത്ത഻നഽും സുംസ്ഥഺനങ്ങൾക്കഽും
അധ഻കഺരും
Lists Powers
Union List
ൻ
State List
Concurrent List
Score 3
5. Write an example of residuary 5. ുക඀ര സർക്കഺര഻ന്ീറ അവശ഻ഷ്ഠഺധ഻

powers of the Union government? കഺരത്ത഻ന് ഉദഺഹരണും എഴഽതഽക?
Score 1 Score 1

Division of Powers Article 356
വ ജ ആ 356
Presidential Rule West Bengal
Goorkha Land Article 370

ൻ ആ 370
Jammu & Kashmir Schedule VII
ജ - VII
Score 4
7. What are the features of Indian 7. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ീരഡറൽ വൿവസ്ഥയഽീെ
Federal System? സവ഻ുശഷതകൾ എീത്ഫല്ഺും?
8. The Constitution of India create a 8. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ശക്തമഺയ ഒരഽ
strong Central Government. Explain ുക඀ര ഗവണ്‍ീമന്റ഻ന് രാപും നൽകഽന്നഽ

ുക඀ര ഗവണ്‍ീമന്റ഻ീന ശക്തമഺക്കഽന്ന
the provisions that make Central
വൿവസ്ഥകൾ ഏീതല്ഺീമന്ന് എഴഽതഽക?
Government stronger?
9. What are the conflicting areas in 9. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ീരഡറൽ വൿവസ്ഥയ഻ൽ
the Indian Federal System? Explain. തർക്കവ഻ഷയങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?

വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 8
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS
73 Father of Local Self Government

Lord Ripon
Amendment
FEATURES OF THE AMENDMENT
Introduction
The 73rd Amendment Act was passed in 1992 and came into effect on 24th April 1993 which
inserted Part IX consisting of Article 243 to 243-O, and the Eleventh Schedule enumerating 29
functional items.
Constitutional provisions of the Amendment

1. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) were made constitutional bodies.
2. Every state had an obligation to establish panchayats in their territories.
3. The State has the responsibility to develop powers, responsibilities, and authorities to the
panchayats.
4. The panchayats are elected for a tenure of 5 years.
5. The amendment provides for a mechanism for the state election commission to conduct
independent elections for the three levels of panchayats.
6. The amendment provides for an adequate representation of women, SCs, and STs in the
village Panchayati Raj Institutions.
7. It is the duty of the State Finance Commission to evaluate the financial position of the
village panchayats.
Objectives of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment

1. To provide constitutional status to the panchayats.
2. It aimed at democratic decentralization of power and resources
3. Article 40 of the Indian Constitution states that it is the duty of the government to establish
village panchayats and give them adequate power and authority
4. The Amendment was based upon the Gandhian principle that advocates for three tier
governance
Essential features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992
1. Gram Sabha
Gram Sabha is defined under Article 243(b) which states that a gram sabha is a body that
consists of persons registered on the electoral rolls relating to the village that falls under the area
of Panchayat at a village level. It is the foundation of the Panchayati Raj Institution. Article
243A of the Indian Constitution empowers the Gram Sabha to perform the functions at its village
level
2. State Election Commission

State Election Commission is constituted in every state for the superintendence,
maintenance, control, and preparation of electoral rolls. The Commission also handles the
elections of panchayats.
3. Three - tier system

Article 243B of the Indian Constitution provides for a three-tier system in the Panchayati
Raj Institution where panchayats shall be constituted at the village, intermediate, and district
levels in every state.
4. Composition of the panchayats

According to Article 243C, the composition of the panchayats shall be as decided by the
State legislature. The number of seats at any level of a panchayat shall be according to the
population of that territory.
5. Manner of election
The election of members of panchayats of village, intermediate, and district levels shall be
done through direct election by the people. The elections of chairman of the intermediate and
district level panchayat will be elected indirectly by the elected members of the panchayats.
6. Reservation of seats
Article 243D provides for the provision of reservation of seats which specifies the
reservation of seats for SCs and STs according to the proportion of their population. The Article
also provides for one-third of the total seats to be reserved for women (Half seats in Kerala).
7. Duration of Panchayats
Article 243E specifies the duration of panchayats to be for a term of 5 years.
8. Duties and power of the panchayats

It is the duty of the panchayats to prepare a plan for economic development and social
justice for the people. The Constitution provides authority to the state government to give power
and authority to the panchayats on all the 29 subjects prescribed under the Eleventh schedule for
local planning and implementing schemes, Panchayats implement the schemes made by the
central and state governments for the betterment of people at the ground level..
9. Finance Commission
Under Article 243I, the Finance Commission is constituted by the Governor of the State to
review the financial position of the Panchayats, to recommend the principles for the distribution of
taxes between the state and panchayats..
10. Audit of accounts

Under Article 243J, the State Legislature is empowered to make provisions for the
panchayats to maintain and audit the accounts of panchayats.
11. Finance
The State Legislature by law may authorise the panchayats to levy and collect tax, duties,
tolls, or fees. The panchayats may be assigned with the tax, duties, fees, or tolls that are
collected by the state government to carry out specific work. The panchayats are provided with a
grant-in-aid from the Consolidated Fund of the State..
Importan
t
THREE TIER PANCHAYAT SYSTEM
District Panchayat
Block Panchayat
Grama Panchayat
Importan
t
Three tier Panchayat Raj Constitutional Status to Panchayat

Recommended by Raj Institutions recommended by
BALWANT RAI MEHTA COMMITTEE PK THUNGAN COMMIITTE
th
74
Amendment deals with
Urban Local self Govt. Important
(Municipality, Corporation)
QUESTIONS
1. First state in India which 1. ആദൿമഺയ഻ പഞ്ചഺയത്ത് രഺജ്
implemented Panchayat Raj? നെെ഻ലഺക്ക഻യ ഇത്ഫൿൻ സുംസ്ഥഺനും?
 Gujarat  ഗഽജ്റഺത്ത്
 Tamil Nadu  തമ഻ഴ് നഺട്
 Rajasthan Score 1  രഺജസ്ഥഺൻ

Score 1
2. Who is known as the father

Score 1of 2. ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ീല തുത്ഩശ സ്ഥഺപങ്ങളുീെ
Local self-Government in India? പ഻തഺവ് എന്നറ഻യീെെഽന്നതഺര്?
Score 1 Score 1
3. Which committee recommended 3. തുത്ഩശ സ്ഥഺപനങ്ങൾക്ക് ഭരണഘെനഺ

constitutional recognition for the അുംഗ഼കഺരും ശഽപഺർശ ീചയ്ത കമ്മ഻റ്റ഻
Local body Governments? ഏത്?

Powers Panchayat raj institutions
Article 40
ആ 40
Three tier Panchayat raj system Schedule XI

വ XI
Organisation of Village panchayat Balwant Rai Mehta

വ
Score 3
5. Identify the amendment related to 5. സ്ഥഺപനങ്ങളുമഺയ഻

Urban Local Government? രന്ധീെട്ട ഭരണഘെനഺ ുഭദഗത഻
കീണ്ടത്തഽക
 44 th
 44th
 73rd
 73rd
 74th
Score 1  74th Score 1
.
6. Explain the changes brought by 6. 73 മീത്ത ഭരണഘെനഺ ുഭദഗത഻യഽീെ
the 73rd amendment? രലമഺയഽ ണ്ടഺയ മഺറ്റങ്ങൾ
എീത്ഫഺീക്കീയന്ന് വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 9
CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT
Article related to the

Constitutional
Amendment – Art 368 3 TYPES OF
Importan
CONSTITUTIIONAL AMAENDMENT t
 By Simple majority
 By Special majority.
 By Special majority + Ratification of half of the States.
Simple Majority Creation of State, Citizenship, Language
Special Majority Fundemental rights, DPSP, Preamble
Special Majority + Ratification Art 368, Election of the President
Mini Constitution
42nd Amendment
ചഽവട്
Amendments so far…
Administrative nature
Eg: Retirement age of Judges of High Courts and Supreme
Court
Differing Interpretations
Art 352 - Internal disturbance (Armed Rebellion)
Political Consenses
73, 74 amendments
Controversial Amendments
42nd amendment
The Ruling by the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Barati case

Evolved the doctrine of ‗Basic Structure’ of the Constitution.
Important
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION
 Democracy
 Parliamentary form of Govt.
 Secularism
 Republic
 Federal system
 Fundamental Rights
 Rule of Law
 Independence of Judiciary
 Judicial Review
 Written constitution
QUESTIONS
1. Name the case in which the 1. ജഽഡ഼ഷൿറ഻ ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ

judiciary advanced the theory of അെ഻സ്ഥഺനഘെനഺ സ഻ത്പഺത്ഫും മഽുന്നഺട്ട്
basic structure of the Constitution?. ീവച്ച ുകസ് ഏതഺണ്?
 Golak Nath Case  ുഗഺലക്നഺഥ് ുകസ്
 Kesavanada Bharati Case  ുകശവഺനര ഭഺരത഻ ുകസ്
 Minerva Mill Case  മ഻നർവ മ഻ൽ ുകസ്
 Indra Sahni Case  ഇര഻രഺ സഺഹ്ന഻ ുകസ്
Score 1
Score 1

Constitutional Amendment -
Differing Interpretations 42nd amendment
വൿതൿസ്ഥ വൿഺഖ്ൿഺനങ്ങൾ 42nd ുഭദഗത഻
Political Consensus Art 352

രഺ඀ര഼യ സമവഺയും 352
Controversial Amendments 73, 74 amendments

വ഻വഺദ ുഭദഗത഻കൾ 73, 74 ുഭദഗത഻കൾ
3. Match the following - Score 3

Constitutional Amendment -
Simple Majority Fundemental rights
വ മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങൾ
Special Majority Election of the President

രഺ඀രപത഻ ീതരീെെഽെ്
Special Majority and Ratification

വ
Creation of State
സുംസ്ഥഺന രാപ഼കരണും
വ
Score 3
4. What are the three methods of 4. ഇത്ഫൿയഽീെ ുഭദഗത഻
the amendment of the Indian ീചയ്യുന്നത഻നഽള്ള മാന്ന് മഺർഗങ്ങൾ
Constitution? ഏീതല്ഺും?
5. Write about the Basic Structure of 5. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ അെ഻സ്ഥഺ ഘെനീയ

the Indian Constitution? കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക?
?
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 10
PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION
Ingredients of the preamble

 The authority is derived from the people of India.
 India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.
 Objectives of the constitution are Justice Liberty Equality and Fraternity.
Individual Freedom Social Justice

Indian Constitution has the
Indian constitution strongly provisions for ensuring social justice and
uphold the Individual Freedom. The community values. It provides for
constitution guaranteeing individual reservation for SC/ST. Abolished
rights as sacrosanct. The constitution Untouchability. Art. 14,15 18 & 38
provides individual freedom as a non- express this aim in particular.
negotiable value.
Secularism Universal Adult Franchise

The Constitution is neutral in any The Constitution strongly
matters related to religion. Constitution believes that the authority is derived
upholds the religious freedom and from the people of India. It indicates the
tolerance. Secularism added in the source of the power of the Government.
preamble by 42nd amendment. The Democracy is the basic feature of the
Constitution does not given any constitution and free and fair elections
recognition to any religion. are also impliedly a basic feature.
Federalism National Identity

Our Constitution is federal in nature. Our India retains her regional identity
federation is Unitarian Character. We as well as national identity. This does not
acknowledged the geographical cause any conflict with distinct identity.
diversities and allow special status to All deferent identities are balanced.
some regions. Eg: Nagaland
Important
Diversity and Minority Rights

Article 29 of the Constitution states the protection of interests for minorities. It is states
that any group living within the jurisdiction of India is entitled to preserve and promote its own
language, script or literature and culture.
LIMITATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
 The Constitution has a Centralized idea of National Unity.
 The Constitution has conveniently glossed over issues connected

with Gender Justice.
 The Constitution has included socio-economic rights in the directive

principles, not giving priority.
Importan Importan
t
CRITICISM AGAINST INDIAN CONSTITUTION t
 Unwieldy and not Compact.- It is large in size

 Unrepresentative – The Constituent assembly was not representative in nature
 Western Import. The Indian Constitution is alien to Indian condition
 Sometimes, not suitable for Indian Condition.
QUESTIONS
1. What are the main criticisms 1. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയ്ീക്കത഻രഺയ

leveled against Indian Constitution? ඀പധഺന വ഻മർശനങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
2. Mention major limitations of the 2. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ඀പധഺന

Indian Constitution? പര഻മ഻ത഻കൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
Answer the following. Each question carries 8Score
3. Write about the important 3. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയ഻ീല ඀പധഺന

philosophies
. of the Indian
Constitution?
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 11
POLITICAL THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION
Father of Political Science - Aristotle
Book: Hind Swaraj – Mahatma Gandhi
―Politics envelops us a
Importan like the coils of a snake and there is no other
t
ways but to wrestle with it ”
Who observed it??

Gandhiji
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
 To choose a preferred profession.

 To develop civil consciousness.
Importan
 To aware about Political phenomenon. t
 To Know Political Concepts.
 To know about State and Government.
 To know International Politics and Organization.
 To know the principles, such as Liberty, Equality, Justice, Law etc
 To know the various Political Ideologies, such as Democracy,
Socialism, Secularism, etc..
 To know various types of Constitutions.
QUESTIONS
1. “Politics envelops us like the coils 1. “രഺ඀ര഼യും നീമ്മ പഺര് ചഽറ്റ഻യ഻

of a snake and there is no other ways ര഻ക്കഽന്നത് ുപഺീല ചഽറ്റ഻യ഻ര഻ക്കഽക
but to wrestle with it” Who observed യഺണ്. അത഻ുനഺട് മല്െ഻ക്കഽകയല്ഺീത
മറ്റു ുപഺുംവഴ഻കള഻ല്”. ഇത് ആരഽീെ
it? ന഻ര഼ക്ഷണമഺണ്?
Score 1
Score 1
2. Write a note on the significance of 2. രഺ඀ര഼യ സ഻ത്പഺത്ഫങ്ങൾ പഠ഻ുക്കണ്ട

the study of Political theory? ത്ത഻ന്ീറ ඀പധഺനൿീത്തക്കഽറ഻ച്ച് ഒരഽ
കഽറ഻െ് എഴഽതഽക?
*******************
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 12
Importan LIBERTY
t
Harm Principle – JS MILL
Affected the Person The State has no right to

Self-regarding Actions Only, Nobody else interfere. Individual is
Sovereign
Impose Positive Restrictions –
Affected the Society,
Other regarding Actions There should be external
Actions cause harm to
interference
others
NEGATIVE LIBERTY POSITIVE LIBERTY
No external Restrictions. Liberty with positive

Freedom from interference. restrictions. There exist limited
Freedom to do what he likes. It is constraints to the development of
not to be interfered with. It is the personality. Freedom is not a
absolute freedom. license.
Importan
t
BOOKS AND AUTHORS
Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela

Freedom from Fear Aung San Suki
On Liberty J S Mill
Ramayana Retold Aubrey Manon
The satanic verses Salman Rushdie
Water Deepa Mehtha
Unto this Last John Ruskin
Hind Swaraj Mahatma Gandhiji
Politics Aristotle
Republic Plato
The prince Machiavelly
QUESTIONS

Long Walk to Freedom Aung San Sukyi
ആ ൻ
Freedom from Fear Aubrey Menon

ൻ
Water Nelson Mandela
വ
Ramayana Retold Deepa Mehta
Score 4
2.
Match the following -
The Satanic Verses J S Mill
വ ജ
Hind Swaraj Plato
ഹ
On Liberty Salman Rushdie
ൻ
Republic Mahatma Gandhi
ഹ
Score 4
3. Write on positive and negative 3. ന഻ുഷധഺത്ധക സവഺത඀ത്ഫൿവഽും

඀ക഻യഺത്ധക സവഺത඀ത്ഫൿവഽും എത്ഫഺീണന്ന്
liberty?
എഴഽതഽക?
4. Explain ‘Harm Principle’. Identify 4. ഹഺന഻ തതവും എത്ഫഺീണന്ന്

വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക ഈ ആശയുത്തഺട്
the philosopher who is associated രന്ധീെട്ട ച഻ത്ഫകൻ ആീരന്ന്
with this? കീണ്ടത്തഽക
*******************
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 13
EQUALITY
Three Dimensions of Equality
 Political Equality
Political equality implies that all citizens have similar political rights, equal voice in
government equal access to all offices to govt.
Right to vote, Contest Election, Criticise Govt., Hold public office, Petition..etc
 Economics Equality Importan
t
Economic equality means all should enjoy the wealth of the state equally
Right to work, Equal pay, Leisure, Social Security, Form trade Union etc..
Social Equality

Social equality means that all are equal units of society. There shall be no
discrimination.
Equal status, No special privileges, No untouchibility, Gender Equality etc..
‘COMMUNISM’
MARXIAN EQUALITY
Classless Society
HOW CAN WE PROMOTE EQUALITY?? Importan

t
FORMAL EQUALITY THROUGH DIFFERENT AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

TREATMENT
Positive measures to
Through Legal and Different Treatment justified eliminate inequality
Constitutional Measures
Example Example
Example
Vehicles for Disabled Scholarship
Abolition of Untouchability, Hostel
Dowry Prohibition Act, Person, Reservation
Prohibits discrimination Old age Pension Special Schools
QUESTIONS
വ വ
Affirmative Action Universal Adult Franchise
ൻ
വ
Equality of Opportunity Banks offer higher rate of interest
to senior citizens
ജ
വ വ
Equal Rights Every child should get free
education
Answer the following. Each question carries 3 Score Score 4
2. Briefly explain three dimension of 2. സമതവത്ത഻ന്ീറ മാന്ന് മഺനങ്ങീള
equality? കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക?
3. What are the different methods 3. സമതവും ൂകവര഻ക്കഺനഽള്ള
by which equality can be promoted? വൿതൿസ്ത മഺർഗങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 14
SOCIAL JUSTICE
THREE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
EQUAL TREATMENT
PROPOTIONATE
FOR EQUALS JUSTICE
Consider everyone in Consider Equals Equally,

Society as Equal. This justifies equal Unequal Unequally. People are
treatment and equal rights rewarded in proportion to the scale
and quality of their efforts.
Idea: JERMY BENTHAM Idea: ARISTOTLE
Importan
t
RECOGNITION OF SPECIAL NEEDS
This principle of justice is the recognition of special needs of the people while
distributing rewards. Physical disabilities, Old age, Lack of access to education,
Backwardness etc should be considered for Special Treatment
Justice as Fairness
In Veil of Ignorance everybody
would prefer reasonable opportunities for
all weaker and disadvantaged sections. ‘VEIL OF IGNORENCE’
When people think under a ‗Veil JOHN RAWLS
of Ignorance’ they think from the
perspective of the most disadvantaged
and weakest sections.
Importan
t
Answer the following. QUESTIONS

1. The theory ‘veil of ignorance’ 1. ‘അജ്ഞയഽീെ മാെഽപെും’ എന്ന ആശയും
ആരഽമഺയ഻ രന്ധീെട്ടതഺണ്?
is associated with whom……..?
കഺറൽ മഺർക്സ്
 Karl Marx ീജ എസ് മ഻ൽ
 JS Mill ുജഺണ്‍ റൗൾസ് Score 1
 John Rawls Score 1
2. Explain the John Rawls’s theory of 2. ുജഺണ്‍ റൗൾസ഻ന്ീറ ന഼ത഻

സ഻ത്പഺത്ഫീത്ത കഽറ഻ച്ച് വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക?
Justice?
3. Explain three principles of justice? 3. ന഼ത഻യഽീെ മാന്ന് സങ്കൽപങ്ങീള

കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക?
.
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 15
RIGHTS
POLITICAL RIGHTS
CIVIL RIGHTS
RIGHTS
ECONOMIC RIGHTS
CULTURAL RIGHTS Importan

t
POLITICAL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS

Right to Vote Right to Speech and Expression
Right to Contest Election Right to Movement
Right to form Political Parties Right to Assembly
Right to Criticize Govt. Right to Association
Right to Petition Right to Freedom of Religion
Right to hold public office Right to Freedom
ECONOMIC RIGHTS CULTURAL RIGHTS

Right to work Right to Education
Equal Pay for Equal work Protect Language and Culture
Establish Educational
Right to Leisure
Institutions
Right to form Trade Union Right to Reform
Right to Social Security
The Universal declaration of Human rights Human Rights Day

1948 December 10 December 10
RIGHTS AND DUTIES

NO rights without Duties. Rights and duties are linked and cannot be separated.
Both work well together. If one has the right, the other has the duty related to that right .
QUESTIONS
1. When is Human Rights day 1. മനഽഷൿഺവകഺശ ദ഻നമഺയ഻

celebrated? ആചര഻ക്കഽന്നത് എന്ന്?
Score 1 Score 1
2. Universal Declaration of Human 2. യഽഎന്ന഻ന്ീറ ആുഗഺള മനഽഷൿഺ
Rights by UNO in? വകഺശ ඀പഖ്ൿഺപനും നെന്നീതന്ന്?
 1952  1952
 1945  1945
 1948 Score 1  1948 Score 1

correct answer given below. ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക
 Right to Life  ജ഼വ഻ക്കഺനഽള്ള അവകഺശും
 Right to Vote  ുവഺട്ട് ീചയ്യഺനഽള്ള അവകഺശും
 Right to work  ുജഺല഻ ീചയ്യഺനഽള്ള അവകഺശും
 Equal pay for equal work  തഽലൿുജഺല഻ക്ക് തഽലൿ ുവതനും
 Right to contest election  മത്നരര഻ക്കഺനഽള്ള അവകഺശും
 Freedom of religion  സവഺത඀ത്ഫൿും
Political Rights Economics Rights Civil Rights

വ വ വ
Score 3

4. Explain the relationship between 4. അവകഺശങ്ങളുും ചഽമതലകളുും
rights and duties? തമ്മ഻ലഽള്ള രന്ധും വ഻ശദമഺക്കഽക?
*******************
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 16
CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship means FULL and EQUAL

Membership in a political community
in a Political community
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

SOVEREIGNTY
ELEMENTS OF THE
GOVERNMENT
TERRITORY STATE
POPULATION
Methods of Acquiring Citizenship of India

5 ways of acquiring Indian citizenship are:
o Citizenship by Birth. Importan

o Citizenship by Descent. t
Indian Citizenship Act:
o Citizenship by Registration. 1955
o Citizenship by Naturalization.
o Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory.
1. By Birth
If a person is born in the territory of India, he shall be a citizen of India.
2. By Descent
1. If a person is born outside India on or after 26 January 1950, but before 10 December
1992 will be considered as a citizen of India. But subject to the fact that his father must be a
citizen of India at the time of birth.
2. If a person born on or after 10 December 1992 but before 3 December 2004, either of
the parent (mother or father) must be having citizenship of India.
3. By Registration
1. If a person is of Indian origin.
2. If a person is married to a person of Indian citizenship
3. If a person is minor and parents are a citizen of India.
4. By Naturalization
Citizenship is acquired by making an application to the central government.
5. By Acquisition or Incorporation of Territory
If any territory or state becomes part of India, then the central government shall declare it
as part of the Union of India by issuing official Gazette.
UNIVERSAL CITIZENSHIP GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship should be made We are living in global

available to those ordinarily live in a society. Consider the whole people
country and work in a country as well in the world as GLOBAL CITIZEN. It
as to those who apply for citizenship. is a imaginary concept.
Importan
t
QUESTIONS
1. Write about Universal Citizenship 1. സഺർവ്വ඀ത഻ക പൗരതവും ആുഗഺള

പൗരതവും എന്ന഻വീയ കഽറ഻ച്ച്
and Global Citizenship? എഴഽതഽക?
2. Which are the four factors of a 2. രഺ඀രത്ത഻ന്ീറ നഺല് ഘെകങ്ങൾ
State? ഏതഺീണന്നഽ എഴഽതഽക?
3. What are the ways to attain Indian 3. ഇത്ഫൿൻ പൗരതവും ആർജ്ജ഻ക്കഽ
Citizenship? ന്നത഻നഽള്ള മഺർഗങ്ങൾ എഴഽതഽക?
CHAPTER: 17
NATIONALISM
NATIONALAISM
Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or

allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations
outweigh other individual or group interests.
ചഽവട്
FACTORS LEADING TO NATIONALISM
SHARED BELIEF HISTORY
A nation is constituted by certain People also see themselves as a

beliefs. Nations are dependent on belief nation embody a sense of continuing
that people have about them. A national is historical identity. Collective Memories,
a group people who move together Legends, Records, Freedom Struggles,
forwards a common goal. A nation exists Heroes, to outline the continuing identity of
when they have the beliefs such as One the nation. The British imperialism was the
Feeling, Co-Feeling Brotherhood Feeling most important factor, which contributed to
etc.. the rise of nationalism in India.
TERRITORY
A nation is a population of an ethnic unity inhabiting a territory of a
geographic unity. Sharing a common past, having shared belief and living
together on a particular territory over a long period of time gives people a
sense of their collective identity. The concepts like Father Land, Mother
Land, Holy Land, Promised Land makes the feeling of oneness
SHARED POLITICAL IDEALS COMMON POLITICAL IDENTITY
A shared commitment to a set of People shared cultural identity such as

political values and ideals is the basis of a common language or common descent. This
nation. A set of values and principles such as is common political identity. National Days,
Democracy, Secularism, Socialism, Liberalism Flag, Anthem, Language, Religion, Currency
etc bind the people together and live together. can bring people together. In India, during
It represents their political identity as a nation. British period, with the spread of English
education, the educated Indians gradually
became politically conscious
Importan
t
QUESTIONS
1. The factors of nationalism are 1. ുദശ഼യതയഽീെ ഘെകങ്ങൾ തഺീഴ

തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നഽ. അവീയ ശര഻യഺയ
given below. Arrange them
ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക.
appropriately in the table.
 മഺതിഭാമ഻
 Mother Land  ഒന്നഺീണന്ന ുതഺന്നൽ
 Feeling of Oneness  ജനഺധ഻പതൿും
 Democracy  ുദശ഼യ ഗഺനും
 National Anthem
A B
Shared Belief
വ വ
Territory
Political Identity
Political Ideology Score 4

ആ
2. What are the factors which help in 2. ുദശ഼യതയഽീെ രാപ഼കരണത്ത഻ന്
the formation of Nationalism? കഺരണമഺകഽന്ന ഘെകങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?

Explain.

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 18
SECULARISM
SECULARISM
Inter Religious Domination Intra Religious Domination
Secularism -
Secularism -
Between different groups
Between different religions
within religion
SECULAR STATE
SECULAR STATE
INTER REALTED RELATIONSHIPS
Religion & Individual

Freedom of Religion
Separation of Religion from
Politics The state & Individual
Religion as private affairs
The State & Religion
Separation of state & Religion
Acceptance of religion as a
private affair
ചഽവട്
WESTERN INDIAN
DIFFERENCE SECULARISM
SECULARISM
WESTERN SECULARISM INDIAN SECULARISM
Keep strict distance from Interference of religion and

all Religion state in each other‘s affairs
Consider not only the religious freedom

The individual and his
of the individual but also religious
freedom is most important
freedom of the communities
Religion is a private matter. Religion has some influence

Not a matter of state policy in the policy of the State
No special consideration of the Takes into consideration the right

right of the minority community of the minority community
The Government does not support Religious reformation is allowed

religious reformation With Government support
Equality among different Equality among different

religious groups sections of individual religion
Religious institutions are not Religious institutions are financially

financially supported supported by the state
Importan
t
ചഽവട്
CRITICISMS OF INDIAN SECULARISM

Importan
t
Anti-religious:- It is argued that Indian secularism threatens religious

identity. This argument is based on the belief that secularism is against
institutionalised religious domination. It is often argued that secularism is anti
religious. This is not true secularism promote religious freedom.
Western Import:- It is western import, and not suitable to Inidan conditions.

Some people criticised that Indian secularism is linked with Christianity. It is
wetern import. This is a baseless argument. In India it is not mere state
religion seperation but peaceful co-existance of religious communities.
Minoritism:- Indian secularism is its embracing of minoritism. It is true that

Indian secularism advocates minority rights. Some are criticised that minority
rights are causing some cost to others. Minority rights need not be nor should
be viewed as special privileges.
Interventionists:- Excessive intervention in the reliogious freedom of

communities. Indian secularism permits state supported religious reforms. The
fact is that, the state acting as a fecilitator by supporting liberal and democratic
voices within each religion.
Vote Bank Politics:- Encourages the politics of vote banks. This is not
entirely false. In a democracy there is no harm in politicians seeking votes.
There is nothing wrong with vote bank politics as such, but only with a form of
vote bank politics that generate injustice
Impossible Project:- Secularism cannot works; this is an impossible project

because it has to do a lot to find a solution for never ending problems. They
argued that deep rooted religious differences cannot live together in peace.
The history of India tellsus that people were living together in peace with
different religoins for centuaries.
QUESTIONS
ുകഺളത്ത഻ൽ ඀കമ഼കര഻ക്കഽക
correct answer given below.
 Keep strict distance from all  ഭരണകാെവഽും മതവഽും
Religion. അകലും പഺല഻ക്കഽന്നഽ.
 Takes into consideration the right  നൿാനപക്ഷ അവകഺശങ്ങൾക്ക്
of the minority community. പര഻ഗണന ലഭ഻ക്കഽന്നഽ.
 Religion has some influence in the  രഺ඀ര നയങ്ങള഻ൽ സവഺധ഼നും
കെന്നഽ വരഽന്നഽ.
policy of the State.
 നൿാനപക്ഷ അവകഺശങ്ങൾ
 No special consideration of the ඀പുതൿകും പര഻ഗണ഻ക്കഽന്ന഻ല്.
right of the minority community.  പര഻ഷ്കരണീത്ത രഺ඀രും
 The Government does not support പ഻ത്ഫഽണയ്ക്കഽന്ന഻ല്.
religious reformation.  ഭരണകാെത്ത഻ന്ീറ പ഻ത്ഫഽണുയഺീെ
 Religious reformation is allowed പര഻ഷ്കരണും നെക്കഽന്നഽ.
with Government support.  മതസ്ഥഺപനങ്ങീള ഭരണകാെും
 Religious institutions are not സഺരത്ത഻കമഺയ഻
സഹഺയ഻ക്കഽന്ന഻ല്.
financially supported.
 സ്ഥഺപനങ്ങീള ഭരണകാെും
 Religious institutions are financially സഺരത്ത഻കമഺയ഻ സഹഺയ഻ക്കഽന്നഽ.
supported by the State.

Western Secularism Indian Secularism

ൻ
Answer the following. Each question carries 5 Score Score 4
2. Explain the differences between 2. ഇത്ഫൿൻ മുതതരതവവഽും പഺശ്ചഺതൿ
Indian secularism and western മുതതരതവവഽും തമ്മ഻ലഽള്ള വൿതൿഺസും

എഴഽതഽക?
secularism?
3.
.
What are the major criticisms 3. ഇത്ഫൿൻ മുതതരതവത്ത഻ീനത഻ീര
against Indian Secularism? യഽള്ള വ഻മർശനങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച് വ഻ശദ഼

കര഻ക്കഽക?.
*******************
ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 19
PEACE
PEACE Vs STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE
FORMS OF STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE
Caste System – Exploitation and Untouchability
Class Polarization – Conflicts between Organized labours and

Unorganized Labours
Patriarchy
 Female Foeticide
 Under Nourishment
 Child Marriage Importan
 Denial of Education t
 Dowry
 Sexual Abuse
Colonialism – Israel domination over Palestine
Racism – Negro Slavery in USA, Apartheid in South Africa
Communalism – Conflicts between different religious groups
PEACE V CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES
s
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES
Unilateral Military actions
 The American Intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Terrorism
 The September 11 attack on the World Trade Centre.
Genocides
 Genocide in Bosnia and Rwanda. Importan
t
ചഽവട്
Supporters of Supporters of
PEACE War and Violence
Gandhiji Friederich Nietzsche

Martin Luthar Hitler
Nelson Mandela Mussolini
Vilfredo Pareto
CIRCULATION OF ELITES
Fox and Lion – Wilfredo Pareto
Importan
t
APPROACHES TO PEACE
Give importance to Nation States -

Sovereignty is recognized - Balance of Power
will prevent conflicts Eg:- USA & USSR during
Cold war
Interdependence between nation -

International Order - UNO,
Socio Economic Cooperation -
Globalization, International
Cooperation promote peace Eg:
Movements etc
European Union
QUESTIONS
1. Who among the following glorified 1. യഽത്പീത്ത മഹതവവൽക്കര഻ച്ച
the war? ച഻ത്ഫകൻ?
 J S Mill  ീജ എസ് മ഻ൽ

 Rousseau  റാുസഺ
 ඀രഡറ഻ക് ന഼ുഷ
 Frederic Nietzsche Score 1 Score 1
2. The idea ‘Fox and Lion’ is 2. ‘കഽറഽക്കനഽും സ഻ുംഹവഽും’ എന്ന

associated with whom? ആശയും ആരഽമഺയ഻ രന്ധീെട്ടതഺണ്?
 അര഻ുസ്റ്റഺട്ട഻ൽ
 Aristotle
 വ഻ൽ඀രുഡഺ പീരുറ്റഺ
 Vilfredo Pareto
 ീലന഻ൻ
 Lenin
Score 1 Score 1
3. What are the different approaches 3. സമഺധഺനും ൂകവര഻ക്കഺനഽള്ള

to peace? വൿതൿസ്ത സമ഼പനങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
4. What are the major contemporary 4. ുലഺക സമഺധഺനും ുനര഻െഽന്ന ඀പധഺന
challenges to world peace? Explain. സമകഺല഻ക ീവല്ുവ഻ള഻കൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?

5. What are the different forms of 5. ഘെനഺപരമഺയ ഹ഻ുംസയഽീെ
structural violence? Explain. വൿതൿസ്ത രാപങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?

ചഽവട്
CHAPTER: 20
DEVELOPMENT
COST BENEFIT Environmental

Social Cost ANALYSIS Cost
SOCIAL COST OF DEVELOPMENT
 Displacement of People Importan

t
 Loss of lively hood
 Growth of Slums
 Loss of Traditional Skills
 Adverse impact on Culture
ENVIRONMENTAL COST OF DEVELOPMENT
 Air Pollution
 Global Warming
 Ozone Depletion
Importan
 Soil Pollution t
 Destruction of Birds, Animals and Plants

 Reckless use of Non renewable resourses
 Deforestation
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
Lifestyle Changes: Environment friendly lifestyle – Use renewable sources of energy – Use
of bio-degradable materials – recycling – traditional knowledge system – Solara and wind energy
plants, small hydel projects, organic fertilizers, rain water harvesting, paper & cloth bags
QUESTIONS
1. Prepare a note on the social cost 1. വ഻കസനത്ത഻ന്ീറ സഺമാഹൿ
of development? ീചലവ഻ീന കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക?
?
2. Prepare a note on the 2. വ഻കസനത്ത഻ന്ീറ പഺര഻സ്ഥ഻ത഻ക

environmental cost of development? ീചലവ഻ീന കഽറ഻ച്ച് എഴഽതഽക?
***************************
?
MODEL HSE EXAMINATION, MARCH 2023 Time: 2 ½ Hrs

POLITICAL SCIENCE Score: 80 Scores
From questions 1 to 10 answer for 16 scores.

1 10 വ 16
1. The Constitution of India came into force on …………………?

( 1949 November 26, 1950 January 26, 1952 December 26 )
1. ഇത്ഫൿൻ ඀പഺരലൿത്ത഻ൽ വന്നത് ……………… ആണ്

( 1949 നവുംരർ 26, 1950 ജനഽവര഻ 26 1952 ഡ഻സുംരർ 26)
2. The system of proportional representation isused for elections to …………

Score?1
( Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislative Assembly )
2. ആനഽപഺത഻ക ඀പഺത഻ന഻ധൿ സ඀രദഺയത്ത഻ലാീെ ത഻രീെെഽെ് നെക്കഽന്നത്………

ുലക്കഺണ്
(ുലഺക്സഭ, രഺജൿസഭ, സുംസ്ഥഺന ന഻യമസഭ) Score 1
3. Identify the state having bicameral legislature?
( Kerala, Assam, Maharashtra, Punjab )
3. ദവ഻മണ്ഡല സഭയഽള്ള സുംസ്ഥഺനും ഏീതന്ന് കീണ്ടത്തഽക

(ുകരളും, ആസഺും, മഹഺരഺ඀ര, പഞ്ചഺബ്) Score 1
4. Name the case in which the Judiciary advanced the theory of basic structure of the
Constitution?
( Golaknath case, Kesavanand Bharati case, Minerva Mill case, Shah Bano case )
4. ജഽഡ഼ഷൿറ഻ ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ അെ഻സ്ഥഺനഘെനഺ സ഻ത്പഺത്ഫും മഽുന്നഺട്ട് ീവച്ച ുകസ്

ഏതഺണ്? Score 1
(ുഗഺലക് നഺഥ് ുകസ്, ുകശവഺനര ഭഺരത഻ ുകസ്, മ഻നർവ മ഻ൽ ുകസ്, ശരഺനഽ ുകസ്)
5. The theory ‘Veil of ignorance’ is associated with whom?

( Karl Marks, JS Mill, John Rawls, Plato )
5. അജ്ഞതയഽീെ മാെഽപെും എന്ന ആരഽമഺയ഻ രന്ധീെട്ടതഺണ്?

(കഺറൽ മഺർക്സ്, ീജ.എസ് മ഻ൽ, ുജഺണ്‍ റൗൾസ്, ുേുറ്റഺ)
6. Complete the chart: Score

Score1 2
ചഺർട്ട് പാർത്ത഻യഺക്കഽക
Classsification of Services
All India Services Central Services State Services
സ഻വ഻ൽ സർവ഼സ഻ന്ീറ വർഗ്ഗ഼കരണും
അഖ്഻ുലത്ഫൿ സർവ഼സ്
7. Complete the pyramid showing the structure of Indian Judiciary:

ഇത്ഫൿൻ ജഽഡ഼ഷൿറ഻യഽീെ കഺണ഻ക്കഽന്ന പ഻രമ഻ഡ് പാർത്ത഻യഺക്കഽക
High Courts
Score 3
ഹ
8. Match the following

ുചരഽുംപെ഻ ുചർക്കഽക Score 3
Cauvey Punjab and Haryana

വ &ഹ
Belgaum Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
&
Chandigarh Maharashtra & Karnataka
ഹ
9. Score 4
Match the following -
Long Walk to Freedom Aung San Sukyi
ആ ൻ
Freedom from Fear Aubrey Menon
ൻ
Water Nelson Mandela

വ
Ramayana Retold Deepa Mehta
10. Fill in the column by using the items given below:

തഺീഴ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നവ ഉപുയഺഗ഻ച്ച് പട്ട഻ക പാർത്ത഼കര഻ക്കഽക
( Right to life, Right to vote, Right to work, Right to Leisure, Right to contest election,
Right to property)
(ജ വ വ വ വ വ
വ വ വ വ
Political Rights Economic Rights Civil Rights

വ വ വ
Score 3
Answer any 4 questions from 11 to 15. Each carries 3 scores.
11 15 വ 4 .
3 വ .
11. What are the main criticism leveled against Indian Constitution?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനീക്കത഻രഺയ ඀പധഺന വ഻മർശനങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
12. Write a note on the significance of the study of Political Theory?

രഺ඀ര഼യ സ഻ത്പഺത്ഫും പഠ഻ുക്കണ്ടത഻ന്ീറ ඀പഺധഺനൿീത്തക്കഽറ഻ച്ച് ഒരഽ കഽറ഻െ് എഴഽതഽക?
13. Briefly explain three dimensions of equality?

സമതവത്ത഻ന്ീറ മാന്ന് തലങ്ങൾ ചഽരഽക്ക഻ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
14. Explain three Principles of Justice?

ന഼ത഻യഽീെ മാന്ന് തതവങ്ങൾ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
15. What are the different forms of structural violence? Explain.

ഘെനഺപരമഺയ ഹ഻ുംസയഽീെ വൿതൿസ്ത രാപങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും? വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക.

16 20 വ 4 .
4 വ
16. Briefly explain the law making preocedure in India?
ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ീല ന഻യമന഻ർമഺണത്ത഻ന്ീറ നെപെ഻ ඀കമങ്ങൾ ചഽരഽക്ക഻ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
17. What are the safeguards in the Indian Constitution to ensure independence of the
judiciary?
സവത඀ത്ഫ ന഼ത഻നൿഺയ സുംവ഻ധഺനും ഉറെുവരഽത്തഺൻ ുവണ്ട഻ ഇത്ഫൿൻ
സവ഼കര഻ച്ച഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന മഽൻകരഽതലഽകൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
18. Identify the Article in the Indian Constitution which deals with amendment
procedure. Explain the three methods of amendment preocedure of Indian
Constitution?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയ഻ൽ ുഭദഗത഻യഽമഺയ഻ രന്ധീെട്ട ඀പത഻പഺദ഻ക്കഽന്ന ആർട്ട഻ക്ക഻ൾ ഏത്
?ഇത്ഫൿൻ ുഭദഗത഻ ീചയ്യുന്നത഻നഽള്ള മാന്ന് നെപെ഻඀കമങ്ങൾ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
19. Briefly explain any two political philosophies of Indian Constitutiton?

ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഭരണഘെനയ഻ീല ഏീതങ്ക഻ലഽും രണ്ട് രഺ඀ര഼യ തത്തവശഺസ്඀തങ്ങൾ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
20. What are the ways to attain Indian Citizenship?

ഇത്ഫൿൻ പൗരതവും ആർജ്ജ഻ക്കഽന്നത഻നഽള്ള മഺർഗങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും?
21 25 വ 4 .
5 വ
21. Explain the functions of a Constitution?

ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ കർത്തവൿങ്ങൾ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
?
22. What are the functions of Election Commission of India?
ഇത്ഫൿയ഻ീല ീതരീെെഽെ് കമ്മ഼ഷന്ീറ ചഽമതലകൾ ഏീതല്ഺും
?
23. Briefly explain the powers of Prime Minister of India?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ ඀പധഺനമ඀ത്ഫ഻യഽീെ അധ഻കഺരങ്ങൾ ചഽരഽക്ക഻ എഴഽതഽക?
24. The Constitution of India creates a strong central government. Explain the
provisions that make the Central Government stronger?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ ശക്തമഺയ ഒരഽ ുക඀ര ഗവണ്‍ീമന്റ഻ന് രാപും നൽക഻യ഻ര഻ക്കഽന്നഽ
ുക඀രഗവണ്‍ീമന്റ഻ന് ശക്തമഺക്കഽന്ന വൿവസ്ഥകൾ വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?
25. Explain the difference between Indian Secularism and Western Secularism?
ഇത്ഫൿൻ മുതതരതവവഽും പഺശ്ചഺതൿ മുതതരതവവഽും തമ്മ഻ലഽള്ള വൿതൿഺസങ്ങൾ
വ഻വര഻ക്കഽക?

26 28 വ 2 .
8 വ .
26. Prepare an essay on Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India?

ഇത്ഫൿൻ ഉറെ് നൽക഻യ഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങീള കഽറ഻ച്ച്
വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക?
27. Explain the changes brought by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment?

73 മീത്ത ുഭദഗത഻യഽീെ രലമഺയ഻ ഉണ്ടഺയ മഺറ്റങ്ങൾ ഏീതഺീക്കയഺീണന്ന്
വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക?
28. What are the factors which help in the formation of Nationalism? Explain?
ുദശ഼യതയഽീെ രാപ഼കരണത്ത഻ന് കഺരണമഺകഽന്ന ഘെകങ്ങൾ ഏീതല്ഺും? വ഻ശദ഼കര഻ക്കഽക?
Prepared By: Prepared By:

MUHAMMED RASAK. K SUMAYYA U
GOVT. HSS ERANHIMANGAD GOVT. HSS PULLENGODU
MALAPPURAM. DT -679329 MALAPPURAM. DT

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1. President of Constituent Assembly? Important

Important FUNCTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION

Constitution allows coordination and assurances.

Balanced institutional design

COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

British India Princely States

292 Seats 93 Seats

The Authority of the Indian Constitution – FOUR Factors

Principle of Deliberation Discussion – Arguments - Consensus

Committees – Giving importance to public

 India is an Independent, Sovereign, and Republic.

 All powers and authority shall flow from the people.

 All people of India shall be guaranteed social, economic and

 The minorities, backward and tribal areas shall be provided

BORROWING PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION

French Constitution  Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Ireland  Directive Principles of State Policy - DPSP

 Federation with Strong Centre

Australia  Concurrent List

Answer the following.

1. Identify the provisions in Indian 1. ചഽവീെ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന വൿവസ്ഥകള഻ൽ

2. Match the following -

President of Constituent Assembly

Chairman of Drafting Committee Jawahar Lal Nehru

Presented Objective Resolution Dr. Rajendra Prasad

3. Match the following -

Judicial Review Canada

Directive Principles France

Quazi Federal Government Ireland

Liberty, Eqality, Fraternity USA

Answer the following. Each question carries 3 Score

5. Point out three factors that 5. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ആധ഻കഺര഻കത

Answer the following. Each question carries 5 Score

6. Write the various functions of a 6. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ඀പധഺന ധർമ്മ ങ്ങീള

SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL NOTE

CONTITUTION GUARANTEES SIX FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Article 19 Six Freedom

Freedom of Speech and Expression

Article 19 Freedom of Association

Right against Prohibits traffic in human being and beger and

Article 28 Prohibition of imparting religious instructions

Prohibition Forbidding performing an act outside its jurisdiction

The 42nd amendment introduced Part IV A which consists of Article 51 A

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY - DPSP

Part IV deals with DPSP, which consists of Article 36-51

FUNDEMENTAL RIGHTS DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLE OF STATE POLICY

Negative in Character Positive Directions

Impose restrictions Ask to follow the DPSP

Limitations upon state actions Instrument of Instructions

Justifiable Non justifiable

1. Fundamental duties were added 1. ............ ുഭദഗത഻യ഻ലാീെയഺണ് മൗല഻ക

2. Which one of the following is the 2. ചഽവീെ തന്ന഻ര഻ക്കഽന്ന ഘെനഺ

list of Fundamental Rights? ക്ക഻യത്?

3. Which right described by 3. ഭരണഘെനയഽീെ ‘ഹിദയവഽും

5. Writ Jurisdiction 5. റ഻ട്ടധ഻കഺരും

Supreme Court High Courts സഽ඀പ഼ും ുകഺെത഻ ൂഹുകഺെത഻

Answer the following. Each question carries 4 Score

6. Distinguish between Fundamental 6. മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങളുും ന഻ർുദശക

Answer the following. Each question carries 5 Score

7. Explain the five writs which are 7. മൗല഻കഺവകഺശങ്ങൾ സുംരക്ഷ഻ക്കഽ

Answer the following. Each question carries 8 Score

Constitution of India? കര഻ക്കഽക

SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL NOTE