Power System Fundamentals

Course code EEET 4057

AC Power Review

Mrs. Vanika Sharma

UniSA STEM
University of South Australia
Email: vanika.sharma@unisa.edu.au

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 Objectives

• Review of AC powers

• Load Models

• Power Factor Correction

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 Instantaneous Power

In AC circuits we define five different powers:

1. Instantaneous power, symbol p(t) , unit [W]

With:

We obtain:

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 2. Average power, also called active or real power, symbol P, unit [W]

3. Apparent power, symbol |S|, unit [VA]

Product of Vrms and lrms is defined as the apparent power

Now, average power and power factor can be expressed as:

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 Reactive and Complex Power

4. Reactive power, symbol Q, unit [VAr]

The amplitude of the pulsating power is reactive power.

5. Complex power, symbol S, unit [VA]

S = P2 + Q2, S

Apparent power is the magnitude and  is the angle of the complex power

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 Power Consumption by R, L & C

Power Consumed by the Resistor

• Resistor consumes only active (average) power.
• No reactive power in purely resistive circuit

Power Consumed by the Inductor

• Inductor consumes reactive power.
• There is no active power in purely inductive circuit.
Here XL is inductor’s reactance

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 Power Consumption by R, L & C

Power Consumed by the Capacitor

• Capacitor generates reactive power.
• No active power in purely capacitive circuit.
Here XC is Capacitors' reactance

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Basics of Impedance

8
 Phasor Diagram and Power Triangle

We commonly use phasor diagrams to graphically represent currents and voltages and
power triangle for power representation of different loads.

1. Inductive load / lagging power factor

phasor diagram power triangle

Reactive power supplied to load is positive

Load current lags load voltage

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 Phasor Diagram and Power Triangle

2. Capacitive load / leading power factor

phasor diagram power triangle

Load current leads load voltage Reactive power supplied to load is negative

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Relationship between V, I, S, P and Q

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Summary
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13
 Power for Ideal Components

• for a pure resistor

– the impedance angle is zero, power factor is unity
– apparent power and real power are equal
– reactive power is zero
• for a pure inductor
– the current lags the voltage by 90°, average power is zero
– reactive power is positive (inductor absorbs reactive power)
• for a pure capacitor
– the current leads the voltage by 90°, average power is zero
– reactive power is negative (capacitor supplies reactive power)

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15
 Load Models

Load modelled by a series connection of R and X

P= RI 2 Q= X I 2

This equation is often used in power engineering

Load modelled by a parallel connection of R and X

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 Example

Solution:

 = + cos −1 (0.8) = 36.87 V2 2400 2

Z= = = 1636.87
P 288kW S * 360000 − 36.87
S = = = 360kVA
pf 0.8 Z = (12.8 + j9.6)
S = S  = 360kVA36.87  R = 12.8  , X = 9.6 

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Exercise

Solution

S = 360kVA36.87 = 288 kW + j216 kVAr

V2 V2 24002
P= R= = = 20
R P 288103
V2 V2 24002
Q= X= = = 26.7
X Q 21610 3

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 Complex Power Balance

• From the conservation of energy

– Real power supplied by the source is equal to the sum of the real powers
absorbed by the load and the real losses in the system

 Pgen =  Ploads +  Plosses

– Reactive power must also be balanced; generated reactive power must be equal
to the sum of reactive power absorbed by the load and reactive power losses in
the system. Capacitors are often referred to as sources of reactive power.

 Qgen =  Qloads +  Qlosses

– Consequently the complex power must be balanced.

 S gen =  Sloads +  Slosses

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 Power Factor Correction

• Disadvantages of running loads at low power factors:

– Increase in supply currents
– Increase in power losses
– Large size of equipment
– Poor voltage regulation
– Increase in cost
– Increase in cooling requirement

• Solution - power factor correction

– Reactive load compensation
– Extra charge for running loads at low power factors

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Power Factor Correction

Qc

S1 Q1

S2
1
Q2
2
P

V
Is

Im
Ic

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Example

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 Solution

(a)

ST = S1 + S 2 + S3 = (6 + j8)kVA = 10kVA53.13

Current dropped from 50A to 30A

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Can a series capacitor be used to for power
factor correction?

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 Acknowledgment

Lecture notes by Dr. Zorica Nedic, Dr. David

Whaley and Mr Sasha Jakovljevic

Saadat, Hadi 2010, Power System Analysis, 3, PSA

Publishing.

Lecture notes-updates by Vanika Sharma

 THANKS
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!

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