JYOTI VIDYAPEETH SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL,BAGAR(RAJ.)
Jhunjhunu(Rajasthan)
AffilatedTo C.B.S.E.
SESSION: 2019-2020

PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT FILE

ON
FOOTBALL

Submitted To:-SubmittedBy:-
Mr. Naresh
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS CERTIFIED THAT THE PROJECT WORK
TITLES”FOOTBALL”SUBMITTED BY AMAN SAINI (CLASS 12
TH
PCM GROUP) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE CREDIT FOR THE PHYSICAL
EDUCATION PROJECT EVALUATION FROM “JYOTI VIDYAPEETH
SENIOR SECONDAY SCHOOL,BAGAR”,IS THE BONIFIDE
WORK OF THE STUDENT DONE UNDER THE GUIDANCE AND SUPERVISION OF
MR. NARESH SHARMA ,PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER,JVPSSS
DURING SESSION 2019-2020,AS A PROJECT REPORT.

NAME:- AMAN SAINI

CLASS:- 12TH(PCM)
SUBJECT:- Physical Education
REGISTRATION NO.:-
 INTRODUCTION

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two
teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250million players in over 200
countries, making It The world's most popular sport .The game is played on a rectangular field
with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body besides
the arms and hands to get the ball into the opposing goal.
The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it
is in play and the only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass
the ball,but may use their head or foot strike the ball instead. The team that scores the most
goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tie then the end of the game, either a draw is
declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format
of the competition .The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football
Association in 1863..
 HISTORY

The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was made out of a rock, occurred in old
Mesoamerican cultures for over 3,000 years ago. According to the sources, the ball would symbolize the
sun and the captain of the losing team would be sacrificed to the gods. The first known ball game which
also involved kicking took place In China in the 3rd and 2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was
played with a round ball on an area of a square. It later spread to Japan and was practiced under
ceremonial forms.

Other earlier variety of ball games had been known from Ancient Greece. The ball was made by shreds of
leather filled with hair (the first documents of balls filled with air are from the 7th century). In the Ancient
Rome, games with balls were notincluded in the entertainment on the big arenas, but could occur in
exercises in the military. It was the Roman culture that would bring football to the British island
(Britannica). It is, however, uncertain in which degree the British people were influenced by this variety
and in which degree they had developed their own variants .

The most admitted story tells that the game was developed in England in the 12th century. In this century,
games that resembled football were played on meadows and roads in England. Besides from kicks, the
game involved also punches of the ball with the fist. This early form of football was also much more rough
and violent than the modern way of playing. An important feature of the forerunners to football was that
the games involved plenty of people and took place over large areas in towns (an equivalent was played in
Florence from the 16th century where it was called Calico). The rampage of these games would cause
damage on the town and sometimes death. These would be among the reasons for the proclamations
against the game that finally was forbidden for several centuries. But the football-like games would
return to the streets of London in the 17th century. It would be forbidden again in 1835, but at this stage
the game had been established in the public schools.

It took, however, long time until the features of today’s football had been taken into practice. For a long
time there was no clear distinction between football and rugby. There were also many variations
concerning the size of the ball, the number of players and the length of a match.

The game was often played in schools and two of the predominant schools were Rugby and Eton. At Rugby
the rules included the possibility to take up the ball with the hands and the game we today know as rugby
has its origin from here. At Eton on the other hand the ball was played exclusively with the feet and this
game can be seen as a close predecessor to the modern football. The game in Rugby was called “the
running game” while the game in Eton was called “the dribbling game”.

An attempt to create proper rules for the game was done at a meeting in Cambridge in 1848, but a
final solution to all questions of rules was not achieved. Another important event in the history of football
came about in 1863 in London when the first Football association was formed in England. It was decided
that carrying the ball with the hands wasn't allowed. The meeting also resulted in a standardization of the
size and weight of the ball. A consequence of the London meeting was that the game was divided into two
codes: association football and rugby.

The game would, however, continue to develop for a long time and there was still much flexibility
concerning the rules. For onething, the number of players on the pitch could vary. Neither were uniforms
used to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was also common with players wearing caps – the
header was yet to be a part of the game yet. Further reading: The development of football rules.

Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between English andScottish teams. Whereas
the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in a more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to
pass the ball between their players. It would be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant.

The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class. Unprecedented amounts of
spectators, up to 30,000, would see the big matches in the late 19th century. The game would soon
expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of the world. Especially in South America and India
would the interest in football become big.
 LAWS
Soccer or football is a ball sport that is played between two competing teams each consisting of eleven
players. At the dawn of the 21st century, more than 250 million people played football in over 200
countries, which made football the most popular sport in the world. Football is played on a rectangular-
shaped grass field or an artificial green turf, with a goal at the center of the short ends. Goals are scored
when a team drives the ball into the opposing team’s goal. The main goal of the game is to win the game
by scoring more goals.

Association football game is governed by a set of rules and regulations which are known as the Laws of
the Game. Football is played with a spherical ball known as the soccer ball. According to the FIFA
parameters, the ball should have a diameter of 71 centimeters. Two teams each comprising of 11 players
compete with each other for driving the ball into the other team’s goal. The team which has scored more
number of goals after the game finishes wins the game. A game is declared as a draw match if both the
teams have conceded the same number of goals or no goals at all. Each football team has a captain who
handles one official responsibility as made compulsory by the certified Laws of the Game; to aid in the
coin toss prior to the game’s kick-off or penalty shootouts.

The most basic law of the game is that none of the players except the goalkeeper can deliberately touch
or grip the ball with their arms or hands during the play. However, players can use their hands to initiate
a throw-in restart. Even though the players generally use their feet for moving the ball around, they are
allowed to use other parts of their body except their arms or hands. A player can use their forehead to
"head" the ball. Within the normal course of the game, the players are allowed to move all across the
pitch and play the ball in every possible direction. However, the players are not allowed to receive the ball
in the offside position.

In normal gameplay, individual players try to control the ball to generate goal-scoring opportunities.
There are numerous techniques by which the players attempt tocontrol the ball, such as giving a pass to a
team-mate, dribbling or by shooting the ball towards the goal, which is watched over by the opponent
team’s goalkeeper. The players from the opponent team may try to gain control of the ball either by
tackling an opponent player who possesses the ball or by intercepting the ball during a pass. However a
player cannot physically tackle an opponent team’s player, which will then amount to a foul. Football is
normally considered to be a free-flowing game. The play stops only if the ball exits the playing field or
when playing is halted by the referee for the violation of some rules. After a certain stoppage, the game
commences as before when the referee blows the starting whistle.

Law 1: The Field of Play

Soccer can be played on either grass or artificial turf, but the surface must be green in color. The field
must be rectangular in shape, and distinctly marked by two short goal lines and two long-touch lines. The
field is divided into halves, separated by the halfway line, which runs from the midpoints of each touchline.
At the midpoint of the halfway line is a marked center point surrounded by a lined center circle with a
radius of 10 yards. Opposing players are not allowed to enter this circle during the possessing team’s
kick-off. The length of the touch line must be greater than the length of the goal line.

Regulation lengths are:

 Touch line: Minimum 90 meters (100 yards), maximum 120 meters (130 yards)
 Width (goal line): Minimum 45 m (50 yds), maximum 90 m (100 yds).
 At each end of the field is an eight-yard-wide goal centered along the goal line.
 Six yards from each goal post along the goal line and six yards out into the field (perpendicular
to the goal line) is the goal box.
 Extending 18 yards from each goal post along the goal line and 18 yards out into the field
(perpendicular to the goal line) is the penalty box.
 In each of the four corners of the field is a five-foot high corner flag.
Law 2: The Ball

A soccer ball must be spherical in shape and made of leather or another comparable medium. Its
circumference must be in the range of 27 to 28 inches. This rule is only applicable for official sanctioned
matches, as youth leagues often employ the use of a smaller ball that is better suited to children.

Law 3: The Number of Players

Matches are generally played by two teams of 11 to a side. The goalkeeper is included in the 11-player total.
If a team cannot field at least seven players at match time, the game is a forfeit. Teams of fewer than 11 a
side can often be seen in youth leagues where smaller teams are used as a developmental tool. FIFA-
sanctioned matches are generally limited to three substitutions per match, with the exception of friendly
matches. Most youth leagues allow an unlimited number of substitutions, which must also be listed on the
game card prior to the beginning of the match, otherwise those players are ineligible. Substitutions may
only enter at the halfway line, upon the referee’s approval, and after the player being subbed out has left
the pitch. The goalkeeper may be substituted with anyone on the pitch or any eligible substitute on the
bench during a game stoppage.

Law 4: The Players’ Equipment

All players are required to wear a jersey, shorts, shin guards, socks and cleats. The socks must cover the
shin guards entirely. If the referee deems a player’s equipment unsatisfactory, the player can be sent off
until the issue is remedied.

Law 5: The Referee

The referee is the authority on the field, and his word is law. If you question a referee’s decision, you can
be disciplined further simply for dissent.

Law 6: The Assistant Referees

The assistant referees are primarily responsible for assisting the referee in performing his duties – this
includes signaling with a flag when a ball goes of play, when a player is fouled, or when a player is in an
offside position.

Law 7: The Duration of the Match

A soccer match is comprised of two 45-minute halves, with extra time added for each at the referee’s
discretion. The halves are separated by a half-time period not to exceed 15 minutes. The extra time
generally corresponds with the referee’s determination of how much time was taken up due to
substitutions and injuries. The amount of extra time is announced and displayed at the half line at the end
of each 45-minute period. Although soccer does have an allotted time limit, it is ultimately up to the
referee’s as to when to end a match.

Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play

Kick-off is generally determined by a coin toss, whereby the winning team can either choose to start with
the ball or choose which goal they would like to attack. The losing team is then afforded whatever choice
the winner does not elect to take. Kick-off occurs at the start of each half, and after each goal scored,
and is taken at the center of the halfway line. If a team scores a goal, the opposing team is given the kick-
off to restart the match.

Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play

The ball is out of play when it fully crosses either the goal line or the touch line. It is also out of play if the
referee stops play for any reason. If, for any reason, the ball strikes the frame of the goal or the referee
and remains within the goal and touch lines, it is still in play.

Law 10: The Method of Scoring

A goal is scored when the entire ball has crossed the goal line within the frame of the goal. At the end of
the match, the team with the most goals is the winner, barring the circumstantial necessity for extra
time.

Law 11: Offside

 deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee’s permission

Red cards are used to send a player off the field, and can be issued for the following offenses:

 Serious foul play

 Violent conduct
 Spitting at an opponent or any other person
Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball
(the When an attacking player receives the ball while on his opponents half, he must be level or behind the
second to last defender (the last typically being the goalkeeper). However, this rule only applies if he is
involved with the play. To get a better understanding of the offside rule, please see the guide section for a
more detailed explanation.

Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct

A direct free kick is awarded when a player:

 Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent

 Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
 Jumps at an opponent
 Charges an opponent
 Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
 Pushes an opponent
 Tackles an opponent
 Holds an opponent
 Spits at an opponent
 Handles the ball deliberately

If any of these are fouls are committed by a player in their team’s penalty area, the opposing team is
awarded a penalty kick. Indirect free kicks are awarded if a player:

 Plays in a dangerous manner

 Impedes the progress of an opponent
 Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his/her hands
 Commits any other unmentioned offense

Yellow cards are awarded as a caution or warning to a player and can be issued for the following
offenses:

 Unsporting behavior
 Dissent by word or action
 Persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game
 Delaying the restart of play
 Failure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick,free kick, or
throw-in
 Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission

 goalkeeper being an exception)

  Denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player’s goal by
an offense punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick
 Using offensive or abusive language and/or gestures
 Receiving a second caution (yellow card) in the same match

Law 13: Free Kicks

Free Kick is broken into two categories, direct and indirect. A direct kick can be shot directly into the
opponent’s goal without touching another player. An indirect free kick is indicated by the referee raising
his hand during the kick. An indirect kick can only go into the goal if it has subsequently been touched by
another player before it enters the goal. The ball must be stationary for both types of kicks.

Law 14: The Penalty Kick

A penalty kick is awarded either when a defensive player fouls an attacking player or commits a handball
in his/her team’s penalty area. The penalty kick is placed at the penalty spot, and all players on both
teams must remain outside the penalty box during the shot. They may enter the box immediately after the
shot is taken. The goalkeeper may move horizontally along the goal line before the shot is taken, but he
may not come off the line until the ball is struck.

Law 15: The Throw-In

A throw-in is awarded when the possessing team plays the ball out of bounds over the touchline. While
taking a throw-in, a player must release the ball with both hands simultaneously and keep both feet firmly
planted on the ground. If these conditions are not met, play is stopped and the throw-in is given to the
opposing team. Players are not allowed to score directly off a throw-in.

Law 16: The Goal Kick

A goal kick is awarded when the offensive team plays the ball out of bounds over the defensive team’s
goal line. After the ball is out of play, the defender or goalkeeper may place the ball anywhere within the
six-yard goal box and kick the ball back into play.

Law 17: The Corner Kick

A corner kick is awarded to the offensive team when the defensive team plays the ball out of bounds over
its goal line. The ball is placed within the corner area and is kicked back into play by the offensive team.
Players can score directly off a corner kick.

Gameplay
Use of the feet and (to a lesser extent) the legs to control and pass the ball is football’s most basic skill.
Heading the ball is particularly prominent when receiving long aerial passes. Since the game’s origins,
players have displayed their individual skills by going on “solo runs” or dribbling the ball past outwitted
opponents. But football is essentially a team game based on passing between team members. The basic
playing styles and skills of individual players reflect their respective playing positions. Goalkeepers
require agility and height to reach and block the ball when opponents shoot at goal. Central defenders
have to challenge the direct attacking play of opponents; called upon to win tackles and to head the ball
away from danger such as when defending corner kicks, they are usually big and strong. Fullbacks are
typically smaller but quicker, qualities required to match speedy wing-forwards. Midfield players (also
called halves or halfbacks) operate across the middle of the field and may have a range of qualities:
powerful “ball-winners” need to be “good in the tackle” in terms of winning or protecting the ball and
energetic runners; creative “playmakers” develop scoring chances through their talent at holding the ball
and through accurate passing. Wingers tend to have good speed, some dribbling skills, and the ability to
make crossing passes that travel across the front of goal and provide scoring opportunities for forwards.
Forwards can be powerful in the air or small and penetrative with quick footwork; essentially, they should
be adept at scoring goals from any angle.

Some Great Personalities

1. Cristiano Ronaldo
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro born 5 February 1985 is a Portuguese professional footballer who
plays as a forward for Serie A club Juventus and captains the Portugal national team. Often considered
the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time.Cristiano
Ronaldo has received five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player. Widely regarded as one of
the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo holds the record for most goals in the UEFA Champions
League (128), the UEFA European Championship (9), the FIFA Club World Cup (7), and the UEFA Nations
League Finals (3), as well as most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season (17). He has
scored 712 senior career goals for club and country. Moreover, he is also the first player in history to win
four European Golden Shoes.
Collectively, Ronaldo has won between 28 and 31 trophies in his career,including six league titles,
five European Cups and one European Championship. He has also attained 16 titles from friendly
competitions. All in all he had won over 300 trophies and medals by May 2019, with some of them dating
back to his childhood.
Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions league all-time top goalscorer with 128 goals while Lionel Messi is second
with 114 to his name.The pair had broken each other's record over the course of 2015, after Messi
surpassed the previous record holder, Raúl, in November 2014.Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015–16
season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions
League, setting the record at eleven goals.

2. Lionel Messi
Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as
a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team. Often considered
the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won
a record six Ballon d'Or awards and a record six European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire
professional career with Barcelona, where he has won a club-record 34 trophies, including ten La
Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and six Copas del Rey. A prolific goal scorer and a creative
playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (432), a La Liga and European league season
(50), most hat-tricks in La Liga (35) and the UEFA Champions League (8), and most assists in La Liga (174)
and the Copa América (13). He has scored over 700 senior career goals for club and country.

Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break
several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture
against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer
Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition.[123][124] In addition to being
the joint top assist provider with five assists, this feat made him top scorer with 14 goals, tying José
Altafini's record from the 1962–63 season, as well as becoming only the second player after Gerd
Müller to be top scorer in four campaigns. Two weeks later, on 20 March, Messi became the top
goalscorer in Barcelona's history at 24 years old, overtaking the 57-year record of César Rodríguez's
232 goals with a hat-trick against Granada.

3. David Beckham
David Robert Joseph Beckham born 2 May 1975 is an English former professional footballer, the
current president of Inter Miami CF and co-owner of SalfordCity. He played for Manchester
United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain and the England national
team, for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016. He is the first English
player to win league titles in four countries: England, Spain, the United States and France. He retired in
May 2013 after a 20-year career, during which he won 19 major trophies

Beckham's professional club career began with Manchester United, where he made his first-team debut in
1992 at age 17. With United, he won the Premier League title six times, the FA Cup twice, and the UEFA
Champions League in 1999. He then played four seasons with Real Madrid, winning the La
Liga championship in his final season with the club. In July 2007, Beckham signed a five-year contract
with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy. While a Galaxy player, he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan
in 2009 and 2010. He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games. In
international football, Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21. He
was captain for six years, earning 58 caps during his tenure. He made 115 career appearances in total,
appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments, in 1998, 2002 and 2006, and two UEFA European
Championship tournaments, in 2000 and 2004.

Known for his range of passing, crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger, Beckham has
been hailed as one of the greatest and most recognizable midfielders of his generation, as well as one of
the best set-piece specialists of all time

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
2. WWW.GOAL.COM
3. Evergreen Physical Education Book
4. Evergreen Physical Education Lab Manual

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