PP Human Behavior and Victimology 024700

PSSg Benjie A.
Nalogoc RCrim, MPA, MSCJ, CSP

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 1
Suggested Readings:

Behavior
refers to the actions of an organism or system,
usually in relation to its environment, which
includes the other organisms or systems around
as well as the physical environment. It is also a
response of the organism or system to various
stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external,
conscious or subconscious, overt or covert and
voluntary or involuntary.
Behavior- is anything that you can do, that can be
directly observed, measured, and repeated.
Examples:
a.Reading
b.Crawling
c.Singing
d.Holding hands and alike.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Human behavior
it is a range of actions and mannerisms

exhibited by humans in conjunction with
their environment, responding to a various
stimuli or inputs, whether internal or
external, conscious or unconscious, overt
or covert and voluntary or involuntary.
Human Behavior is influenced by many
factors including:
a. Culture
b. Emotions
c. Attitudes
d. Ethics
e. Authority
f. Motivation
g. Coercion
h. Beliefs
i. Reasoning
j. Values
k. Religions
l. Rapport
m. Persuasions
n. Genetics.
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

Human development
A process of a person’s growth and maturation

throughout their lifespan, where people are
able to develop their full potential while leading
productive and creative lives in accordance
with their interest and needs.

Four (4) Pillars of Human
Development
1. Equity- the idea that all persons are equal to all opportunities
and fairness.
2. Sustainability- that every person has the right to earn a living that
can sustain him or her; the right to access to goods more evenly
distributed among populations.
3. Production- the idea that people need more efficient social
programs to be introduce by the government.
4. Empowerment- people who are powerless, such as women,
need to be given power.
The Structure of Personality (Tripartite
Personality) according to Sigmund
Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund
Freud)

ID
• Allow us to get our basic needs. It is based
on our “pleasure principle” or True Psychic
Reality.
• Immediate satisfaction without consideration
the reality of the situation.
• Selfish, impulsive, primitive, childish,
pleasure-oriented part of personality with no
ability to delay gratification.
EGO
• Consider as the “reality principle” more
interaction, taking into account the constrains of
reality.
• Moderator between the ID and SUPER EGO.
• Acknowledges that being impulsive or selfish
can sometimes hurts us, so the ID must be
constrained.
SUPER EGO
• Consider as the “Conscience of Man”
• Its internalized society and parental
standard of “good’ and “bad’ and right or
wrong .

Level of Awareness (Topographical
Model) by Sigmund Freud
1. The Conscious Level- it consists awareness on sensation or

experiences at a given moment of time.
2. The Pre-Conscious Level- sometimes called “available memories”. It
encompasses all experiences that are not conscious at the moment but
which can easily be retrieved into awareness either spontaneously or
with a minimum effort.
3. The unconscious level- memories that are forgotten. Examples;
Forgotten trauma in childhood, hidden feelings of hostility toward present
and repressed sexual desires of which you are unaware.

Freud’s Model of Personality Development
(Psychosexual Stages)
1.Oral Stage (0-18 Months)-
2. Anal Stage (18 months-3 years)-
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
4. Latency Stage (6-11 years)

5. Genital Stage (11 years on)
Oral Stage (0-18 Months)-
• 1st psychosexual stage in which the infant source
of id is gratification is the mouth.
• Infant get pleasure from sucking and swallowing,
biting and chewing.
• A child who is frustrated at this stage may develop
and adult personality characterized by pessimism,
envy and suspicion.

Anal Stage (18 months-3 years)-
• At this stage, a child learns how much control they can exert
over other with anal sphincter muscles.
• Children can have immediate pleasure of expelling feces, but
that may cause their parents to punish them.
• A child may develop “anal expulsive character” if parents are
too lenient in this conflict. This is characterized by
disorganized, reckless and defiant. Conversely, a child may
develop “anal retentive character” which is neat, stingy and
obstinate.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
• Genitals became the primary source of pleasure.
• Child erotic pleasure focus on musterbation- self
manipulation of genitals.
• Develop sexual attraction to opposite sex.
• Boy develop unconscious desires for their mother and
become rival with their father for her affection.
• Oedipus Complex- this refers to an instance wherein
boys build up a warm and loving relationship with
mothers (Mommy’s boy)
• Electra Complex- this refers to an occasion wherein girls
experience an intense emotional attachment for their
fathers (Daddy’s Girl)
Latency Stage (6-11 years)
• Sexual interest is relatively inactive
in this stage.
• Sexual interest is going through the
process of sublimation and is being
converted into interest in
schoolwork, riding bicycles, playing
house and sports.

Genital Stage (11 years on)
• Refers to stage of puberty
and genital stage.
• Renewed interest in
obtaining sexual pleasure
through genitals.
• Masturbation becomes
frequent and lead to
orgasm for the first time.
• Sexual romantic interest
become central motive.
STAGE FOCUS
ORAL (0-18 months) Pleasure center on the mouth
(sucking, biting, chewing)
ANAL (18-36 months) Pleasure focus on bowel and
bladder elimination, coping
with demands for control
PHALIC (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is genitals;
coping with incestuous sexual
feeling
LATENCY (6 years to puberty) Phase of dormant sexual feeling
GENITAL (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interest
Freud Psychosexual Theory believes that
we are born with two basic instincts:
1.Eros-
• Involves sex drives and drives such as hunger and
thirst. (Named after the geek God of love)
2.Thanato-
• Striving for death
• Destructive motives such as hostility and
aggression. ( God of Death)
Trait Theory-
An attempt to learn and explain the traits that make
up personality, the difference between people in
terms of their personal characteristics, and how they
relate to actual behavior.
Trait- the characteristics of an individual, describing a
habitual way of behaving, thinking and feeling.

Kinds of Trait by Allport
a. Common Traits - personality traits that are shared by most
members of a particular culture.
b.Individual Traits - personality traits that define a person’s
unique individual qualities.
c. Central Traits - the core traits that characterized an
individual’s personality. Are major characteristics of our
personalities that are quite generalized and enduring.
d.Secondary Trait -traits that are inconsistent or relatively
superficial. Less generalized and far less enduring that affects our
behavior in specific circumstances.
Kinds of Traits by Goldberg (Big Five or
Five Factor Theory)
1. Extraversion- traits that are sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive,
persuasive, decisive and active with more extroverted traits such as
withdrawal, quiet, passive, retiring and reserved.
2. Neuroticism- people high on neuroticism are prone to emotional instability.
They tend to experience negative emotion, moody, irritable, nervous and
prone to worry.
3. Conscientiousness- individuals who are dependable, organized, reliable,
responsible, thorough hard-working.
4. Agreeableness- factor that is composed of collection of traits that range
from compassion to antagonism toward others. A person who would be
pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic and cooperative.
5. Openness to experience- individual who are imaginative, curious and
broad-minded. BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 27
Personality Trait by
Eysenck
1.Extrovert- a person who is sociable, outgoing
and active.
2.Introvert- a person who is withdrawn, quiet and
introspective.
3.Emotionally Unstable- traits that is being
anxious, excitable and easily disturbed.
Temperament-
Refers to the fundamental groundwork of
character, generally presumed to be biologically
determined and existent early in life, inclusive
traits like emotional reactiveness, energy level,
reaction tempo and motivation to explore.

Four (4) types of Temperament
• Melancholic - sad, gloomy

• Choleric -hot-tempered, irritable
• Phlegmatic -sluggish, calm
• Sanguine -cheerful, hopeful

Psychological Studies in relation to
Crime and delinquency.

August Aichorn- (Book entitled
Wayward Youth, 1925)
“The cause of crime and delinquency is the faulty

development of child during the first few years of
his life”. Identified the two categories of Criminal:
• Those with fully develop consciences but
identified with their criminal parents.
• Those who had been allowed to do what ever
they like by over-indulgent parents.
Cyril Burt- (Youth Delinquent, 1925)
Proponent of “Theory of General Emotionality”-

according to his theory, offenses can be traced to
either in excess or deficiency of a particular
instincts which accounts for the tendency of many
criminal to be “weak willed or easily led”.

William Healy (Individual Delinquency,
1916)
• Crime is an expression of mental content of

individual.
• Frustration of individual causes emotional distress.
• Personality demands removal of pain and pain is
eliminated by substitute behavior.

Healy and Bonner (1936) conducted a study of 105 pairs
of brothers where one was persistent offender and the
other a non-offender. Finding: only 19 of the offenders
and 30 of the non-offenders had experience good quality
family conditions. Findings suggested that
circumstances within a household may be favorable
for one child but not the siblings.

Walter Bromberg (Crime and the Mind,
1946)
• He noted that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity.

• A person is emotionally matured if he has learned to control his
emotion effectively and who lives at peace with himself and
harmony with standards of conduct which are acceptable to the
society.
• Emotionally immature person- rebels against rules and
regulations, engage in usual activity, feeling of guilt due to
inferiority complex.

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF
DEVELOPMENT (ERICK
ERICKSON)
Describes the eight stages through which a
healthy developing human should pass infancy
to late adulthood.
COGNITIVE(MENTAL)
DEVELOPMENT THEORY
(Jean Piaget)

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY (Jean Piaget)
• Suggest that move through four (4) different stages of mental
development.
• How children acquire knowledge, but also understanding the
nature of intelligence.
children take active role in the learning process, acting much like little
scientist, as they performed experiments, makes observation, and
learn about the world. As they interact, they continually add new
knowledge, held ideas to accommodate new information.
SOCIO- CULTURAL THEORY (Lev Vygotsky)
• Foundation of Constructivism- asserts three major themes (social interaction, more
knowledgeable other and the zone of proximal development)
• It urges social interaction precedes development.
• Consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.
• Social interaction plays a fundamental role in process of cognitive development.
• Social learning precedes development.
• Vygotsky states “every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice”. 1st,
on the social level (between people or interpsychological)
• 2nd on the individual level (inside the child or intrapsychological)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY MODEL 1

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (MODEL 2)

BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY
(Urie Bronfenbrenner)

BIOECOLOGICAL THEORY (Urie
Bronfenbrenner)
• Also known as HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY
• States that human development is influenced
by different types of environmental system.
• It helps understand why way may behave
differently when we compare our behavior in
the presence of our family and our behavior
when we are in school or at work.
Five (5) Environmental Systems- It explains that we encounter different
environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in
varying degrees.
1. Micro System- those environments which we have had directs contacts- (family,
friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors etc)
2. Mesosystem- involves the relationships between the microsystem s in our life. ( the
relationships between your classmates and your teachers may have influence your
behavior)
3. Exosystem- setting in which a link between the context where in the person does not
have any active role and a context where in is actively participating. ( The absence of
the father or the mother while raising a child may influence of the child’s behavior)
4. Macrosystem- The actual culture of an individual. It involves socio economic status of
the person, his race, ethnicity and living. (being born poor makes a person to work
harder)
5. Chronosystem- transition or shifts in ones' lifespan. Example (Family Problems/
divorce/ may affects the behavior of the child) from closed family ties to broken
gamily.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(Lawrence Kohlberg)
• States that morality starts from the early childhood

years and can be affected by several factors.
• Found out that children are faced with different
moral issues and their judgements on whether to
act positive or negative are influence by several
factors.
ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
a. It is something that deviating form the normal of differing from the typical.
b. It is a characteristic assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional
conditions.
c. It is abnormal when it is unusual, socially unacceptable, self- defeating,
dangerous, or suggestive of faulty interpretation of reality or of personal
distress.
d. It is deviant, maladaptive, distressful over a long period of time.
e. American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines abnormal behavior as
mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person brain and can affect
the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with people.

Psychopathology
The scientific study of mental disorders. It also

defined the origin of mental disorder, how they
develop, and symptoms they might produce in
person.

The 4 Ds in defining
Abnormality
1. Deviance-
2. Distress-
3. Dysfunction
4. Danger-
1.Deviance- thoughts, behaviors and emotions
that are not acceptable or not common in the
society.
2.Distress- this term accounts for negative
feelings by the individual with the disorder. He or
she may feel deeply troubled and affected by
their illness.
3. Dysfunction- involves maladaptive behavior that
impairs the individual’s ability to perform normal daily
functions. This behavior prevents individual’s from living
normal, heathy life style. It is not always caused by
disorder, it may be voluntary, such as engaging in hunger
strike, rallies and demonstrations.
4. Danger- violent or dangerous s behaviors directed at the
individual or environment. Example: engaging in suicidal
activity.
Modes of Abnormality
1.Behavioral- Behaviorism states that all behavior

(including abnormal) is learned from the environment
(nurture)and that all behavior that has been learnt can
also be unlearnt (which is how abnormal behavior
treated). Abnormal behavior is acquired through classical
conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning.

2. Cognitive- it assumes that person’s thoughts are responsible
for their behavior. It deals with how information is processed in
the brain and the impact of this on behavior. The basic
assumptions are:
a.Maladaptive behavior is caused by faulty and irrational
cognation.
b.It is the way you thing about the problem, rather than the
problem itself the cause mental disorder.
c.Individual can overcome mental disorders by learning to use
more appropriate cognitions.
3. Medical/biological- this approach argues that mental
disorders are related to physical structure and functioning of the
brain.
Example: Differences in brain structure (abnormalities in frontal

and pre-frontal cortex, enlarged ventricles) have been identified
in people with schizophrenia- serious mental disorder which
people interpret reality abnormally (hallucinations, delusion and
extreme disorder thinking)
Psychodynamic- Freud’s believes that abnormality came from
4.
psychological causes rather than physical causes that unresolved

conflicts between the id, ego and super ego.
For Example:
a. Weak Ego- If the reality principle (ego) is weak, then either the Id
(pleasure principle) or ego (conscience principle) which ever is stronger
may dominate the personality.
b. Uncheck Id Impulses- if Id impulses are unchecked, they may be
express in self destructive and immoral behavior. This may lead to
childhood disorder.
c. Too powerful Superego- if the super ego is strong, it may restrict the id to
such an extent that the person will be deprived of even socially acceptable
pleasures. Which could be express in symptoms of anxiety disorder,
phobias and obsessions.

Identification of Abnormal
Behavior

1. Deviation from Statistical Norm-
a.The world abnormal means “away from the norm” a person
who is extremely intelligent should be classified as abnormal.
b.It is statistically abnormal for a person to get 145 on an IQ test
or to get score below 55, but only the lowest score is considered
abnormal. (intelligence)
c.A person who is anxious all time has a high level of anxiety and
someone who almost never feels anxiety are all consider to be
abnormal (Anxiety)

2. Deviation from Social Norm-
Behavior that deviates from the standard
is consider to be abnormal behavior.

3. Maladaptive Behavior- it is how behavior affects the
well being of the individual and/or social group.
Example: a man who attempts to commit suicide or a
paranoid who tries to assassinate President Rodrigo
Duterte.
Two aspects of Maladaptive behavior:
• Maladaptive to One’s self- inability to reach goal or
adapts the demand of life.
• Maladaptive to Society- persons obstructions or
disruption to social group functioning.
4. Personal Distress- abnormality in terms of the
individual’s subjective feelings, personal distress
rather than behavior. (mentally ill, feeling miserable,
anxious, depressed and may suffer from insomnia)

5. Failure to Function Adequately- abnormal
if they failed to cope with the demands of
everyday life. Or unable to perform the
behaviors necessary for day-to-day living
(self-care, hold down a job, interact to others)

6. Deviation from ideal Mental Health (healthier
Individual)
a.Positive view of one self
b.Capability for growth and development
c.Autonomy and independence
d.Accurate perception of reality
e.Positive friendships and relationships
f.Environmental mastery
Symptoms of Abnormal behavior
1.Long period of discomfort- worrying about a calculus test or

grieving the death of a love one.
2. Impaired Functioning- distinction between passing period of

inefficiency and prolonged inefficiency which seems an
explainable.
Example: a brilliant person consistently fails in his classes or

someone who constantly changes his jobs for no apparent
reasons.
3. Bizarre Behavior- has no rational basis seems to indicate
that the individual is confused. Example: Psychoses
frequently result in hallucinations (baseless sensory
perception) or delusions (beliefs which are patently false yet
held as true by the individuals)
4. Disruptive Behavior- means impulsive, apparently

uncontrollable behavior that disrupts the lives of the others or
deprives them of their human rights on a regular basis.
Example: Anti-social Personality Disorder.
MENTAL DISORDER

• Mental disorder- refers to the significant
impairment in psychological functioning.
• Also called mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is
behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant
distress or impairment of personal functioning.

In 2013 the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
defined mental disorder as a syndrome
characterized by clinically significant disturbance in
an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or
behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the
psychological, biological or developmental process
underlying mental functioning.
What is mental retardation (MR?)
a.A condition of limited ability in which an individual
has a low intelligence quotient (IQ)
b.Below 70 IQ in a traditional IQ test
c.Difficulty in adapting everyday life
d.Exhibited characteristic during developmental
period by age 18.
Adaptive skills are term that refers to skills
needed for daily life such as the ability to
understand language, (communication) home living
skills, use of community resources; health, safety,
leisure, self-care and social skills; self-direction;
functional academic skills (reading, writing,
arithmetic) and job-related skills.

Four (4) different levels of mental
retardation.

1. Mild Mental Retardation-
• Only 85% of the mentally retarded population
• IQ score from 50-70
• Academic skills up to Grade 6
• Can live independently, self-sufficient but with
community and social support.

2. Moderate Mental Retardation-
• Only 10% of the mentally retarded population
• IQ score from 35-55
• Can carry out work and self-care but with moderate
supervision.
• Can acquire communication skills in childhood
• Able to live and function successfully in such
supervised environments as GROUP HOMES.
3. Severe Mental Retardation-
• Only 3-4% of mentally retarded population
• IQ score of 20-40
• They may master self-care and
communication skills
• Able to live in a group homes.
4. Profound Mental Disorder-
• Only 1-2% of the mentally retarded population
• IQ Score of 20-25
• Able to develop basic self care and communication
skills with appropriate support and training.
• Need higher level of structure and supervision.
• Often caused by neurological disorder.

Causes and Symptoms of
Mental Disorder

1. Genetic Factor-
• About 30%of mental retardation is caused by hereditary factors.
• It may be caused by inherited genetic abnormality such as Fragile X
Syndrome.
Fragile X Syndrome- the development of extra chromosomes
18 or (trisomy 18) and Down Syndrome also called mongolism
or (trisomy 21) a genetic condition caused by extra
chromosomes consider as the most common chromosomal
anomaly in humans.
Note: X and Y chromosomes determine the biological
sex of an individual.
Females- inherit an X chromosome from the father
for XX genotype.
Males- inherit Y chromosomes from the father for a
XY genotype
Mother only pass on X chromosomes.

2. Prenatal Illness and Issues-
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)- affect 1 in 3,000 children in
Western Countries. It is caused by the mother’s heavy drinking
during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.
• During pregnancy, drinking alcohol may cause learning disabilities
to in children.
• Drug abuse and cigarette may link to mental retardation.
• Maternal infection during pregnancy may cause mental retardation

• High blood pressure or hypertension, blood poisoning/toxemia-
the flow of oxygen to the fetus may reduce causing brain
damage or mental retardation.
• Birth defects that cause physical deformities can cause mental
retardation.
• Neural tube defects- (spinal cord does not close completely)
may develop accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull
(hydrocephalus)- can cause learning impairment.
3. Childhood illness Injuries-
• Hyperthyroidism- a bacterial infection may cause mental retardation-
(whooping, chicken fox, measles and hib disease if they are not treated
adequately.
• Meningitis-infection of the membrane covering the brain.
• Encephalitis- can cause swelling that in turn may cause brain damage
and mental retardation.
• Traumatic brain Injury- caused by blow to the head or violent shaking
of the upper body may also cause brain damage and mental retardation
of the children.

4. Environmental Factor-
• Neglected or ignored infants who are not provided
with mental and physical stimulation required for
development may suffer irreversible learning
impairment.
• Children who live in extreme poverty
• Malnutrition
• Abuse and improper medical care
• Exposure to lead or mercury
• Early exposure to drugs abuses.
Intelligence Tests to Measure learning abilities and
intellectual functioning.
a.Standford-Binet Intelligence Skills
b.Wechsler Intelligence Skills
c.Weschsler Preschool Preschool and Primary Scale
of Intelligence
d.Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.
Prevention of Mental Retardation
• Immunization can prevent disease or illness
• Routine developmental screening for children as part of
pediatric care
• Newborn screening for infant
• Good parental care
• Prenatal care for pregnant.
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AD
INTELLIGENCE

Criminal behavior-
• Behavior which is criminal in nature.
• Behavior which violates LAW
• The moment the person violates the law, he has already
exhibited criminal behavior.
• Conduct of offender that may leads to including the
commission of criminal act.

Three (3) elements are necessary to consider behavior as
criminal (according to Goldoozian)
• Legality- Criminal act should be prohibited by law

• Materially- criminal act should be executed or materialized
• Spiritually- criminal act should be accompanied by intent
or guilt.

Origin of Criminal behavior

1. Biological Factor- implies that criminal acts are unavoidable,
inevitable consequences of bad seed or bad blood.
The following are some studies and theories related to biological

causes of crime:
a.Born Criminal (Cesare Lombroso)
b.Physique and Somatotype (Ernst Kretschmer and William
Sheldon)
c.Juke and Kallikak (Richard Dugdale & Henry Goddard)

2. Personality Disorder Factor- exhibits a pervasive
pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of
others.
a.Anti-social personality disorder (Psycho -analytic

Theory-Sigmund Freud)

3. Learning Factor- criminal behavior is learn by
observing and listening around us.
a.Differential Association theory- Edwin Sutherland

b.Imitation Theory- Gabriel Tarde
c.Identification Theory- Daniel Classer

4. Biological Approach- emphasizes the role of biological
processes and heredity as the key to understanding
behavior.
5. Humanistic Approach-focuses on how human have

evolved and adapted behaviors required for survival
against various environment pressures over the long
course of evolution.

6. Behavioral/Social learning approach- emphasizes the role of
environment in shaping behaviors.
a.Behavioral personality theory- model of personality that emphasizes
learning and observable behavior.
b.Social Learning Theory- personality that combines learning principles,
cognition and effects of social relationships.
c.Self- reinforcement- rewarding oneself for having made a particular
response.
d.Identification- feeling of emotionally connected to a person in a way of
seeing oneself or herself- this encourages imitation. A child admires
adults who love and care for him/her and this encourage imitation.

7. Cognitive Approach- differences in the way
people process information to explain differences in
behavior. Role of mental process that underlie
behavior.

Intelligence and Criminality

Human intelligence- it reflects a very
general mental capability that, among other
things, involves the ability to reason, plan,
solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend
complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from
experiences.

Binet Scale of Human Intelligence
IQ SCORE ORIGINAL NAME MODERN NAME

Below 20 Idiot Profound
20-49 Imbecile Severe
50-69 Moron/Feebleminded Moderate
70-79 Borderline Deficiency Mild
80-89 Dull Dull Normal
90-109 Normal Average
110-119 Superior
120-139 Very Superior
Over 140 Genius or Near Genius
CRIMINAL LAW and INTELLIGENCE

a. McNaughton (M’Naghten) Rule- (English Court decision) “If he does not know
what he is doing, he is not responsible for his act”. (insanity defense)
a. Durham Rule-“ States that an accused is not criminally responsible if his

unlawful acts is the product of mental diseases or mental defects” (insanity
defense) or also known as irresistible impulse.
a. ALI “Substantial Capacity” Test- integrated by American Law Institutes (ALI)

improved M’Nagthen and Irresistible impulse tests. It states that” person is not
responsible for his criminal act if, as a result of mental disease or defects, he
lacks substantial capacity to appreciate criminality of his act or to conform his
conduct to the requirements of the law”.
INSANITY AND CRIMINAL LAW IN THE
PHILIPPINES
a. Establishing insanity of the accused requires opinion or
testimony which may be given by a witness who is intimately
acquainted with the accuse;
b. By a witness who has rational basis to conclude that the
accused was insane base the witness own perception of the
accused, or
c. By witness who is qualified as an EXPERT, such as
PSYCHIATRIST. TESTIMONY of the accused’s insanity must
relate to the time preceding or coetaneous with the
commission of an offense which he is charged.
REVISED PENAL CODE
a.Art 12- exempt a person from criminal liability in
consideration of intelligence (imbecile or insane
during the commission of a crime)
b.RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice Act) minimum age of
Criminal Liability (15 years old below-exempted from
CL whether he acted with discernment or not.

Chapter II
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND
COPING/DEFENSE
MECHANISM

EMOTION -
• Refers to feelings affective responses as a result of

physiological arousal, thoughts, and beliefs,
subjective evaluation and bodily expression.
• Characterized by facial expressions, gestures,
postures and subjective feelings.
• It is associated by mood, temperament, personality
and disposition.

Theories of Emotion

1. James-Lange Theory by William James and Carl
Lange
• Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in

the environment.
• Emotion occurs after physiological reactions.
• States that “changed situations leads to Changed bodily states”
• The perception of bodily changes as they occur is the emotion”.
• We feel sad, because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid
because we tremble, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry or
fearful as the case may be”.

2. Cannon-Bard Theory by Philip Bard and
Walter Cannon
• Suggest that people feel emotion and then act upon them. This
is a theory that emotion and physiological reactions occurs
simultaneously. This action includes changes in muscular
tension, perspiration, etc.
• Suggest that emotion is the results of one’s perception of their
reaction, or bodily change”.

3. Two Factor Theory- provided by Schacter and
Singer
• Emotion is the cognitive interpretation of a
physiological response.
• Most people consider this to be the common
sense

Two Factor Theory- provided by Schacter and Singer

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EI)
• Cognitive ability that facilitates interpersonal behavior
• Popularized by Dr. Daniel Goleman- he describes EI as
persons ability to manage his feelings so that those
feelings are express appropriately and effectively.
• Capacity to understand and manage emotion.

Five components of Emotional
Intelligence by Goleman.
1. Awareness- ability to understand your own strength and weaknesses.

2. Self-regulation- ability to control or exercise restrain when expressing
emotion
3. Empathy- compassion and able to connect with other people on an
emotional level/ helping them respond genuinely to other concern.
4. Social Skills- able to build trust with other people, quickly gain respect
from the people they met.
5. Motivation- has self-motivated, resilient, driven by inner ambition rather
them influence by outside force, such as money or prestige.

CONFLICT
• Stressful condition that occurs when a person
must choose between incompatible or
contradictory alternatives.
• Negative emotional states cause by inability to
choose between two or more incompatible goals
or Impulse.
• When two or more motives cannot be satisfied
because the interfere with one another.
Types of Conflicts
1.Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)
Conflict that could be going on inside the person

and no one would know.

2. Social Conflict: Kinds of social conflicts
• Interpersonal
• Two individuals me against you
• Inter-group struggles- us against them
• Individual opposing group- me against them, them
against me
• Intra-group conflict- members of group all against
each other on task.

3. Approach- avoidance-
• Approach- speaks to things that we want
• Avoidance- speaks to things that we don’t
want.

Kinds of Approach -Avoidance
Conflicts

Approach- Approach conflict- an individual
must choose between two positive goals of the
same value, two pleasing things are wanted, but
only one option should be chosen.
Example: Choosing between two promising

jobs with high salary.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict-
individual must choose between two or
more negative outcomes.
Example: to take alcoholic drinks or

gambling?
Approach -Avoidance Conflict- when there is an
alternative and unattractive part to both sides. It
arises when obtaining a positive goal necessitates
a negative outcome as well.
Examples: Gina is beautiful but she is lazy. I want
her because she is beautiful, but I don’t like her
laziness. Cheating will bring guilt and reduced self-
esteem, but also a good grade.
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict- it
requires individual to choose between
alternatives that contain both positive and
negative consequences.

Functional versus Dysfunctional
Conflicts

a.Dysfunctional Conflict- if conflict disrupts,
hinders jobs performance and upset personal
psychological functioning. (kung nagging
sagabal o balakid sa isang Gawain)
b.Functional Conflict- if conflict is responsive
and innovative aiding in creativity and viability.
(hindi sagabal)
Crime and Conflict.
Criminal behavior as an indicator of conflict within the
person, emphasizing either:
1.Failure to resolves tension generated in the
course of interaction between the organism and
human figures in its environment.
2.Tensions generated by persons inability to satisfy
the contradictory expectations of others, or else to
mobilize the resources needed to perform a role
assigned to him.

DEPRESSION -

Depression- Is an illness that causes a person to feel
sad and hopeless much of the time.
Causes of depression:
a.Major events that create stress (death in the
family)
b.Illness (heart disease, or cancer)
c.Medicines (steroids, narcotics for pain relief)
d.Alcohol or illegal drugs
Symptoms of depression:
a. Think and speak more slowly than normal
b. Have trouble in making decision, concentrating and remembering
c. Changes in eating and sleeping habit
d. Loss of interest in things they enjoyed before.
e. Feeling of guild and hopelessness
f. Think a lot about suicide and death
g. Complaint problems that don’t have physical cause such as headache
and stomachache.

Different forms of
depression.

Major depressive disorder-
characterized by a combination of
symptoms that interfere with a person
ability to work, sleep, study, eat and
enjoy once-pleasurable activities.

Dysthymic Disorder- (Dysthymia) less severe
depressive symptoms that major depressive
disorder, manifest nearly constant depressed
mood for at least 2 years accompanied by at
least two or more of the following:
• Decrease/increase in eating
• Difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping
• Low energy fatigue
• Low self-esteem
• Difficulty concentrating or making decision
• Feeling hopeless.
Psychotic Depression- characterized by
hallucinations, delusions and break with
reality.

Postpartum Depression- it occurs after
having a baby- develop within one month
after a baby was born. (10-15 of women
experience Postpartum)

Seasonal Affective Disorder- (SAD)
characterized by depressive illness usually
occurred during winter months when there is
less natural sunlight- it generally lifts during
spring and summer- treatment (light therapy).

Bipolar Disorder- also called manic
depressive illness- characterized by
cyclical mode changes from extreme
highs (mania) to extreme lows
(depression)

Endogenous Depression- means feeling
depressed for no apparent reason.
(endogenous means from within the body)

Situational Depression or Reactive
Depression- also called (Adjustment disorder with
depressed mood) – develop in response to a
specific stressful situation or event. It causes
significant distress or impairs usual functioning
such as relationship, work, school and do not meet
the criteria for major depressive disorder.

Agitated Depression- characterized by
agitation such as physical and emotional
restlessness, irritability, insomnia.

How to battle Depression?
a.Socializing- eating out, movies, games with family
and friends.
b.Helping others need- volunteer work, feeding the
homeless etc.
c.Praying- works for all moods, especially depression.

Depression and Criminality
a. People with depression might more likely to commit a violent crime
other than those without depression. (Study conducted in Swidden)
b. People with depression were 5-6 times more likely than those in
general population to harm others or themselves. (Oxford University of
England)
c. Vast majority of depressed person were not convicted of violent
crimes.
d. 4% of depresses men and 0.5%of depressed women committed
violent crime after their depression diagnosis. Compared with slightly
1% of men and 0.2% of women in general population.
e. There is considerable concerned about self-harm and suicide in
depression. BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 142
STRESS

STRESS
Refers to the consequence of the failure of
an organism- human or animals to respond
appropriately to emotional or physical threats,
whether actual or imagined.

What is Stressor?
Anything physical or psychological that
produces stress (negative or positive)
Example: Being promoted- positive event; new
responsibilities, work load- produce a great deal of
stress.

Two types of Stress:
Eustress (Positive)
Distress (Negative)

1. Eustress (Positive) it is a stress that is healthy
or gives feeling of fulfillment or positive feelings.
Examples:
a.Promotion
b.Marriage
c.Buying home
d.Having a child
e.Vacation
f. Holiday season
g.Retiring
h.Learning new hobby
i. Starting a new job.
2. Distress- known as negative stress, not resolved
through coping or adaption, deemed distress- may lead to
anxiety or withdrawal. Effects of distress are:
a.Ineffective in task
b.Self-defeating behavior
c.Anxiety and fear
d.Dangerous action
e.Accident
f. Suicidal behavior
Example of negative personal stressors:
a.Death of spouse
b.Filing divorce
c.Losing contact with loves ones
d.Separation
e.Unemployment
f.Legal problems
g.Injury or illness
h.Hospitalization bills
Three Stages of Stress (General
Arousal {Adaptation} Syndrome)

1. Alarm- 1st stage when stressor is identified or realized, the body’s
stress response in a state of alarm- in this stage, adrenaline will be
produced in order to bring about the FLIGHT-OR FIGHT response.
2. Resistance- 2nd stage, if the stressor persists, it become
necessary to attempt some means of coping with stress.
3. Exhaustion- 3rd and final stage, all resources of the body is used
and the body is unable to maintain normal function. Automatic
nervous system symptoms may reappear sweating, raised heart
rate, etc.

Types and Categories of
Stress

a.Acute stress- what most people identify
as stress.
Characteristics:
• tension,
• headaches,
• emotional upsets,
• gastrointestinal disturbance,
• felling of agitation and
• pressure.

b. Episodic Acute Stress- more serious and
can lead to;
• Migraines
• Hypertension
• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Anxiety
• Depression
• And serios gastrointestinal distress

c. Chronic Stress- most serious of all- the
stress that never ends, such as:
• diabetes,
•Decreased immune-competence
•Cancer is its hallmark

d. Traumatic Stress- results of massive acute
stress, the effects of which can reverberate
through our systems for years. Post traumatic
stress disorder is treatable and reversible and
usually requires professional aid.

Types of Short-term
Stress

1.Acute time- limited stress that come
on suddenly without warning but
short in duration.
Examples:
a.Public speaking’
b.Doing math in your head

2. Brief Naturalistic Stress- short in duration,
a.Classroom test
b.Final exam

Types of Long-Term Stress

1.Stressful event sequences- single event that
starts from a chain of challenging situation.
Example:
a.Losing a job
b.Surviving natural disaster

2. Chronic Stress- it lacks a clear end
point. Often, they force people to assume
new roles or change their self-perception
or life changing event:
a.Injury leading to permanent disability.

3. Distant Stress- has long lasting effects on
emotional and mental health. Example:
a.Childhood sexual abuse
b.Trauma from combat experience

How stress affect human behavior?
Stress can contribute to health problems such as
headaches, high blood pressure, heart problems and skin
condition, it may influence cognitive processes. People
changes behavior when under stress.

FRUSTRATION

FRUSTRATION
a.Negative emotional state that occurs when one
is prevented from reaching a goal.
b.Tension and heightened sympathetic activity
resulting from blocked goal.
c.It may be external or personal.

External Frustration- distress cause by outwardly
perceivable conditions that impedes progress toward
goals.
Internal /personal frustration- distress cause by
individuals inners characteristics that impedes
progress toward a goal.

Sources of Frustration:
a.Physical obstacle- prevent a person from doing his
plan (typhoon, police, flat tires)
b.Social circumstances- obstacles, restrictions by other
people, customs and law of social being.
c.Personal Shortcoming- handicapped, diseases,
blindness, deafness or paralysis
d.Conflict between motive- wanting to study at the
same time wanting to find a job.
Common response to frustration:
a. Aggression- a response with the intent of harming
some person or objects. Infliction may be physical or
psychological. (kicking or shouting toward other
persons)
b.Displaced Aggression- redirecting aggression to a
target other than the actual source of one’s frustration.
(inflicting physical harm to animals instead of humans)
c. Scapegoating- act of blaming other person or group
of people for condition not of their making.
d.Scape- leaving frustrating situation or by
psychologically withdrawing form them such as apathy
(pretending not to care) or illegal drugs use.
Frustration and aggression theory:
Frustration turning into aggression.
Aggression – a malicious behavior or attitude
toward someone or something, usually
triggered by frustration.

Frustration induced criminality:
Individuals who employ violence to reduce this
frustration will under extreme frustration,
become more vigorous than usual possibly even
resorting to murder and other violent action.

Hypothesis of Catharsis:
This explains that in order to release your aggression, you
directed it toward something.
Example: screaming, crying, punching, kicking, then you

will be less violent and aggressive in a day-to-day life,
having release your aggression.

COPING MECHANISM
VS.
DEFENSE MECHANISM

Coping Mechanism-
a)the sum total of ways in which people deal with
minor to major stress and trauma.
b)Conscious or unconscious reaction or activity
(skills, learned behavior, mastery) to reduced
stress.

Defense Mechanism-
a)Individual way of reacting to frustration.
b)Unconscious psychological strategies brought into play
by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain
self-image.
c)Are methods that ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or
emotions that may cause personal anxiety (Freud)
d)It is unrealistic strategies used by the ego to discharge.
The following are the list of
coping mechanism :

• Acting out- literally means acting out the desires that are
forbidden by the super ego (conscience) and yet desire by the
id (pleasure).
• Example: an addict gives in his desire to take alcohol or
drugs.
• Aim inhibition-desire and goals that we believe or realized

that we are unable to achieve.
• Example: a person who desires to have sex to opposites
but unable to fulfill such desires due to shortness.
• Altruism- avoid your own pain by concentrating
on the pain of the other. Helping other to feel
good.
• Example: a self-made millionaire who grew in
poverty sets up charitable institution to help
the poor. By helping the poor, he gains great
pleasure, social accolade and recognition for
his good deeds.
• Attack- the best form of defense is to attack.
When we feel threatened or attacked, we will
attack back.
• Example: a person having problem with
his computer will angrily bangs the
keyboard.
• Avoidance- finding ways of avoiding uncomfortable
situations, things or activities.
• Example: You dislike another person at work and
when people talk about him, you say nothing.
• Compartmentalization- “divide and conquer process”
for separating thoughts that will conflict with one
another.
• Example: Johnny is an angel in school and demon
at home:
• Compensation- means, if you are poor in one specific field, you
compensate by accentuating or building up strength in another
area.
• Example: A person who failed in this subject, but excelled
in another subject.
• Conversion- when cognitive tensions manifest themselves in
physical symptoms.
• Example: Physiological reaction after watching
pornographic videos.
• Denial- refusing to acknowledge that an event has
occurred.
• Example: Your classmate told you that you failed the
board exam, but you still don’t believe it.
• Displacement- shifting your actions from desired target to
a substitute target when there are some reasons why the
first target is not permitted or not available.
• Example: a woman, rejected by her boyfriend, goes
out with another man on the rebound.
• Dissociation- separation of ideas from the main area of
conscious mind.
• Example: You preaches kindness to all, yet is cruel to
animals, without realizing that there is a conflict between
the two.
• Emotionality- our negative emotions (anger, fear, jealousy)
these can affect others around us.
• Example: Your personal problem can contribute
significantly to family problems.

• Fantasy or Day Dreaming- when you cannot achieve or do
something that you want (like going abroad) you channel your
energy by fantastic imagining.
• Example: a boy who is punished by his teacher creates
fantasies of shooting the Teacher.
• Flight -or Fight Reaction- when you are in danger but to have no
option to protect yourself is to fight or flight.
• Example: You were approached by man armed with a knife
and declared hold-up. You have only two option; to fight the
threat or run away to save your life and property.
• Identification- changing apparent facets of personal identity to copy
other personality.
• Example: meeting adopts similar body language of another
person and to take the same viewpoint.
• Intellectualization- refers to “flight into reason” where the person

avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic.
• Example: A person who is heavily debt builds a complex
spreadsheet of how long it would take to repay using different
payment options and interest rates.

• Introjection- occurs as a coping mechanism when we
take on attributes if other people who seem better able to
cope with the situation than we do.
Example: I have to give a presentation but feel scared.
So, I imagined myself that I am with Barrack Obama
and I am confidently delivering my address to the
United Nation.
• Passive Aggression- appears when a person is asking to
do something which she wants to avoid for some reason.
By appearing to agree but not making any real
commitment, she can avoid the action.
Example: entering into a signing agreement, but when

it comes to the date of signing, she finds reason why
she cannot do the same.
• Post -Traumatic Growth- an individual who suffered a
traumatic experience somehow finds ways to turn it into
something good.
• Example: A mother who has lost his son in cancer raises
significant money for cancer charities.
• Projection- when a person has uncomfortable thoughts or
feelings, she /he may project these onto other people assigning
the thoughts of feelings that she /he need to repress to a
convenient alternative target.
• Example: unfaithful husband suspects his wife of infidelity.
• Provocation or Free-Floating- when a person feels stressed
his/her way to avoid dealing with the real issue is to provoke
others into some kind of reaction.
• Example:
• Reaction Formation- occurs when a person feels an urge to do

or say something and then actually does or say something that
is effectively the opposite of what he/she really wants.
• Example: a man who is gay has a number of conspicuous
heterosexual affairs and openly criticizes gay.
• Rationalization- accepting to what really happened.
• Example:
• Regression- response of a stressful situation.
• Example: taking the position of a child in some problematic
situation, rather than acting in a more adult way.
• Repression- involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively
inaccessible areas of subconscious mind.
• Example: a child who is abused by a parent later has no
recollection of the events, but has trouble in forming
relationship.
• Self-harming- harming oneself.
• Example: slapping oneself, punching, taking narcotic
drugs, cutting oneself a knife, reckless driving.
• Somatization- when psychological problem turns into physical

and subconscious symptoms.
• Example: a policeman, who has very restricted in his
professional behavior, develops hypertension.

• Sublimation- transformation of unwanted impulses into something less
harmful.
Example: I am angry. I go out and chop wood. I end up with a
useful pile of firewood. I am also fitter and nobody is harmed.
• Suppression- this is where the person consciously and deliberately

pushes down any thought that leads to feelings of anxiety.
Example: An older man has sexual feeling towards a teenager and

quickly suppresses the thought.

• Substitution- this takes something that leads to discomfort
and replace it with something that does not lead to discomfort.
Example: Instead of going to the mall to buy new cloths, I will
log on Lazada and buy online.
• Symbolization- a way of handling inner conflict by turning
into distinct symbols.
Example: a man asks for the woman’s hand, symbolizing the
hand in a marriage.

• Trivializing- when we faced disappointments, we make
something joke, laughing it off.
Example: I lost a lot of money due to gambling. I tell myself
that I didn’t need it anyway.
• Undoing- an act of “undo” a previous unacceptable act or

thought.
Example: A man who has been unkind to his wife buys her
flowers (but does not apologize)

Positive Coping-
a.Immediate problem solving- seeking to fix the
problem asap
b.Root-cause solving- seeking to solve the underlying
cause of the problem
c.Benefit-finding- looking for good things amongst the
bad.
d.Spiritual Growth- finding ways of turning the problem
into a way to grow spiritually or emotionally. Example:
if you failed the exam, Study religiously (hard.)
Chapter-III
MENTAL
DISORDER
MENTAL DISORDER
a.Mental disorder is abroad term used to group of
physical and psychological symptoms that cause
abnormal thoughts and behaviors.
b.More commonly referred as mental illness.
c.Mental illness maybe associated with the brain.

Causes of Mental Disorder:
The most common model used to explain mental
disorder occurs called BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL.
• BIO- means biological
• PSYCHO-means psychological
• SOCIAL- means social factors that contribute mental
disorder.
NEUROSIS and PSYCHOSIS
Neurosis-
a.is a class of functional mental disorder involving distress
but neither delusions nor hallucinations, whereby
behavior is not outside socially accepted norms.
b.It is also called psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder-
suffering from this disorder is called neurotic.

Symptoms of neurosis:
• Anxiety reaction-characterized by fearfulness, tension,

restlessness.
• Dissociative reaction- disassociation of certain aspects
of experience or memory (sleepwalking to amnesias and
multiple personality disturbance)
• Conversion reaction- illustrates symbolic resolution of
conflicts that imitates the effects of physical illness like
paralysis, blindness, anesthesia etc.
• Phobic Reaction- intense irrational fear of specific
objects or events.
• Obsessive -compulsive reaction- has repetitive,
irrational thoughts (obsessions) and or action
(compulsions) involves some symbolic effort at conflict
resolution.
• Depressive Reaction- refers to depression,
accompanied by guilt, feelings of inferiority and
anxiety.
Psychosis-
• means abnormal condition of the mind.
• Loss of contact with reality.
• People suffering from psychosis are said to be
psychotic.
• Disorganization of personality, impaired vocational and
social function and intellectual deterioration.

Characteristics of Psychosis:
• Disorientation of time place and person
• Delusion (false belief)
• Hallucination (false perception)
• Distortion of thinking association
• Bizarre behavior.

Symptoms of Psychosis:
• Involution Reaction- demonstrates severe depression during involution
(engagement) period without previous history of psychosis.
• Affective reaction- presence of inappropriate exaggerated mood.
• Manic -depressive Reaction- cyclical disturbance involving various
combinations of or alternation between excitement and delusional optimism on
the one hand and immobilizing, delusional depression on other.
• Schizophrenic Reaction- bizarre behavior; disturbance of thought and reality
testing; emotional withdrawal; and varying levels of psychotic thinking and
behavior.

ANXIETY DISORDER-
a. Psychological disorder that involves excessive levels of negative
emotions, such as nervousness, tension, worry fright and anxiety.
b. Feeling of apprehension, fear or tension may be associated with
particular object or situation or may be free-floating.
c. It causes distress and interferes with a person’s ability to lead a
normal life.

What is the difference between anxiety and fear?
Anxiety defined as unpleasant emotional state for
which the cause is either not readily identified or
perceived to be uncontrollable or u unavoidable.
Fear is an emotional and psychological response to
recognized external threat or response to a real
danger or threat.
Symptoms of an Anxiety Disorder
• Feeling of panic, fear and uneasiness,
• Nightmares
• Shortness of breath
• Problems sleeping
• Dry mouth
• Muscle tension
• Dizziness
• Uncontrollable obsessive thoughts
• Flashback of traumatic experience
• Ritualistic behavior
• Cold or sweaty hands or feet
• Palpitation
• Nausea etc.

Types of Anxiety disorder
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder- excessive, unrealistic worry and tension

even there is nothing to provoke anxiety.
2. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has constant thoughts of fears
that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines. Obsessions- are
anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (one that thought of killing
a child or contaminated by virus). Compulsion- irresistible urges to engaged
in behaviors (compulsive counting, touching, checking)
3. Panic Disorder- intense fear of panic or feelings of impending doom of
death. Feeling of terror attack with no warning. Symptoms: sweating, chest
pain, palpitation, feeling of choking, heart attack or going crazy.

4. Post -Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)- condition that
develop following a traumatic and terrifying event such as
wars, sexual assault, physical assault, unexpected death of
love one’s and natural disaster.
5. Specific Phobias- intense fear of specific object or
situation such as snakes, heights, or flying – it is
exaggerated, unrealistic fear of specific situation, activity or
object.
Types of Phobias:

Arachnophobia Fear of Spiders
Ophidiophobia Fear of Snakes
Acrophobia Fear of Heights
Agoraphobia Fear of open spaces or crowded places
cynophobia Fear of dogs
Astraphobia Fear of thunder/lighting
Claustrophobia Fear of enclosed spaces
Mysophobia Fear of germs
Aerophobia Fear of flying
Tropophobia Fear of holes
Carcinophobia Fear of cancer
Thanatophobia Fear of death
Glossophobia Fear of public speaking
Monophobia Fear of being alone
Amychophobia Fear of being scratched
Atychiphobia Fear of failure
Ornithophobia Fear of birds
Alektorophobia Fear of chicken
Enochlophobia Fear of crowds
Aphenphosmpho Fear of intimacy
bia
Trypanophobia Fear of needles
Anthropophobia Fear of people
Aquaphobia Fear of water

Autophobia Fear of abandonment
Hemophobia Fear of blood
Gamophobia Fear of commitment /marriage
Hippopotomonstrosesquipp Fear of long words
edaliophobia
Xenophobia Fear of the unknown

Vehophobia Fear of driving
Basiphobia Fear of falling
Achievemephobia Fear of success
Theophobia Fear of God

Ailurophobia Fear of Cats
Metathesiophobia Fear of change
Globophobia Fear of balloon
Nyctophobia Fear of darkness
Androphobia Fear of men
Phobophobia Fear of fear
Philophobia Fear of love
Triskaidekaphobia Fear of number 13/badluck
Emetophobia Fear of vomiting
Gephyrophobia Fear of bridges
Entomophobia Fear of bugs and insects
Lepidopterophobia Fear of butterfly/winged insects
Podophobia Fear of feet
Paraskevidekatriaphobia Fear of Friday the 13th
Somniphobia Fear of slee p
Gynophobia Fear of women
Apiphobia Fear of bees
Koumpounophobia Fear of buttons
Anatidaephobia Fear of ducks
Pyrophobia Fear of fire
Ranidaphobia Fear of frogs
Galeophobia Fear of Sharks
Athazagoraphobia Fear of being forgotten
Katsaridaphobia Fear of cockroaches
Iatrophobia Fear of Doctors
Pediophobia Fear of dolls
Ichthyophobia Fear of fish
Mottephobia Fear of moths
Bananaphobia Fear of bananas
Scelerophobia Fear of crime
Cibophobia Fear of food
Phasmophobia Fear of ghosts
Equinophobia Fear of horses
Musophobia Fear of mice
Catoptrophobia Fear of mirrors
Agliophobia Fear of pain
Tokophobia Fear of pregnancy
Telephonophobia Fear of talking on iphone
Pogonophobia Fear of beards
Cacomorphobia Fear of fat people
Gerascophobia Fear of getting old
Chaetophobia Fear of hear
Nosocomephobia Fear of hospital
Ligyrophobia Fear of loud noise
Didaskaleinophobia Fear of school

Technophobia Fear of technology
Chronophobia Fear of the future
Ergophpbia Fear of work
Coulrophobia Fear of clowns
Allodoxaphobia Fear of opinions
Samhainophobia Fear of Halloween
Photophobia Fear of light
Numerophobia Fear of number
Ombrophobia Fear of rain
Coasterphobia Fear of roller coaster
Thalassophobia Fear of ocean

Coleciphobia Fear of worms
Kinemortophobia Fear of zombiers
Myrmecophobia Fear of ants
Taphophobia Fear of buried alive.

6. Social Anxiety Disorder- this is also
called social phobia. It involves
overwhelming worry and self-
consciousness about everyday social
situations.

Three (3) types of anxiety
according to Freud:
a.Reality Anxiety- means fear of real danger in the external
world.
a.Neurotic Anxiety- fear that instincts will get out of control

and cause the person to do something for which he or she
will be punished.
a.Moral Anxiety- fear of conscience. People tend to feel guilty

if they do something contrary to the moral code.

Delusion Disorder: False Belief
• Sometimes referred to paranoia/paranoid
• Delusion is false or belief that are not
part of the person’s culture.

Seven (7) types of
Delusional Disorder :

• Persecutory Type (Delusion Persecution)- a type of
delusion that the individual is being conspired against,
spied on (spy) followed, poisoned, cheated, harassed
or obstructed.
• Jealous Type- delusion that the individual spouse or
lover is being unfaithful- individual belief is confirmed
by drawing incorrect inferences from evidence he or
she has gathered to support the belief.

• Erotomanic Type- false belief that another person is in
love with individuals- having a romantic and spiritual
relationship rather than sexual. The person is usually of
high status/famous or could be a stranger. Erotomaniac
type may try to contact the object of the delusion by
sending letters, gifts or stalking.
• Grandiose Type (delusion Grandeur)-belief that

individual has extra-ordinary talents or has important
discovery.
• Somatic Type- individual may believe that he is ugly, or has
omit a foul odor from their skin, mouth or rectum. Sometimes
they believe that they have parasites on their body. (centered
on bodily function)
• Mixed type- combination of delusion theme.
• Unspecific type- delusion that cannot be clearly determined
or does not fall within the description of the other sub-type.
• Delusion of Control- beliefs that someone is controlling you
or thoughts are being controlled or influence from outside him
or her.
• Delusion of Reference- a false belief that others are
talking about one. It could also refer to instances where
an individual falsely believes that the behavior of others
refers to him or her.
• Delusion of self-accusation- associated with the
intense feelings of guilt or remorse and could be
regarded as the opposite of grandiose delusion. They
beliefs that the world is coming to an end.
Causes of Delusional Disorder
a.Genetics- delusional disorder might be passed on
from parents to their children
b.Biological- abnormalities in the functioning of
brain regions that control perception and thinking
may be link to formation of delusional symptoms.
c.Environmental/psychological- delusion can be
trigger by stress. Alcohol and drug abuse might
contribute to delusion.
Mood disorder :

Mood disorder:
a.Characterized by extreme and unwanted
disturbances in feelings or mood.
b.Also known as affective disorder.

Types of mood disorder :
Bipolar Disorder-
Depressive Disorder-

a. Bipolar Disorder- swings in mood from elation (extreme
happiness) depression (extreme sadness) with no discernable
external cause.
Two (2) phases of Bipolar:
• Manic Phase- excessive excitement or silliness,
carrying joke too far; may also show poor judgement,
recklessness and argumentative.
• Depressive Episode- patient sleep more than usual/
show irritability and withdrawal.

b. Depressive Disorder- when the person experiences
extended, unexplainable period of sadness.
Three (3) Types of Depressive Disorder
• Major depressive Disorder- depressed mood
for almost a day to two weeks. Lost interest at
pleasure at all.
• Single episode- sadness that strikes in one
dramatic episode
• Recurrent- extended pattern or depressed
episode
Personality Disorder:

Personality Disorder:
• Chronic maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns
that are thoroughly integrated into the individual’s
personality and that are troublesome to others or
whose pleasure sources are either harmful or
illegal.

Ten (10) types of Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)-

Paranoid Personality (PPD)-
Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)-
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)-
Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)-
Somatoform Disorder-
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)- refers to have
loner personality.
•Social isolation/lack of desire for relationship
•Prefer to be alone
•Seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other
people.

Paranoid Personality (PPD)- prone to unjustified
angry or aggressive outburst when they perceive
others as disloyal or deceitful.
•Constant suspicion toward others
•Believe that others are against him
•Hostile toward others and react angrily to perceive
insults
.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) characterized
both by a need for isolation as well as odd, outlandish, or
paranoid beliefs. Some researchers suggest this disorder
is less severe than schizophrenia.
•Engage in odd thinking, speech and behavior
•They ramble or use words and phrases in unusual
ways
•They believe magical control over others
•Tend to be suspicion to others.
Antisocial Personality Disorder – characterized by lack of
empathy or conscience.
a.Disregarding the feeling and rights of other
b.Often break the law
c.Get into physical fight
d.They mistreat their spouse, neglect and abuse their
children and exploit their employees.
e.They may even kill people
f. Sometimes called sociopath or psychopath.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)-
mental illness with an individual’s ability to regulate illness
interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate emotion.
Highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may
result in frantic effort to avoid being left alone, such as suicide,
threats and attempts.
a.Emotional instability, particularly in relationship with other
b.They make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
abandonment.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)- characterized primarily by
grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Narcissistic tend to
be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others perspective, insensitive to
others needs and indifferent to the effect of their own egocentric behavior.
a.They grandiose sense of self-importance
b.Seek excessive admiration from other and fantasize about unlimited
success of power.
c.They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. however,
they often have very fragile self-esteem.

Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) individual with this
disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality
and attempt to get attention in unusual way, such as bizarre
(strange) appearance of speech.
a.Strive to be the center of attention
b.Act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention
c.Talk in dramatic or theatrical style and display
exaggerated emotional reaction.

Avoidant Personality Disorder- hypersensitive to rejection and
unwilling to take social risk. They display a high level of social
discomfort, timidity, fear of criticism, avoidance of activities that
involve interpersonal contact.
a.Possess intense anxious shyness
b.Reluctant to interact with others
c.Fear of rejection
d.Socially inept and inferior to others.

Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)- needy and
submissive behavior and rely on others to make decision
for them.
a.Have emotional dependency on others
b.Difficulty of making decision
c.Feeling of uncomfortable by themselves.

Somatoform Disorder-
• a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic
physical disease or injury for which there is no identifiable physical
cause.
• Patients with this disorder often become very worried about their
health because the doctor are unable to find a cause for their
health problems.

Six (6) major types of Somatoform
Disorder.
1. Conversion Disorder (hysteria)- a condition where patient displays
neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits even though no
neurological explanation is found.
Symptoms are grouped as follows:
a.Sensory symptoms- these include anesthesia and sensitivity to strong

stimulation (hyper anesthesia) loss of sense of pain (analgesia).
b.Motor Symptoms- body muscles group is involved (tremors, disorganized
mobility or paralysis)
c.Visceral Symptoms- trouble in swallowing, spells of coughing or vomiting.

2. Hypochondriasis- persons are pre occupied with their
health and believed that they have some serious disorder
despite reassurance from doctor to be contrary.
3. Somatization disorder- also Briquet’s disorder or, in
antiquity hysteria is a psychiatric diagnosis applied to
patients who chronically and persistently complain of varied
physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin.

4. Pain disorder- experiencing of chronic pain in one or more
areas- caused by psychological stress.
5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) previously known as
Dysmorphophobia and sometimes referred to as body dysmorphia
or dysmorphic syndrome- affected person is excessively concerned
about and pre occupied by a perceive defect in his or her physical
features (body image)
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder- this includes false
pregnancy, psychogenic urinary retention, and mass psychogenic
illness (mass hysteria)
What is the difference between
Factitious Disorder and Malingering?

Factitious Disorder- term used to describe a pattern of
behavior centered on the exaggeration or outright
falsifications of one’s own health problems or the health
problems of others.
Malingering- is not a form of mental illness. Individual with
this condition habitually and reflexively use excessive
displays of drama and emotion to gain attention from
others.
Dissociative Disorder:

Dissociative Disorder:
Disorder in which under stress, one loses the
integration of consciousness, identify and memories
of important personal events (formerly called
multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity
disorder (DID)

Four (4) recognized variety of Dissociative
Disorder:
Psychogenic Amnesia-
Psychogenic Fugue-
Multiple Personality Disorder-
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

1.Psychogenic Amnesia- temporary or
permanent loss of a part or all of the memory
associated with catastrophic events.

Categories of Psychogenic Amnesia:
a. Localized amnesia- outcome of particular event, unable to recall

the details of a usually traumatic event such as violent incestuous
rape. This is the most common type of amnesia.
b. Selective amnesia- similar to localized amnesia except that
memory retained is very selective. Person can remember general
occurrence but not the specific parts.
c. Generalized and Continues amnesia- few common forms of
amnesia. Person forget her/his entire lifetime, she can’t recall
the details prior to certain point in time, including the present.

2. Psychogenic Fugue-simply the addition to generalized amnesia
of a flight from family, problem, or location. It is highly uncommon
cases, the person may create entirely new life (fugue means Flight)
3. Multiple Personality Disorder- define as the occurrence of two

or more personalities within the same individual, each of which
during sometime in person’s life is able to take control.
4. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder-feeling that the

person is not himself/herself or that she can’t control his/her own
action.
Impulse Control Disorder-

Impulse Control Disorder- define as, where
individual cannot resist an impulse to behave
in a certain way or cannot stop repeated
behavior even when they know that the
behavior must stop.

Types of impulse control behavior:
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder- outburst of anger or extreme
temper tantrums.
• Kleptomania- urge to steal small items that usually have little
value
• Pathological gambling- inability to stop gambling
• Pyromania- setting fires for enjoyment and pleasure
• Trichotillomania- hair loss caused by an impulse to twirl and pull
hair (some urge to eat the hair)

• Unspecified Impulse-Control Disorder-when
someone has symptoms from various impulse- control
disorders, but it is not able to be single down to one.
• Compulsive Sexual Behavior-uncontrolled sexual
behavior or thoughts that lead to marked distress and
social, occupational, legal and or financial
consequence.
• Pyromania- deliberate and purposeful fire setting in
more than one occasions. (arousal, pleasure,
gratification, relief)
Sleep Disorder

Sleep Disorder- condition that frequently impacts your ability to get enough
quality sleep.
General symptoms of sleep disorder:
a. Difficulty falling or staying asleep
b. Daytime fatigue
c. Strong urge to take naps during the day
d. Irritability or anxiety
e. Lack of concentration
f. Depression.

Types of sleep disorder:
Insomnia-
Sleep Apnea-
Parasomnias
Restless Leg syndrome-
Narcolepsy

Insomnia- inability to fall asleep or remain asleep. It
causes depression, difficulty concentrating, irritability
weight gain, impaired work or school performance.
Types of insomnia:
1.Chronic- happened in regular basis for at least one
(1) month
2.Internment- when insomnia occurred periodically.
3.Transient- when it last for just a few nights at a time.

Sleep Apnea- characterized by pauses in
breathing during sleep. Serious medical
condition that causes the body to take less
oxygen. It can cause you to wake up during the
night.

Parasomnias- cause abnormal movements and behavior
during sleep.
a.Sleepwalking
b.Sleep talking
c.Groaning
d.Nightmares
e.Bedwetting
f. Teeth griding and jaw clenching.
Restless Leg syndrome- an overwhelming need to
move the legs. Sometimes accompanied by a
tingling sensation in the legs.
Narcolepsy- characterized by sleep attacks that

occurs during the day.

What is Rapid Eye Movements (REM) Sleep
behavior Disorder?
A sleep disorder in which you physically act out of vivid
(strong or powerful clear image in the mind) often unpleasant
dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and
leg movements during REM sleep

Sleep Recommendations.
Age Hours of sleep

Infant (4-11 months) 12-15 hours
Toddler (1-2 years) 11-14 hrs
Preschooler (3-5 years) 10-13 hrs
School-age child (6-13 years) 9-11 hrs
Teen (14-17 years) 8-10 hrs
Young adult (18-25 years) 7-9 hrs
Adult (26-64) 7-9 hrs
Older adult (65+) 1-8 hrs
Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia
• Disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality.
• Marked disturbance of thought and perception bizarre
(strange) behavior
• Delusion and hallucination almost always occur.
• Also called Dementia Praecox which means premature
deterioration of brain.
• Emil Kraepelin the first person identified with the illness
(1896)
Categories of Schizophrenia:
1. Tactile (touch)- sensation that there are things (like bugs
or insects) crawling across their skin.
2. Visual (sight)- the most common hallucination to see
things that aren’t exists.
3. Auditory (hearing)- hear voices or sounds that others
cannot hear
4. Olfactory (smell)-smell things (usually foul-smelling
things) that others do not smell
5. Command (hearing)- when voice command person to do
something she would not ordinarily do.
Characteristics of Schizophrenia-
Disturbance of thought and attention

Disturbance Perception-
Disturbance of Affect-
Withdrawal from reality-
Delusion and Hallucinations-

Disturbance of thought and attention- people suffering
schizophrenia often cannot think logically and as a result of this
they cannot write a story. They cannot keep attention in writing.
Two (2) sub categories:
• Persecutory delusion- believes that he is being spied (spy)
talked about or her death is being planned.
• Delusion reference- giving personal importance to unrelated
incidents, objects or people.

Disturbance Perception- people says that the world
appears different to them, their bodies appear longer,
color seems more intense and they cannot recognize
themselves in a mirror.
Disturbance of Affect- schizophrenic person fails to
show “normal emotion”. Lack of correlation between what
they say and what they feel. (they feel pain but they
smiled).

Withdrawal from reality- individual becomes
absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies. (they
don not know the month or day or the place where
he is staying)
Delusion and Hallucinations- misleading beliefs
or false interpretation of things.

Kinds of Schizophrenia
1.Paranoid schizophrenia-
a.Very suspicious to others
b.Display of psychotic symptoms
c.Hallucination/delusion.
2.Residual Schizophrenia-
a.No interest in daily life/not motivated
3.Disorganized Schizophrenia (hebephrenic
Schizophrenia)
a.Incoherent verbally and to his feelings
b.Expressing emotions not appropriate to the situation
4. Catatonic Schizophrenia
a.Withdrawn, negative, isolated, has
obvious psychomotor disturbance
b.Immobile or purposeless movement
c.Waxy flexibility.
5. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia- exhibits

symptoms more than of the above-mentioned
types of schizophrenia.

How Schizophrenia Develop?
1.Genetic Cause- hereditary, passed through offering. Also lies in a person

having immediate relatives with history of schizophrenia pr psychiatric
disease.
2.Environmental Social/Cause- due to stress that trigger schizophrenia.
3.Prenatal Cause- caused by neurodevelopment (exposure to infection

during prenatal period)
4.Substance abuse Cause- extreme using of illegal drugs, tobacco that

trigger loss from reality

Sexual Disorder and Sexual
Dysfunction :

Sexual Disorder and Sexual Dysfunction:
It includes problem of
1. Sexual identity,
2. Sexual performance and
3. Sexual Aim.

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in Men.
• Erectile dysfunction- inability to achieve/maintain an erection
suitable for intercourse.
• Retarded Ejaculation- absent or delayed ejaculation despite

adequate sexual stimulation.
• Premature Ejaculation- inability to control the timing of

ejaculation.

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in Women.
• Inability to achieve orgasm
• Inadequate vaginal lubrication before and during
intercourse
• Inability to relax the vaginal muscle enough to
allow intercourse.

Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in Men and
Women.
• Lack of desire to sex
• Inability to become arouse
• Pain with intercourse.

Human sexual response
cycle

Human sexual response cycle- sequence of
physical and emotional changes that occur as
a person becomes sexually arouse and
participates in sexually stimulating activities,
including intercourse and masturbation.

Four (4) phases of Sexual Cycles:
Excitement Phase-
Plateau Phase-
Orgasmic Phase-
Resolution Phase (refractory Period)-

Excitement Phase- also known as arousal phase. Th e 1st
stage of human sexual response. (kissing, petting( landian),
viewing erotic images/pornographic that lead to sexual
arousal) Characteristics:
a.Erection in males
b.Swelling of the clitoris and vaginal lubrication for
females

Plateau Phase- sexual excitement prior to orgasm. The 2nd
phase of sexual cycle after the excitement phase.
Characteristics:
a.Increase heart beat (male and females)

b.Muscle tension increase further
c.May begin to vocalize involuntarily

Orgasmic Phase- the conclusion of the plateau phase of sexual
response cycle. Experience by both female and males.
Characteristics:
• Quick cycles of muscles contraction in the lower pelvic muscles which

surrounds both anus and the primary sexual organ.
• Vaginal contraction for women
• Orgasm is associated by involuntary action, vocalization, muscular
spasms in other areas of the body.
• In men orgasm is associated by ejaculation
• Wave of sexual pleasure
• Produce semen.
Resolution Phase (refractory Period)- occurs
after orgasm and allows the muscle to relax.
Characteristics:
a.Blood pressure drops
b.Body slowdown from excitement

Major categories of sexual disorder:
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Paraphilias
• Gender Identify disorder

Sexual Dysfunction-
• disturbance in any phase of human Sexual
Response Cycle.
• Problem encountered by both male and
females during sexual intercourse such as
difficulty in sexual arousal, pleasure associated
with sex or orgasm.

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder- lack or no
sexual drive or interest in sexual activity/loss of
sexual desire.
Sexual Aversion Disorder- desire to avoid genital
contact with sexual partner/feeling of fear, anxiety or
disgust about engaging in sex.
Male Erectile Disorder- inability to render salute or
maintain standing or achieve an erection (Impotence)
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder- non responsive to
erotic stimulation both physical and emotional (frigidity)
Premature Ejaculation-unsatisfactory brief period between
the beginning or sexual stimulation and the occurrence of
ejaculation.
Male Orgasmic Disorder- inability to ejaculate during
sexual intercourse
Female orgasmic Disorder- difficulty in achieving orgasm,
either manually or during sexual intercourse.
Sexual Paid Disorder:
• Vaginismus- the involuntary muscle spasm at the
entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration
and sexual intercourse.
• Dyspareunia- painful coitus that may have either

an organic or psychological basis
Hyper Sexuality:
• Nymphomania- female psychological disorder
characterized by an overactive libido and an
obsession with sex (etymology of the word is
nymph)
• Satyriasis- excessive sexual desire for men.

Paraphilias-
Rare mental health disorder a term used to

sexual desire /arousal in response to objects or
situations that are not part of societal normative
arousal/activity patterns.

Common Forms of Paraphilia
Exhibitionism- Scatolia-
Fetishism-
Frotteurism
Coprophilia-
Necrophilia-
Zoophilia-
Urophilia-
Mysophilia
Hypoxyphilia
Exhibitionism- behavior of person by exposing his private
parts to another person in a situation when they would not
normally exposed. Types:
• Flashing- display of breast, buttocks by a
woman by lifting of the shirt up and down.
• Mooning- displaying of buttocks while bending
down by pulling down of trouser and
underwear.
• Anasyrma- lifting up the shirt when not
wearing underwear to expose genitals
• Martymachia- sexual attraction to having
others watchBENGIE
theABIQUE
execution
NALOGOC
of sexual act. 304
Fetishism- sexual urge with the non-living objects. Example:
clothing, female underwear. Types:
• Sexual Transvestic/Cross Dressing- sexual satisfaction of
a male by wearing female clothing (bras, panties, girdle,
boots)
• Foot Fetishism- sexual interest in human feet. Sexual
arousal by licking, sniffing, kissing the feet and toes of
another person.
• Tickling Fetishism- gaining sexual thrill by tickling a sex
partner or being subjected to tickling themselves usually to
the point of helpless laughter. (kilitiin)
• Wet and Messy Fetish- a person is getting aroused by
substances applied on the body like mud, chocolate and
custard pudding.
• Pygmalionism- person has sexual desire for statutes.
• Incendiarism- sexual deviation/drives sexual pleasure from
setting a fire BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 305
Frotteurism (Frottage)- obtaining sexual gratification by rubbing
one’s genitals against others in public place.
Scatolia- sexual pleasure is obtained through the compulsive

use of obscene language.
Telephone Scatologia- satisfies through obscene
telephone calls usually strangers.
Copropraxia- performing obscene forbidden gestures
Coprographia- making obscene writing or drawing.

• Necrophilia- sexual attraction to the corpses.
• Coprophilia- sexual pleasure from feces.
• Zoophilia- practice of sex to animals.
• Urophilia- attainment of orgasm in responsive to being
urinated upon or swallowing urine.
• Mysophilia- obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by
filth or filthy surrounding. Getting horny from smelling,
chewing, rubbing against dirty underwear.
• Hypoxyphilia- using drugs to enhance experience of
orgasm.

GENDER IDENTITY
DISORDER
(Transsexualism)

GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER
(Transsexualism)
• Refers to a disturbance of gender
identification in which the affected person has
an overwhelming desire to change their
anatomic sex or insists that they are of the
opposite sex. (Male to female/female-male)
Category of Sexual abnormalities:
Heterosexual-
Homosexual-
Infantosexual-
Bestosexual
Autosexual
Gerontophilia-
Necrophilia-
Incest-
1. Heterosexual- sexual desire towards opposite sex
2. Homosexual- sexual desire towards same sex.
Kinds of Homosexual:
Overt- conscious of their homosexual craving.
They make advances toward members of their
own gender.
Latent- not aware of their homosexual craving but
inclined to repress the urge to give way to their
homosexuality desire.

3. Infantosexual- sexual desire towards immature person such as
pedophilia.
4. Bestosexual- sexual gratification towards animals
5. Autosexual- self-gratification or masturbation- a form of self-abuse or
solitary vice.
Types of masturbation-
a.Conscious- deliberately resorts to mechanical means of
producing sexual excitement with or without orgasm.
b.Unconscious- release of sexual tension may come about via
the mechanism of nocturnal stimulation with or without
emission (sleep sex)

6. Gerontophilia- sexual desire with elder person
7. Necrophilia- sexual desire/intercourse with the
corpse
8. Incest- sexual relation between persons who
by reason of blood relationship cannot legally
married.

Sexual Abnormalities

Over sex:
Satyriasis- excessive sexual desire of men
to intercourse.
Nymphomania- strong sexual feeling of
women

Under sex:
Sexual Anesthesia- absence of sexual desire or
arousal during sexual act in women
Dyspareunia- painful sexual act in women
Vaginismus- painful spasm of the vagina during
sexual act

Oralism – use of mouth as a way of gratification
Fellatio- female agent receives the penis of a man
into her mouth and sucking the sexual organ.
Cunnilingus- sexual gratification by licking or
sucking the external female genitalia
Anilism (anilingus)- sexual perversion wherein a
person derives excitement by licking the anus of
another person of either sex.
Sado- masochism (algolagnia) refers to painful or cruel
act as a factor for gratification.
• Sadism- infliction of pain on another is
necessary to gain gratification. (active
algolagnia)
• Masochism- attainment of pain and
humiliation from the opposite sex as the
primary factor for sexual gratification.
(passive algolagnia)
Fetishism- sexual perversion wherein the real or
fantasized presence of an object or bodily part is
necessary for sexual stimulation and/ or gratification.
Sodomy- sexual act through the anus of another human
being
Uranism- attainment of sexual gratification by fingering,
folding with the breast licking parts of the body.

Frottage- (Frotteurism) sexual gratification characterized
by a compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ
against some parts of the body of another.
Partialism- sexual perversion wherein a person has
special affinity to certain parts of the female body. (breast,
buttocks, foot, legs etc of women)
Voyeurism- sexual perversion characterized by
compulsion to peep to see person undress or perform
other personal activity.
Mixoscopia- sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is
attained by watching couple undress or during their sex
intimacies.
Triolism- sexual perversion in which three persons are
participating in sexual orgies (threesome)
Pluralism- sexual perversion wherein a group of persons
participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival)
Transverstism- sexual deviation wherein a male person
derives sexual pleasure by wearing female apparel.
Transsexualism- dominant desire in some person to
identify themselves with the opposite sex as completely as
possible to discard forever their anatomical sex.

VICTIMOLOGY

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF VICTIMOLOGY
The Early Roots The word “victim” has its roots in many ancient
languages that covered a great distance from northwestern Europe to
the southern tip of Asia and yet had a similar linguistic pattern:
victima in Latin;
víh, wéoh, wíg in Old European;
wíh, wíhi in Old High German;
vé in Old Norse;
weihs in Gothic; and,
vinak ti in Sanskrit (Webster’s 1971).
Victimology as an academic term contains two
elements:
• One is the Latin word “victima” which
translates into “victim”.
• The other is the Greek word “logos” which
means a system of knowledge, the
direction of something abstract, the
direction of teaching, science, and a discipline.
Victimology- the study of the etiology or
causes of victimization, its consequences, how
the criminal justice system accommodates and
assists victims, and how other elements of the
society , such as media, deal with the crime
victim.
HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY

• 1900-the term victimology coined;
• About 5th to 6th century- the burden of justice
system is informal and fell on the victim- it’s up to
the victim to seek justice once harmed.
• Victima- Latin term used to described individuals
or animals whose lives were destined to be
sacrificed to please a deity.

• 19th century- the world victim became connected with the notion of
harm and loss in general (Spalek 2006)
• In modern CJS, victim has come to described any person who has
experienced injury or loss, hardship due to the illegal action of
another individual, group, or organization (Karmen 2004)
• In contemporary, VICTIMOLOGY generally refers to the scientific
study of victims and victimization, including the relationship
between the victims and offender, investigators, courts, corrections,
media and social movements (Karem 1990)

The Justice System then was
operated under the principle of;
1. LEX TALIONES (AN EYE FOR AN EYE)- a criminal
would be punished because he or she deserved it, and the
punishment would be equal to the harmed caused. The
punishment is based on the notions “retribution and 3. Beginning 1940s-concerned was shown
restitution”. for crime victim, but this concerned was not
entirely sympathetic. It was also the beginning
when scholarly work during this period focused
not on the needs of crime victims but on
2. CODE OF HAMMURABI (IN BABYLON)- restoration identifying to what extent victims could be held
of equity between offender and the victim was stressed. responsible for being victimized. The ideas of
This focus on the victim until the industrial revolution victim precipitation, victim facilitation and victim
when criminal law shifted to considering crimes violation provocation emerged.
against the state rather than the victim.

Writings about the victim appeared in many early
works by such criminologists as:
A.Beccaria (1764),
B.Lombroso (1876),
C.Ferri (1892),
D.Garófalo (1885),
E. Sutherland (1924),
F. Hentig (1948),
G.Nagel (1949),
H.Ellenberger (1955),
I. Wolfgang (1958) and
J. Schafer (1968), BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 331
The concept of a science to study victims and the
word “victimology” had its origin with the early
writings of Benjamin Mendelsohn (1937; 1940), these
leading to his seminal work where he actually
proposed the term “victimology” in his article “A New
Branch of Bio-Psycho-Social Science,
Victimology” (1956).
Mendelsohn provided us with his victimology
vision and blueprint; and, as his disciples we
have followed his guidance. We now refer to
Mendelsohn as “The Father of Victimology”.

Jan Van Dijk- a professor of criminology at Tilburg
University has proposed that there are currently two (2)
Major types of victimology:
The general victimology-

The Penal Victimology

1.The general victimology- it studies victimity in
the broadest sense, including that those that have
been harmed by accident, natural disaster, war and
so on (Van Dijk 1999). This focus on treatment,
prevention, and alleviation of the consequence of
being victimized regardless of the cause.

2. The Penal Victimology- (interactionist) generally
approach the subject from criminological or legal
perspective, where the scope of the study is defined by
the criminal law. This focus on the causation of crimes
with those relating to victim’s role in the criminal
proceeding where victims are only those become such a
result of crime.

Three distinct historical era’s of victimology
according to Jerin and Moriarty (1998,6)
1. Golden Age-
2. The Dark Age
3. Reemergence of the
Victim

Golden Age- it existed prior to written laws and
established governments; tribal law prevailed.
Characteristics:
• Personal retribution is the only resolution for criminal matters
• Victims had to take matters into their own hands
• Victims actively sought revenge or demanded compensation for their losses directly from
those who wrong them
• Describe as Victim Justice System (VJS) as opposed to Criminal Justice System (CJS) “it was
up to the victims or victim survivors to decide what action to take against the offender”.
• The notion that a crime against one is a crime against many did not serve to alleviate the
hardship endured by the individual victim.
• Resulted in cycles of revictimization as groups sought their shares of vengeance back and
forth.

The Dark Age
• Emergence of structured governments and the development of

formal legal statutes
• urbanization and the industrial revolution as well as the rise in
power of Roman Catholic Church (Karmen 2007; Shichor and
Tibbets 2002). families moved away from their farms into Cities,
neighborhoods became depersonalized; old tribal systems, based
on culture and kinship, were no longer viable (Doerner and Lab
2005).

Characteristics:
• Emerging Criminal-oriented Justice System

• Offenses were increasingly viewed as perpetrated against the
laws of the king or state, not just against victim or victim’s
family
• Focus shifted towards offender punishment and rights, as
opposed to victim rights and restoration
• As formal CJS rose and spread, victim involvement erodes to
little more than of the witness for the police and prosecution
(Doner and Lab 2002; Karmen 2007)
Reemergence of the Victim
Occurred in 1950-1960 when a small number of people began to

recognized that those who were most affected by criminal acts were
involved in the process. This became the consensus (agreement)
among various groups including Journalist, social scientists and
those involved directly with the criminal justice system that
“victims were forgotten figures in the CJ process whose
needs and wants had been systematically overlooked but
merited attention’ ( Karen 2007, 27).

THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM IN CRIME:
VICTIM PRECIPITATION, VICTIM
FACILITATION AND VICTIM
PROVOCATION

Victim Precipitation- define as the extent
to which a victim is responsible for his or
her victimization. It involves two (2) people:
the offender and the victim- both parties
are acting and often reacting before, during
and after the incident.
Victim Facilitation- occurs when a victim unintentionally
makes it easier for an offender to commit crimes.
Example:
A woman who accidentally left her purse in plain view in her office
while she went to the restroom and then had it stolen would be a
victim who facilitated her own victimization. In the scenario, the
woman is not blameworthy- the offender should not steal, regardless
of whether the purse is in plain view. But the victims’ actions certainty
made her a likely target and made it easy for the offender to steal her
purse.
Victim Provocation- occurs when a person does
something that incites another person to commit illegal act.
It suggests that without the victim’s behavior, the crime
would not have occurred.
Example:
A person who attempted to mug a man who was walking home from work and
the man, instead of willingly giving the offender his wallet, pulled out a gun and
shot the mugger.
The offender in this scenario is the victim, he would not have been shot
if not for attempting to mug the shooter.
First Generation:
Early Victimologist.
Focuses on the victim typologies based on
the offender- victim vulnerability in
criminal act.

Hans von Hentig
•Authored the book “The criminal and his
Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime
(1948)
•He identified 13 categories of crime victim
based on propensity for victimization.

13 categories of crime victim based on propensity for victimization
1. The young, May be victimized because of their ignorance or risk taking, or may be taken
2. old, and advantage of, such as when women are sexually assaulted.
3. females
4. The Immigrants, may be victimized due to their social status and inability to activate assistance in
5. minorities, and the community
6. dull normal,
7. The mentally They do not recognize or appropriately responds to threats in the environment
defective/deranged
8.The depressed, They do not recognized danger because of their mental state, sadness over a
9.acquisitive, lost relationship, their desire for companionship, or their greed
10. wanton,
11.lonesome or heartbroken
12. The tormentor/oppressor Those who provoke their victimization via violence and aggression toward
others
13. The blocked, exempted and Those who enmeshed in poor decisions and unable to defend themselves or
fighting victims seek assistance if victimized. Example: blackmailed because of his behavior.
Hans Von Hentig’s Taxonomy of Murder
Victims
1.Depressive Type- victims who lack ordinary prudence and discretion.
2.Greedy of Gain or Acquisitive Type- victim who lacks all normal
inhibition and well-founded suspicious.
3.Wanton or Overly Sensual Type- victims is particularly vulnerable
to stresses that occur at a given period of time in the life cycle, such as
juvenile victims. Usually, victim is ruled by passion and seeking
pleasure.
4.Tormentor Type- victim of attack from the target of his or her abuse
(battered woman)
5.Lonesome Type- the victim who wants to companionship of affection.
6.Heartbroken Type- emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches and
pain.
Benjamin Mendelsohn-
• Known as the father of victimology- (1940) coined the
termed victimology
• He studies the relationship between victims and criminals
• His study reveals that victim and offender often knew
each other and had some kind of existing relationship.
• He created a classification of victims based on their
culpability, or degree of victims blame.

Classification of Victims
Completely innocent victims A victim who bears no responsibility at all for
victimization; victimized simply because of his or her
nature, such as being child
Victim with minor guilt A victim who is victimized due to ignorance; a victim
who inadvertently places himself or herself in harm’s
way
Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim A victim who bears as much responsibility as the
offender; a person who, for example enters into a
suicide pact
Victim more guilty that offender Victims who instigate or provokes his or her own
victimization
Most guilty victim A victim who is victimized during the perpetration of
a crime or as a result of a crime
Simulating or imaginary victim A victim who is not victimized at all but, instead
fabricates a victimization event
Stephen Schafer
• Earliest Victimologist
• Wrote the Victims and His Criminals: A Study in Functional
Responsibility
• He proposed Victim Typology, using both social characteristics and
behaviors
• He urged that people have a functional responsibility not to
provoke others into victimizing or harming them and that they
also should actively attempt to prevent that from occurring.
• He identified Seven (7) categories and labeled their levels of
responsibility as follows: BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 352
Seven (7) categories of victims and labeled
their levels of responsibility as follows:
1. Unrelated victims- no responsibility

2. Provocative victims- share responsibility
3. Precipitative victims-some degree of responsibility
4. Biologically weak victim- no responsibility
5. Socially weak victim- no responsibility
6. Self-victimizing- total responsibility
7. Political victims- no responsibility
Marvin Wolfgang
• He is the first person to empirically investigate victim
precipitation in 1957 in his classic study of homicides occurring in
Philadelphia from 1948-1952
• He examined some 558 homicide cases to see to what extent the
victims precipitated their own deaths. In which based on his
study the victim has the direct, positive precipitator in the
homicide.

• He labeled the incident as victim precipitated.
• In his study, the victim in such an incident would be the first to
brandish or use weapon, the first to strike a blow and the first to
initiate physical violence.
• He revealed that the victim and offender in homicide cases often
knew each other.
• he also found that most victim-precipitated homicides involved
male offenders and male victims and that the victim was likely to
have a history of violent offending himself.

• He stressed that alcohol was also likely to play a role in
victim-precipitated homicides, which make sense,
especially considering that these homicides often started
as minor altercations that escalated to murder.
• He expanded the definition of SUBINTENTIONAL
HOMICIDE- when a victim facilitates his or her own
demise by using poor judgement, placing himself or
herself at risk living a risky lifestyle, or using alcohol or
drugs (N.H. Allen, 1980)
Menachem Amir
• He is a former student of Wolfgang
• Conducted empirical investigation into rape incidents
reported to the police in Philadelphia occurred from 1956-
1960.
• He found out that one (1) in five (5) rape incident is a
victim precipitated. These rapes were likely involved alcohol
and that the victim was likely to engage in seductive
behavior, wear revealing clothing, use risqué (sexy)
language and have a bad reputation.
Second Generation: Theories of Victimization.
Second Generation: Theories of Victimization.

Shifted attention from the role of the victim toward an
emphasis on a situational approach that focuses on
explaining how lifestyle and routine activities of every life
create opportunities for victimization.

Lifestyle Exposure Theory- it explains that lifestyle increase exposure to risk of
personal property victimization. Examples: If you spend more time at home, you
would not be exposed to fewer risky situations involving stranger and hence
experience fewer stranger-committed victimization.
Routine Activity Theory- explains that in the absence of capable guardian,

provides an opportunity for crimes to occur.
Empirical Support- applied to examine opportunities for different types of

personal and property victimization using diverse samples that range from school
age children, college students to adults and in general population across USA and
abroad.
Third Generation: Refinement and Empirical
Tests of Opportunity Theories of Victimization.

Fourth Generation: Moving Beyond Opportunity Theories
Schreck and his colleagues suggests that antecedent opportunity,
such as;
a. Low self-control
b. Social bonds,
c. Peer influence have also been found to be important
predictors of violent and property victimization.
Victim Participation- victims “contribute” to his or her own

victimization. (victim Blaming)

Theories of Victimization :

Situated Transactional Model (Luckenbill’s 1977)- the idea
is that the interpersonal level, crime and victimization is a
contest of character, the stages go like this:
• Insult- your Momma.
• Clarification- whaddya say about my mother.
• Retaliation- I said your Momma and you too.
• Counter Retaliation- well, your worse than my
momma.
• Presence of weapon- search of weapon or
clenching of fists.
• onlookers- presence of audience to help
escalate the BENGIE
situation.
ABIQUE NALOGOC 363
Threefold Model (Benjamin and Master’s)- the idea is
that conditions that support crime.
• Precipitating Factor- time, space, being in
the wrong place at the wrong time.
• Attracting Factor- choices, option, lifestyle.
• Predisposing Factors-sociodemographic
characteristic of the victims (male, young,
poor, minority, living in squalor, single,
unemployed).BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 364
Routine Activities Theory (Lawrence Cohen & Marcus
Felson, 1979)- the idea that crime occurs whenever three
condition come together.
• Suitable targets- poor people

• Motivated Offender- anyone will try to get
away with something if they want.
• Absence of Guardians- absence of security.

Victim Precipitation Theory-it applies only on violent
victimization. Victim here acts in a provocative way, or initiate
chain of events. People initiate confrontation that eventually leads
to their injury or death. It can be passive or active.
• Active Precipitation- when the victim attack first
or act provocatively.
• Passive Precipitation- occurs when a victim
exhibits personal characteristics that unknowingly
either threatens or encourages the attackers.
(reputation, status and economic well-being)
Lifestyle Theory- the Idea that lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal
offender.
a)Equivalent group Hypothesis- victims and criminals
shared similar characteristics because they are not actually
separate groups- criminal lifestyle exposes people to increased
levels of victimization risks.
b)Proximity Hypothesis- people who are in wrong place and
in the wrong time. (people who have no option but to live in
closed physical proximity to criminals)
c)Deviant Place Hypothesis- these are natural areas for
crime or crime prone areas. (poor, densely populated, highly
transient neighborhood)
Deviant Place Theory- explains that victim do not
encourage crime but are victim prone because they
reside in a socially dis-organized high-crime areas
where they have the great risk of coming into
contact with criminal offender (poor, densely
populated areas, highly transient neighborhood).

Who are victims?
Means persons who, by reason of natural disaster or man-

made cause, individually or collectively have suffered harm,
including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering,
economic loss or substantial impairment of their
fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in
violation of criminal laws operative within the member
states, including those laws proscribing criminal abuse of
power.
• Refers to person who sustain injury or damage
as a result of the commission of crime.
• Victims of crime may be of any gender, age, race
or ethnicity. It may happen to individual, family,
group or community, it may be a person or
property. It has impact on emotional,
psychological, physical, financial and social well-
being.
Effects and Consequences of
Victimization

Physical Consequences-
• Bruises and scrapes
• Broken bones to fatal injuries.
• Threat of sexually transmitted
diseases
.

Psychological/Emotional and Mental
Consequences
• Stress, depression, anxiety experience the
worse is mental disorder much serious as
physical injury.
• Post traumatic Stress disorder (PSTD) and
substance dependency can occur.

Financial Consequences
• Monetary cost of victimization
• Medical expenses, property losses,
• Lost wages and legal costs
• Victim services
• Witness assistance programs
• Cost to criminal justice system
• Negative public opinion.

Trauma in Victimization

Primary Injuries includes:
o Physical Trauma- serious injury or shock to the body from a major
accident, cuts, bruises, fractured arms and legs or internal injuries.
o Intense Stress Reactions-victims breathing, blood pressure, heart rate
may increase, muscle may tighten, unable to sleep, headaches, exhausted,
loss of appetite and digestive problems.
o Emotional Trauma-
o Shock or numbness- feel frozen, may not be able to make decision or
conduct their lives as they did before the crime.
o Denial, Disbelief, and Anger- victim may experience denial, disbelief,
telling themselves “this just could not happen to me”.
o Acute Stress Disorder- victims may experience trouble sleeping,
flashbacks, memory problems, trouble in concentrating.
Secondary Injuries includes:
oWhen victims do not receive the support
and help, they needed after the crime, they
may suffer “secondary” injuries. Leaving the
victim with no help from the government,
criminal justice and other support groups
(media, clergy, mental health professionals)

Common Injuries includes:
oIncludes bruises, cuts, scrape, broken
bones, sexually transmitted diseases,
internal injuries, physical reactions such as
rapid heart rate and breathing, increase
blood pressure, nausea and emotional
wound caused by the crime.
Stages of Trauma Recovery

Silence Stage- victim people refuse to talk about
what happen, this may be due to the number of
things, including stigma, isolation, shame, guilt,
confusion, or denial about the event.

Victimhood Stage- in this stage, victims may
start to long for a change, recovery begins to
form. Victim may feel compelled to talk openly
with everyone about what happened and the
suffering he experienced. In this stage victim
needs support group to help or counselling.

Survivor hood Stage- this is the transitioning
away from the victim experience, in this stage,
victim had an opportunity to talk about his or her
experience and has gain some sense of clarity.
Moving forward in this stage is possible and
recognizing themselves as resilient; and realized
about what the event means and the impact to his
or her life. It does not happen overnight, some
months, some years.
Common victim behavior
• Survivors of Sexual abuse-
• Survivor of Domestic violence-

Modes of Victimization :

1.Victim of crime Model (man-made Cause)
a.Applicable to victim of homicide, rape and others. the stages are
follows:
o Stage of impact or disorganization- depicts the attitude or
activity of the victim during and immediately following the criminal
event.
o Stage of recoil- occurs during which the victims formulate
psychological defenses, deals with conflicting emotion, guilt, anger
and acceptance and desire to revenge (could last to 3-8 months)
o Reorganization Stage-occurs during which the victim puts his life
back to normal daily living.

2. Victim of Disaster (natural cause)
a.Applicable to victim of natural cause like earthquake, flood,
volcano eruption. Stages are as follows:
oPre-impact Stage- describe the victim prior to the
disaster
oImpact Stage- describe the victim when disaster occurs
oPost impact Stage- degree and duration of the
personal and social disorganization following the
victimization or disaster.
oBehavioral outcome- describes the victim adjustment
to the victimization experience.
Kinds of Crime Victim

Kinds of Crime Victim
1. Direct or Primary Crime Victim- victims to directly suffers the

harm or injury which is physical, psychological and economic
losses.
2. Indirect or Secondary Crime Victim-victim who experience
harm second hand such as intimate partners, child of battered
woman or rape victims. Karmen also included first responders
and rescue workers who race to crime scene as secondary victim
because they are also exposed to emergency trauma on such a
routine basis, they also need emotional support.
3. Tertiary Crime Victim- the scared public or community due to
watching news regarding crime incidents.
What is victim impact panel?
It is a form of community-based or restorative justice in

which the crime victims (relatives and friends of deceased
crime victims) meet with the defendant after conviction to
tell the convict about how the criminal activity affected
them, in the hope of rehabilitation or deterrence.

Purpose of Victim Impact Statements
o To allow crime victims during the decision-making

process on sentencing or parole,
o To describe to the court or parole board the impact of
the crime
o A judge may use information from these statements to
help determine and offender’s sentence.
o A parole board may use such information to help decide
whether to grant parole and what condition to impose in
releasing an offender.

Purpose of Victim Impact Statements
o May provide information about damage to victim that

would otherwise have been unavailable to the courts or
parole boards.
o Opportunity of the victim to participate in criminal
justice process, or to confront the offenders who have
harmed them.
o Many victim report that making such statements
improves their satisfaction with the criminal justice
process and helps them recover from the crime.

Contents of Victim Impact Statements
o Physical damage cause by the crime

o Emotional damage cause by the crime
o Financial coast to the victim from the crime
o Medical or psychological treatment required by the victim or
his or her family
o The need for restitution (court-ordered funds that the
offender pays the victim for the crime -related expenses.
o The victim’s views on the crime or the offender (in some
states)
o The victim’s Views on an appropriate sentence (in some
states)

THEORIES/ MODELS
OF VICTIMAZATION
TODAY

Opportunities- which are closely linked to
the characteristics of potential targets
(persons, households, businesses) and to
the activities and behavior of these targets.

Risk factors- particularly those related
to sociodemographic characteristics such
as age and gender, area of residence,
absence of guardianship, presence of
alcohol and so forth.

Motivated offenders. Offenders,
even non-professional ones, do not
choose their victim/targets at
random but select their
victims/targets according to specific
criteria.
Exposure- Exposure to potential
offenders and to high-risk situations and
environments enhances the risk of
criminal victimization.

Associations. The homogeneity of the victim and
offender populations suggests that differential
association is as important to criminal victimization
as it is to crime and delinquency. Thus individuals
who are in close personal, social, or professional
contact with potential delinquents and criminals run
a greater risk of being victimized than those who
are not.
Dangerous times and dangerous places- The risks of
criminal victimization are not evenly distributed in time or
space – there are dangerous times such as evening, late
night hours and weekends. There are also dangerous
places such as places of public entertainment where the
risks of becoming a victim are higher than at work or at
home.

Dangerous behaviors- Certain behaviors such as
provocation increase the risk of violent victimization
while other behaviors such as negligence and
carelessness enhance the chances of property
victimization. There are other dangerous behaviors that
place those engaging in them in dangerous situations
where their ability to defend and protect themselves
against attacks is greatly reduced.

High-risk activities- also increase the
potential for victimization. Among such
activities is the pursuit of fun, which may
include deviant and illegal activities. It is
also well known that certain occupations
such as prostitution carry with them a
higher-than-average potential for criminal
victimization.
Defensive/avoidance behaviors-This also
means that fear of crime is an important factor in
reducing victimization since those who are fearful,
for example the elderly, take more precautions
against crime, even curtailing their day and night
time activities thus reducing their exposure and
vulnerability to victimization.

Structural/cultural proneness. There is a
positive correlation between powerlessness,
deprivation and the frequency of criminal
victimization. Cultural stigmatization and
marginalization also enhance the risks of criminal
victimization by designating certain groups as ‘fair
game’ or as culturally legitimate victims.

Rights of Victims

The right to be treated with
dignity, Respect, and
Sensitivity-

The right to be informed
oThe arrest and arraignment of the offender
oBail proceeding
oPretrial proceeding
oDismissal of the charge
oPlea negotiation
oTrail
oSentencing
oAppeals
oProbation or parole hearings
oRelease of scape of the offender
Right to Protection
oPolice escort
oWitness protection programs
oRelocation
oRestraining orders
Right to apply for Compensation
oMedical and counseling expenses
oLost wages
oFuneral expenses

Rights to Restitution from the offender
oLoss of wages
oProperty lost
oInsurance deductibles

Right to Prompt Return of Personal Property
Right to Speedy trial
Rights to enforcement of Victim’s rights
(passing of laws)

United Nation Declaration of Basic Principle of Justice
for victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
1.Access to justice and fair treatment-
2.Restitution
3.Compensation
4.Assistance

The 1987 Constitution of the PH
(Bill of Rights- ART III)

Sec 1. No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of the laws.

Sec 2. The right to be secure in their person, houses, papers
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of
whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and
no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except
upon probable cause to be determined personally by the
judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the
person or things to be seized.

Sec 3. The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety
or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by
law. Any evidence obtained in violation of law
shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.
Sec 11. Free access to the courts and
quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied by reason of
poverty.

Sec 12. The rights to be informed of his
rights, the right to remain silent, the right
to have competent counsel of his choice;
the following shall be observed:

a.No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation or any other
means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him.
b.The following are prohibited: secrete detention places,
solitary, incommunicado and other similar form.
c.Confession and admission obtained shall be inadmissible as
evidence against him.
d.The law shall provide penal and civil sanctions for violations
of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation
of victims of torture, or similar practices, and their families.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7309 AN ACT CREATING A
BOARD OF CLAIMS UNDER THE DEPARTMENT OF
JUSTICE FOR VICTIMS OF UNJUST
IMPRISONMENT OR DETENTION AND VICTIMS
OF VIOLENT CRIMES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Section 1. Creation and Composition of the
Board. - There is hereby created a Board of
Claims under the Department of Justice,
hereinafter referred to as the Board, to be
composed of one (1) chairman and two (2)
members to be appointed by the Secretary of
the said department.
Section 2. Powers and Functions of the Board. - The Board shall have
the following powers and functions:
A. to receive, evaluate, process and investigate application for claims under
this Act;
B. to conduct an independent administrative hearing and resolve application
for claims, grant or deny the same;
C. to deputize appropriate government agencies in order to effectively
implement its functions; and
D. to promulgate rules and regulations in order to carry out the objectives of
this Act.

Section 3. Who may File Claims. -
The following may file claims for
compensation before the Board:

• any person who was unjustly accused, convicted and
imprisoned but subsequently released by virtue of a
judgment of acquittal;
• any person who was unjustly detained and released
without being charged;
• any victim of arbitrary or illegal detention by the
authorities as defined in the Revised Penal Code under a
final judgment of the court; and
• any person who is a victim of violent crimes.
Violent crimes shall include rape and shall
likewise refer to offenses committed with
malice which resulted in death or serious
physical and/or psychological injuries,
permanent incapacity or disability, insanity,
abortion, serious trauma, or committed with
torture, cruelly or barbarity.
Section 4. Award Ceiling. - For victims of unjust imprisonment or
detention, the compensation shall be based on the number of
months of imprisonment or detention and every fraction thereof
shall be considered one month; Provided, however, That in no case
shall such compensation exceed One Thousand pesos (P1,000.00)
per month. In all other cases, the maximum amount for which the
Board may approve a claim shall not exceed Ten thousand pesos
(P10,000.00) or the amount necessary to reimburse the claimant
the expenses incurred for hospitalization, medical treatment, loss of
wage, loss of support or other expenses directly related to injury,
whichever is lower. This is without prejudice to the right of the
claimant to seek other remedies under existing laws.

Section 5. When to File Claims. - Any person entitled
to compensation under this Act must, within six (6)
months after being released from imprisonment or
detention, or from the date the victim suffered damage
or injury, file his claim with the Department, otherwise,
he is deemed to have waived the same. Except as
provided for in this Act, no waiver of claim whatsoever is
valid.
Section 6. Filing of Claims by Heirs. - In case of
death or incapacity of any person entitled to any
award under this Act, the claim may be filed by his
heirs, in the following order: by his surviving
spouse, children, natural parents, brother and/or
sister.

Section 7. Resolution of Claims. - The Board
shall resolve the claim within thirty (30) working
days after filing of the application. The Board
shall adopt an expeditious and inexpensive
procedure for the claimants to follow in order to
secure their claims under this Act.

Section 8. Appeal. - Any aggrieved claimant
may appeal, within fifteen (15) days from
receipt of the resolution of the Board, to the
Secretary of Justice whose decision shall be
final and executory.

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PSSg Benjie A.

Nalogoc RCrim, MPA, MSCJ, CSP

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 2

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 6

it is a range of actions and mannerisms

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 9

A process of a person’s growth and maturation

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 10

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 12

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 15

1. The Conscious Level- it consists awareness on sensation or

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 16

1.Oral Stage (0-18 Months)-

2. Anal Stage (18 months-3 years)-

3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

4. Latency Stage (6-11 years)

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 18

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 21

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 25

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 29

• Melancholic - sad, gloomy

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 30

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 31

“The cause of crime and delinquency is the faulty

Proponent of “Theory of General Emotionality”-

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 33

• Crime is an expression of mental content of

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 34

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 35

• He noted that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity.

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 36

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 39

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 42

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 43

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 44

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 45

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 47

• States that morality starts from the early childhood

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 52

The scientific study of mental disorders. It also

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 53

1.Behavioral- Behaviorism states that all behavior

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 57

Example: Differences in brain structure (abnormalities in frontal

psychological causes rather than physical causes that unresolved

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 60

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 61

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 62

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 63

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 65

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1.Long period of discomfort- worrying about a calculus test or

2. Impaired Functioning- distinction between passing period of

Example: a brilliant person consistently fails in his classes or

4. Disruptive Behavior- means impulsive, apparently

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 70

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 71

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 74

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 75

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 76

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 79

BENGIE ABIQUE NALOGOC 80

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