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Instruction Manual
ET 796 Gas Turbine as Jet

Engine
DTP_3
11/2007
ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany 11/2005
Instruction Manual
Please read and follow the safety regulations before the first installation!
Publication-no.: 916.000 00 B 796 03 (A) DTP_3
i
11/2007
sarin
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
n' no JUIVE UV
2 System description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Jet turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
TV Vicki WSO
2.1.2 Fuel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
* ** Smith
2.1.3 Starter and ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
8
2.2 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
" www 's module had Oj
2.3 Layout of the experimental module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
setup maintain ( V' on info )
2.4 Setting up and maintaining the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
MTO TOV
2.4.1 Checking the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4.2 Setting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ms n°91126
2.5 Operation of the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
msimoow start
2.5.1 Preparations for starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
his start gtb
2.5.2 Starting up the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
nvriisnwvoo Stb
2.5.3 Operation of the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
mr shut down gtb
2.5.4 Shutting down the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
minion info
2.6 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
✓ Ernesto , I lots
2.6.1 Glow plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
nvm soooooo
2.6.2 Inspecting the turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
mrvn-VN.uirownwmnvrun.sn
2.7 Faults and fault rectification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
simulator
2.8 Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
n' illusion nrmwvoonriv
3 Safety instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Gummi , hmm F' willow victim
3.1 Hazards for life and limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
nation www.nnsr.vnonriwmsfrms kerosene
3.2 Special safety rules for handling kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Tums IV. ANNIE'm rooms n' isms
3.3 Hazards for unit and function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ii
11/2007

nireidnnrivgwmr gas turbine
4 The open gas turbine process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

miosis Kwun warrior
4.1 Representation in heat diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.1.1 Thermal efficiency (ideal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.2 Specific work capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
myotis
4.1.3 Representation in p/v diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2 Gas turbine as jet engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
mrna root
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iwnnwonasinnimrlunvooonmnruninin-wcr.ms
5.1 Recording of measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
n' ruins )
5.2 Air mass flow and fuel mass flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Ems specific .
5.3 Further characteristic quantities of an aeroplane jet turbine . . . . . . 45

msvrziwnswnnwosrosnvonn's
5.4 Evaluation of measurement results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
iisnnionnmsonoinao diagrams
5.4.1 Representation of measured data in diagrams . . . . . . . . . . 48
Ennius
.mn/.MnWW2nIuoiwni uiuonv-wn n'n i nInJ0Nnmo

msn.nsn.rs on
5.4.2 Calculation of air ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.1 Working sheet for recording measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

innit D
6.2 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6.3 Symbols. . . . . .Earner
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.4 Parts of delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
oirw
6.5 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
iii
11/2007

1 Introduction
lnnsvimsnn @do minnow
With the ET796 experimental module the function
Vr Enos MW -
Mmm IWW
and performance of a gas turbine can be demon- yarn ,
Englishwoman
strated and studied on model scale. Gas turbine
WEM
systems are used to generate mechanical and
wni oiwndl.az/wlN-yioinodowinEosUwlWlw
GTB lining
electrical energy: saw
• Driving electricity generators in power

stations power stations
• Driving compressors and pumps in oil and

gas production ruination compressor 11oz pumps
• Driving ships, locomotives and heavy
vehicles ruination ii. visions mum heavy .
• For the propulsion of aircraft with propeller

and jet engines HDTV aircraft Tsu lunin cat'osifn
niuwllrovvuhircrsft
,
into Jett
Gas turbines are always used when high power dilationnor
Fig. 1.1 Jet engine for the propulsion of GT
an aircraft Uislkhiwwngrfs
density, low weight and quick starting are required. ifnuwn 1071102
Msgriis VIN TV Contrary to piston engines, as fluid flow machines Quick STARTIN
REQ
rinnfvriiwniriihs they permit high material flow rates with small

fluid flow Machine
ft high materials
dimensions. In this way lightweight, powerful
flow rates TV
'
drives can be realised.
iron
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runnin
( V' Whitsun WW lun ,

VsrInfmwVVln{ ow rhhnrn realised
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Whn perform
.
.
Journos moving parts liuuuayy

As the moving parts of a gas turbine only perform
ilnvlsinwocndons
rotary motion, almost vibration free running can be
Euro Mrs uirrntwnwmn
achieved if the turbine is well balanced. Disad-
VOIDING if n
suo intern
gds Hoz -0
vantages are the high gas speeds and high noise
-
msvniowwwuiu-nhrosoinow-wrown-woj.tw vrrvimnr
emissions due to the simultaneous connection to
the atmosphere.
ihioindwvrivnouhssoni: GT
In comparison to steam turbines, gas turbines

work at higher temperatures but with lower
fnWID7W2
pressures. The high temperatures particularly in
Gas virions routs
the area of the turbine require particularly heat
resistant materials.Tfn fried ,
in wir
1 Introduction 1
11/2007
r.vvlwoiintsn.nrswvirnounji.ws
inrsnmsmnnoo 's
gun
The experimental module includes a one-shaft
imru
system. All components necessary for the
minions ros 52
UV oirioo
operation of the system are combined in a
Jnirvsosisonsiou vw
compact arrangement on a trolley on castors.
mtvu gonia
Oonlwvmfrwldmilhfoimpuhrsn.lu
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Tns , offish MON Mrs Nailor
The system is of straightforward construction and

is specially designed for training purposes. The Ms Training
control and display of all important process
parameters is combined on a control panel. sown,nE's Sirmium
"
winnow
nnrinvitonnnsconowhtlmrs
Vowiiridiustwwnowixnm
Computerised data acquisition with evaluation 1uVwrTnoowlnW
software permits online logging and graphical " rormsllntnonswn
vosrtnldsndcnin.io
representation of all relevant process variables. my UNM ,
dutiful sruvwiwrinonwu do
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mourns ,
As well as demonstrating how the system works,

Ms setup into IT iwmrrilhbunsivsnnsmw
the set-up can also be used to undertake
lbw 's thrusturn
qualitative studies such as to determine the thrust,
udov-orywo.by 87 res
and other characteristic data of the gas turbine.
2 1 Introduction
11/2007

2 System description
lnnsnrnvnnooo rows complete GT niszw
The experimental module includes a complete gas
rnuvju-mmnr.vn Wow
turbine system with the following subsystems:
✓ srnovriv
– Model gas jet turbine comprising com-
pressor (1), turbine (2), combustion chamber
5- ? (3) and thrust nozzle with thrust gauge (4).
– Fuel system comprising tank (6), fuel pump
(7), quick-acting gate valve (8) and control
electronics (9).
– Starter and ignition system with starter
motor (10), auxiliary fuel valve (11) and glow
plug (12).
–
lnfoswdoinunrmr r.VN?n5n
Measuring instruments and controls with
temperature, flow rate, speed and pressure
measuring points and associated displays.
roan's
Display E' wyninvaio
osrivrrnouvoonnwrlnonny
,
These also include the safety elements such Idw

as temperature and speed governors. Temp .is , nun w
n
,
A process schematic with all subsystems is given

on the next page. " www's Vos n'burn uriirinld→
2 System description 3
11/2007
⑥ ERK MMA
11
7 8
12
6
Woo Iwatani
10 1 2
Fig. 2.1 Prozessdiagram Gasturbine

HWY WT NIVIN his
4 2 System description
11/2007

2.1 Function
town touts
2.1.1 Jet turbine
The core of the plant is the model jet turbine

Fig. 2.2 Model jet turbine

Vsanovrirwllnwnouw with
nowiwso lvodmsoradidlnieio iwiuwfvnl ut.is

Twin @
It consists of an axial turbine with a direct coupled
radial compressor and an annular combustion
chamber. The turbine and compressor, together
with the bearing housing in-between, form a turbines compress
compact unit. This unit was originally used as the odour'wyw7
propulsion unit for model aeroplanes. Snu TB-iepww-ispnloifums.ru
Infocomm inn
'
intake air
The intake air is slung by the fast-rotating
rininrnvmrunw compressor wheel (1) (35000 - 115000 rpm) into
miriam '
limbo ?Ii5uw the aluminium diffuser housing (2). Here the speed speed air ? Mido ,
diffuser of the air is converted into IVTJbnnwn-WJ-swvoj

pressure. At ihlethe
tllmnllucom-
wsunzo.nu/Vntrw9wli0o1
when
'
bustion chamber (3) inlet part of the air is branched

n'inurn Vos flame tube
off and fed to the front face of the flame tube (4).
liquid fuel The liquid fuel is passed from the rear into
oinrownwoin
nnhrsuntoevaptube so-called evaporator tubes (5). In them the fuel is Gas holdouts;
fuel painting
gasified, and in the front part of the combustion
chamber it is mixed with the primary air and vosciolwiuwlhrwawnuonmn
flame tube combusted. The flame tube is cooled from the out- 6152 twins
cooled by Air
side by the secondary air. It is routed to the flame
won
11/2007

(Tu route www.flamestubenihuioiiwniowonhiufwao
tube by way of bores(6) in order to cool the very hot
✓ dinars info 's die
as
combustion gases (approx. 2000°C) down to the

,
turbine inlet lignum 600-8009

permissible turbine inlet temperature of 600 -
✓ ntnvooliro
800°C. A glow plug (7) ignites the air/fuel mixture
during starting. ?nlW Orrin iroiwno
- 's start
racer ,
9W votlgnsuoslwnluai From the combustion chamber, the combustion

combustion gas Tumlin
Mlj diffuser
gases flow into the diffuser (8) of the turbine and
are accelerated before entering the axial wheel
(9). In the turbine, the gases discharge their
energy to the wheel to drive the compressor. In the
process, they are partially relaxed and cooled.
They are emitted into the thrust nozzle (10) at
approximately 600°C.
The turbine and compressor wheels are fitted to a
common shaft (11) such that they are over-
hanging. The shaft is guided on ball bearings(12)
in the bearing housing.
15 14 1 2 3 7 4 5 6 8 9 10
13 12 11 12
Fig. 2.3 Model-jetturbine
11/2007
The bearings are cooled by the compressor air and

The electronics (13) for the starter motor (15), tem-
perature monitoring and speed measurement (14)
are located under the front hood.
The exhaust gas jet draws additional secondary air
through the thrust tube by injection. This is mixed
with the exhaust gas jet in the thrust tube (17) and
reduces the inlet temperature for the power
turbine.
1 2 3 4
Fig. 2.4 Jet turbine with mixing tube and thrust measurement
1 mixing tube
2 turbine The entire turbine with the turbine desk (4) is sup-
3 measurering nozzle ported on moving bearings, so that the thrust of the
4 force sensor turbine can be measured by means of a force sen-
5 turbine desk sor (5). The intake air quantity is measured by way
of a measuring nozzle (3) in the inlet of the turbine.
11/2007

2.1.2 Fuel system
Kerosene or petroleum is used as the fuel. To

lubricate the turbine bearings a little oil is added to
the fuel (ratio: 1:20). The turbine has a vacuum
system with an evaporator. An electric fuel pump
delivers the fuel to the turbine's evaporator tubes.
The rotation speed of the pump, and thus the fuel
quantity, is controlled and monitored by the control
electronics. A quick-acting gate valve shuts off the
fuel flow in an emergency. When the turbine starts
up, combustion is initiated by an auxiliary fuel
(butane gas).
2.1.3 Starter and ignition system
The automatic starter system consists of a

high-power dc motor. It drives the compressor
wheel by way of an automatic cone clutch. At a
specific minimum speed the glow plug is activated
and the auxiliary fuel is fed in by way of a solenoid
valve to the glow plug. After ignition, the electric
motor accelerates the turbine. At a specific tem-
perature in the combustion chamber the main fuel
supply is activated and the auxiliary fuel is shut off.
The electric motor continues to assist the start-up.
The entire start-up process is monitored by way of
the speed and turbine temperature and
electronically controlled.
11/2007

2.2 Controls
All the indicators, the master switch and the

emergency-off switch are located on the front
panel.
ET 796 1 Compressor temperature T1

2 Combustion chamber temperature T2
1 2 3 3 Turbine output temperature T3
4 Turbine speed n1 [1/min]
4 5 6 5 Thrust S [N]
6 Fuel flow [ltr./h]
7 8 7 Combustion chamber pressure p [bar]
8 Air flow measured with orifice gauge at
the hood [l/s]
9 Master switch
10 Emergency-off switch
9
11 Computerised data acquisition port
10
11
Fig. 2.5 Front panel with indicators
11/2007
The turbine is operated from a control panel

positioned in front of the turbine. It contains the
status displays of the control electronics (1) as well
as a port for the turbine's display and programming
unit GSU (2). Connection of the display and pro-
gramming unit provides other useful information
about the state of the turbine via the Jet-tronic
Remote GSU display. In no case is connection of
the Jet-tronic required for operation of the turbine.
The turbine power output is adjusted by way of the
Throttle slide control. The turbine can be shut
down by way of the "Throttle Trim" switch. The
"AuxChan." switch is used to switch the turbine on
and off.
Full
Run
Off On Off AutoOff
Throttle Trim AuxChan.
Idle
Throttle
S ta r t
Fuel Pump
OK
2 1
Fig. 2.6 Turbine control panel
11/2007

2.3 Layout of the experimental module
All the system parts are set up on a benchtop

frame. Only the fuel tank and the holder for the
disposable gas cylinder with EN417 connector are
located underneath the bench.
1
9
4
8
5
7
1 Switch cupboard with indicators 6 Force sensor for thrust measurement

2 Inlet nozzle for air flow measurement 7 Bearing of the turbine desk
3 Turbine desk 8 Jet turbine
4 Gas turbine control panel 9 Mixing tube
5 Fuel tank
Fig. 2.7 Components of the experimental module
11/2007

2.4 Setting up and maintaining the gas turbine
2.4.1 Checking the gas turbine
Before the gas turbine is run for the first time, it

must be checked for damage in transit and
maladjustment.
If a training course or commissioning by G.U.N.T.
has been ordered, this check is carried out by
G.U.N.T. staff.
– Check all bolts are tight.
– Check all hoses are fitted tight.
– Check all cables are fitted tight and are not
chafed.
The supply cables and the hoses directly on the
turbine are especially important. Loose parts may
be sucked in during operation and severely
damage the turbine.
– Check the turbine wheel is moving freely.
The wheel must turn with no resistance, and
must spin freely for a lengthy period of time
when compressed air is blown onto it.
If the wheel appears not to be running smoothly,
there may be foreign bodies in the compressor.
– The power turbine must rotate freely without
the V-belt fitted. There must be no grinding
noise as it does so.
11/2007

2.4.2 Setting up
Owing to the large amount of fresh air it requires

(approx. 500 m3/h), the gas turbine must only be
operated in large, well ventilated premises. There
should be a facility to discharge the exhaust gases
directly to the outside, or to connect an exhaust
pipe. An exhaust pipe longer than 3 m is to be
avoided due to the high pressure loss. The ex-
haust pipe should be dimensioned so that no
buildup of pressure can occur. It is recommended

operating the unit in rooms with sizable openings
to outside so that the exhaust gases can be dis-
charged to the atmosphere.
A compressed air port to blow through the turbine
is useful.
Owing to the high sound level of the turbine
(110dB/1m), special sound-proofing measures
may be required.
Fig. 2.8 Turbine with exhaust pipe (1)
11/2007
– Secure the assembly against rolling by

actuating the castor brakes.
– To ensure maintenance and service accessi-
bility, there should be a clearance of at least 1
metre around the experimental module.
– If an exhaust pipe or hose is to be fitted,
attach it to the Ø 300 mm port. The exhaust
pipe should be installed so that the measure-
ment of thrust is not impaired. Exhaust pipe
must be temperature resistant. Exhaust
gases reach temperatures of up to 300°C. If
there is a risk of someone being able to touch
the exhaust pipe, it should be protected by a
cage. If radiated heat is considered undesir-
able, the exhaust pipe must be insulated with
temperature resistant insulation. Contact of
the exhaust pipe with flammable material
must be avoided. Do not use any brackets or
seals made of plastic.
– In open, well ventilated halls with good
clearance height, the assembly may be
operated without an exhaust pipe. In such
cases it is imperative to ensure that there is
no flammable material in the area of the
exhaust jet.
– An approved and tested fire extinguisher with
a minimum capacity of 6 kg is to be placed in
the immediate vicinity of the gas turbine.
– Connect the electric power. Attach the
supplied data cable for computerised data
acquisition to the data acquisition card on the
PC. For details of how to install the PC card
and the software refer to the software
installation.
11/2007

2.5 Operation of the gas turbine
2.5.1 Preparations for starting
Before starting the gas turbine, the following tasks

are to be carried out:
– Check the fuel tank level. If fuel is topped up,
the corresponding amount of lubricating oil
must be added.
Mixture ratio: 1:20.

Example: Fill available tank with 4.75 ltr. pe-
troleum and 0.25 ltr. turbine oil..
– Use only ultra-clean kerosene or petroleum
fuel. If the fuel is of a poor grade deposits will
form in the turbine's evaporator system and
cause disturbance in the combustion
chamber.
– Use only fully synthetic lubricating oil, e.g.
Aeroshell Turbine Oil 500 / 560 with specifi-
cation MIL-PRF 23699 Grade HTS or Mobil
Jet 1.
Exxon Turbine Oil is only suitable for
kerosene.
ATTENTION! Castrol TTS is not suitable,
because it cannot be mixed with the fuels.
– Connect the control unit “Jet-tronik Remote
GSU” to the turbine control panel
– Settings of the turbine control panel:
Gas lever “Throttle”: down
Throttle Trim: Off
Set the Turbine (AuxChan) mode switch to:
Off
– Switch on master switch.
– Vent fuel line! For trouble free operation it
must be ensured that there is no air in the fuel
line.
11/2007
– Venting is carried out in test mode using the

"Jet-tronic" control unit of the turbine pro-
vided for connection at the control panel (see
JetCat instructions).
Release fuel hoses:

Hold down the blue ring on the hose cou-
plings and pull on hose.
Connect fuel hoses:
Simply insert hose tube into hose coupling
1 2 3 and check secure position by pulling lightly
Fig. 2.9 Hose coupling of fuel line on hose.
1 Tube
2 Blue ring
3 Connecting piece – Check the displays are working properly.
The gas turbine is now ready for use
11/2007

2.5.2 Starting up the gas turbine
The gas turbine is started by following a set

procedure. This is typical for all gas turbines.
Differences only arise due to variations in the
degree of automation. In the following sketch the
procedure is shown schematically over time.
Max. temperature
n1
Full load speed
T3
Min. temperature
Full load
idle speed Accelerate
Self-sustaining speed
Turbine inlet temp. T3

idle
Gas generator speed n1
reached
Ignition and
auxiliary fuel on
Time
On
Starter
Off
On
auxiliary fuel
Off
Fuel
Fig. 2.10 Start-up procedure
11/2007
It is advisable to carefully read through and digest

the description of the starting procedure before
performing the experiment.
It is advisable to monitor the speed and tempera-
ture curves on the turbine's GSU display and
programming unit (see instructions to JetCat
turbine).
The designations of the controls relate to Section
2.2.
– To reset the control electronics on the gas

turbine, switch off the ET796 at the master
switch.
– ATTENTION! Check very thoroughly
whether there is still unburned fuel in the
guide pipe or in the gas turbine. Uncon-
trolled combustion of unburned fuel may
destroy the gas turbine.
If there is still fuel in turbine, lift the turbine
desk at the front end to enable fuel comming
out. Blow-dry the turbine with compressed air
and wipe off the fuel with a cloth.
Fig. 2.11 Swivel turbine to remove
residuel fuel – Set the Turbine (AuxChan) mode switch to
"off".
– Set the Throttle Trim switch to "on".
– Set the Throttle lever to idle.
– Switch on the ET796 at the master switch.
– Set the Turbine (AuxChan) mode switch to
"run". The three LEDs light up in sequence.
– Start the automatic starting process by fully
opening the throttle lever.
11/2007
Automatic starting process for gas turbine

– The starter motor brings the turbine up
to starting speed (yellow LED lit).
– The glow plug is activated and auxiliary
fuel is given to the glow plug. The tur-
bine ignites. Ignition is identifiable by a
rise in temperature and rotation speed.
– The main fuel solenoid valve opens
(red LED lit) and the turbine is run up to

approximately 50000 rpm. The temper-
ature rises significantly in the process.
– After a short time at 50000 rpm, the
turbine is automatically run down to the
idle speed of 35000 rpm. The Throttle
control lever must now be reset to idle.
The green "ready" indicator LED is lit.
– The power output of the turbine can
now be set by way of the Throttle
control lever.
2.5.3 Operation of the gas turbine
ATTENTION! The gas turbine must not be

operated unsupervised.
Check the speed and turbine outlet temperature
displays from time to time.
– The speed and turbine outlet tempera-
ture are automatically monitored by the
control electronics.
The idle speed is 35000 rpm.
The full load (wide open throttle) speed should not
exceed 116000 rpm.
11/2007

2.5.4 Shutting down the gas turbine
The gas turbine is shut down by way of the gas

turbine's mode switch (AuxChan).
– Regular shutdown by setting auto off. The
turbine speed is set for a short time to 50000 -
60000 rpm. Then the fuel pump is switched
off, the combustion chamber goes out and
the turbine comes to a standstill. To cool the
turbine bearings, the starter motor continues
running until a temperature of below 100°C is
reached. The green LED flashes while this is
happening.
– In emergencies, the turbine can also be shut
down by setting the mode switch to off.
– Once the turbine has cooled down, switch
the Turbine (AuxChan) mode switch to "off".
For more detailed information refer to the turbine
manufacturers' operating instructions.
11/2007

2.6 Maintenance
2.6.1 Glow plug
In case of starting problems, check the glow plug

for damage or dirt clogging.
Glow plug burn-out is indicated by the control
electronics.
– Hold rubber jack and pull lightly on the cable
to retract the spring in the jack and then de-

4 3 2 1 5
tach the jack from the glow plug.
– Detach the fuel line and unscrew the glow
Fig. 2.12 Glow plug connection
1 Glow plug plug by hand.
2 Rubber jack
3 Spring
– Screw in new glow plug and tighten it by hand
4 Cable only. ATTENTION! Don't use a wrench! Glow
5 Fuel line plug may be damaged.
– Put on fuel line and jack again.
2.6.2 Inspecting the turbine
After 50 hours in service, an inspection of the

turbine by the manufacturer is recommended. The
turbine bearings are then also replaced.
Manufacturer of turbine type: JetCat-P80

Ing.Bro CATM.Zipperer GmbH
Etzenberg 16
D-79129 Staufen /Germany
Tel.: 07636-78030Fax.:07636-7208
Internet: www.cat-ing.de
The manufacturer can also assist with specific
turbine problems.
11/2007

2.7 Faults and fault rectification
This section deals with any problems occurring in

the system, and their causes. Turbine-specific
faults and the meanings of the fault messages are
detailed in the turbine manufacturers' instructions.
Gas turbine does not start
- Master switch not on

No response when mode switch set to run.
- No mains power
- Conductive connection between turbine and
bench
- Auxiliary fuel valve defective
No ignition
- Auxiliary fuel line not connected to the glow
plug
- Glow plug defective.
Ignition completed but start-up precedure is abborted at low speed
Flame produced on startup - Pump injecting too much fuel
Start is aborted at mid-range speed - No fuel
(10 - 20000 rpm).
Starting motor failing to attain its req. speed - Clutch slipping => clean with alcohol
Malfunctions
Gas turbine stops - No fuel
- Mode switch off or auto off
- Master switch off
- Trim off
- No mains power
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DANGER! After an aborted start there may still be

unburned fuel in the turbine. The fuel may combust
in an uncontrolled manner on restart and result in
destruction of the turbine by overheating.
Consequently, when restarting after an aborted
start it must be ensured that there is no unburned
fuel in the gas turbine.
Lift the turbine desk at the front end to enable fuel
comming out of the turbine at the rear end.
Blow-dry the turbine with compressed air to re-

move the remaining fuel.
Wipe off the fuel with a cloth very carefully.
11/2007

2.8 Software
The software should be installed in line with the

separate installation instructions. After starting the
program, the language must be selected once.
The program has four tasks:
– Clear display of important variables
– Plotting of measured values
– Graphical display of values
– Subsequent correction of measured values
in graphical display
Program structure
The menu items are context-dependent, i.e. not all
menu items are always enabled. The menu bar
contains 5 options with the following sub-items:
• Start
– charts
This view shows the measured values
plotted in graphical form. The plot but-
ton (4) can be used to manually add the
current measured value to the mea-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sured value list once a data set for a
curve has been created. The green field
lights up when the measured data are
read in.
The second plot button (5) can be used
to automatically plot measured values
in the specified interval. Settings for au-
tomatic plotting can be made after
pressing the settings button (7).
Fig. 2.13 charts
11/2007
Left-hand side of new window:

- time interval
- number of measured values
Right-hand side:
1 2
- switch
on left: attach measuring points to
existing data set
on right: attach data set to
existing file
- memory location and file name
- comment for data set
The button (3) can be used to stop and
restart the advance. The advance is set
Fig. 2.15 Window after pushing the setting
button
using both keys (9).
1: Measuring points are Left-clicking on the fields for the back-
attached to existing data set
2: New data set is attached
ground (8) and the characteristic
to existing file curves (1) allows you to change the
properties. Graphs are scaled by
left-clicking once on the initial or final
value (2) on the axis.
– measurement diagram
The display of the characteristic curves,
background and scaling can be ad-
justed as in the Time elapsed window.
8 1 2 12 13 10 11 9
Here you can load and subsequently
process data sets that have already
been plotted, i.e. you can add to (12) or
delete (13) measured values. Data
points are selected using the arrow
keys (10). In addition, the logged vari-
ables of the x and y axes can be as-
signed here (11). It is also possible to
load more than one data set. The com-
ment field (9) shows the comment en-
tered on creation of the data set.
Fig. 2.14 measurement diagram
11/2007
– system diagram
This view shows the current measured
values in a clear process diagram.
– About GUNT
Shows information about GUNT.
– EXIT
Exits the program.
Fig. 2.16 System diagram
• File
– New
(only with “charts”)
Creates a new data set.
– Open..
Opens a saved data set and allows the
data to be viewed in "measurement
diagram" or measured values to be
added.
– Print
Prints out the time lapse graphs on the
standard printer.
– print window
Prints out a hardcopy on the standard
printer.
11/2007
– new curve
(only with “measurement diagram”)
Creates a new data set.
– load curve
Loads a saved data set.
– save curve
Saves a data set.
– print curve
Prints out a "measurement diagram" on
the standard printer.
– delete curve
Deletes the data set displayed under
Select curve from the working memory.
– save all curves
Saves all curves.
– delete all curves
Deletes all curves.
– print window
(only with “system diagram”)
Prints out the system diagram currently
displayed on the standard printer.
11/2007
• Edit (only with “measurement diagram”)

– take measuring point
The current measured value is added to
the measured value list, the data set.
– delete measuring point
The selected measuring point is
deleted from the measured value list.
• View
– clear graph
Deletes the graph on the screen.
– play/ pause
Starts / stops the advance of the
display.
– choose axis
The measured variables of the display
for the x and y axes (maximum 4) can
be selected here.
11/2007
• Language
– Deutsch
– English
– Francais
– Espanol
Create a data set and plot first measured value:

-Start- -chart- -File- -new- -name & path- -ok-

Measured points are plotted in the graph using the
buttons. Plotting can either be performed manually
by plotting individual operating points or via an
automatic time-controlled process. For this
purpose the measurement time and interval length
are specified under Settings.
11/2007
3 Safety instructions
It is imperative that the following instructions are

observed for the hazard-free and safe operation of
the unit.
All persons involved in the use of this unit,
particularly students, are to be made aware of
these safety instructions.
The enclosed operating instructions to the model
jet engine must be carefully observed. Gas

turbines, even on a model scale, are sensitive
machines. Incorrect operation or negligent mainte-
nance can lead to destruction of the turbine within
a short space of time. Consequently, the operating
instructions should be studied thoroughly prior to
initial operation.
If you have any queries, consult the manu-
facturers.
No liability can be accepted for damage arising
from incorrect operation.
3 Safety instructions 31
11/2007
3.1 Hazards for life and limb
DANGER OF ELECTRIC SHOCK!

Caution, high voltage.
– Prior to opening the switch cupboard, unplug
from the mains.
– Work on the electrical system is only to be
performed by suitably qualified personnel.
– Protect electrical system from moisture,
splashes and melt water.
RISK OF BURNS!
– The power turbine housing and the exhaust
gas port and the exhaust pipe, if fitted, of the
gas turbine become very hot in operation. Do
not touch!
– Exercise caution in respect of the hot
exhaust jet during operation without an
exhaust pipe.
– In the case of operation as a jet engine, fit
barriers at a distance of 5 metres. The
exhaust gas jet reaches high temperatures of
200 - 300°C.
DANGER OF POISONING!
Danger of CO or CO2 poisoning!
Do not operate the system without an exhaust pipe
in enclosed, unventilated rooms.
DANGER OF HEARING DAMAGE!

When the system is operated as a jet engine (open
outlet from thrust nozzle), the design means that
very high noise levels occur<(110 dB (A)). Suitable
ear defenders must be worn in such cases.
32 3 Safety instructions
11/2007
HAZARD AREA!
It must always be ensured that when the turbine is
running, no-one is at the run level of the turbine.
Staff should either position themselves in front of
or behind the turbine, and not to the side.
DANGER!
When the turbine is operating, the air inlet opening
is subject to extreme suction, which can suck in the

light things like paper and cloth.
This can block the suction strainer and can cause
overheating of the turbine. For this reasons
persons should not enter an area of 1m in front of
the turbine
3.2 Special safety rules for handling kerosene
DANGER OF EXPLOSION!
If kerosene escapes, do not use open flames and
avoid sparks. Do not switch electrical loads on or
off.
– Before operating for the first time, check the
system for leaks in fuel lines.
– Wipe up leaking kerosene. Note that cloths
soaked in kerosene may spontaneously
combust (provide adequate ventilation).
11/2007
3.3 Hazards for unit and function
DANGER OF FIRE! Do not bring flammable

materials into contact with the hot exhaust gas
pipe or place them in the exhaust jet.
Flammable or heat-sensitive materials must be
kept well away from the outlet area.
Minimum clearance distance of flammable
materials from exhaust jet: 4 metres.
DANGER OF FIRE! If fuel leaks from the

turbine, kerosene on the hot turbine housing
may ignite.
ATTENTION! During operation of the system,

keep a suitable fire extinguisher to hand.
ATTENTION! The system must not be operated

unsupervised.
ATTENTION! Operate the turbine only with

clean kerosene or petroleum.
Unsuitable fuel may result in overheating or cause
deposits to form.
ATTENTION! To lubricate the turbine bearings, an

admixture of 5% lubricating oil must be added to the fuel.
Use only suitable synthetic oils such as:
Aeroshell Turbine Oil 500 / 560 with specifica-
tion MIL-PRF 23699 Grade HTS or Mobil Jet 1.
Exxon Turbine Oil is only suitable for kerosene.
ATTENTION! Castrol TTS is not suitable, because
it cannot be mixed with the fuels.
34 3 Safety instructions
11/2007
ATTENTION! The turbine must not draw in any

foreign bodies or dust.
Dust will deposit in the turbine bearings and
destroy them. The intake area and the interior of
the hood must be kept free of loose objects.
ATTENTION! The turbine must be overhauled

every 50 operating hours.
This work must be carried out at the premises of

the turbine manufacturer JETCAT.
ATTENTION! If critical operating states occur

(excessive speed, overheating, leakage etc.),
always set the mode switch to off first.
ATTENTION! The system is not suitable for

setting up in the open. The system is to be
operated in dry, dust-free and well ventilated
rooms.
In particular, attention is to be paid to good
ventilation as the system has an air consumption
of 500 m3/h.
ATTENTION! The turbine and turbine desk are in-

stalled on the bench with electric insulation. There
is a potential of +12 V at the turbine housing. It
must be ensured that no electrically conductive
connections are made between the turbine and
bench.
11/2007
4 The open gas turbine process
The gas turbine demonstration stand operates

according to the open circuit process, in which
Fuel the working medium is taken from the environment
and returned to it.
2 In the process, the working medium -air- is
subjected to the following changes of state:
– Adiabatic compression of the cold air with
a compressor (1) from ambient pressure p1

to pressure p2 and consequent temperature
3
rise from T1 to T2.
G
– Isobaric heating of the air from T2 to T3 by
1 4 heat input. The heat is supplied by combus-
tion of fuel with the atmospheric oxygen in
the combustion chamber (2).
Air Exhaust
– Adiabatic expansion of the hot air in a
Fig. 4.1 Simple, open gas turbine
system turbine (3) from pressure p2 to p1. In the
process, the temperature falls from T3 to T4.
In a closed circuit process the working medium
would have to be cooled down to the inlet tempera-
ture T1 once again by isobaric cooling. In an open
circuit process, too, the residual heat is discharged
to the atmosphere.
The mechanical output drawn by the turbine
serves in part to drive the compressor and is in part
available as effective power. It can be used to
power a generator (4) for example.
4 The open gas turbine process 37

11/2007
4.1 Representation in heat diagram
Representation in a heat diagram, a so-called

T/s diagram, is suitable for assessment of the
conditions in the circuit process. In it, the tempera-
ture of the working medium is plotted over the
specific entropy.
p2
T
Heat input 3
qzu
Expansion
p1
Useful work
2
W 4
Compression
1 Heat output
qab
a b
s
Fig. 4.2 T,s-diagram of gas turbine process
In the T/s diagram the heat quantities can be

represented as areas. The useful work is produced
from the difference between the input heat
quantity in area a,2,3,b and the output heat
quantity in area 4,b,a,1.
Based on the T/s diagram, questions concerning
the thermal efficiency and the work capacity of the
process can be examined. Temperature
conditions and the compression ratio ! = p2/p1 are
of relevance in this.
38 4 The open gas turbine process

11/2007
4.1.1 Thermal efficiency (ideal)
The efficiency is produced from the ratio between

the input heat and the mechanical work. Assuming
a constant heat capacity of the working medium,
the resultant thermal efficiency is:
T1 1
"th # 1$ # 1$
T2
!
With a mean value of % = 1.4 for air and 2-atomic

gases follows:
1
"th # 1$ 0. 285
!
It can be seen that the efficiency is dependent only
on the compression ratio !. The highest tempera-
ture in the process, the turbine inlet temperature
T3, has no influence on the thermal efficiency.

11/2007
4.1.2 Specific work capacity
The following correlation applies to the specific

work capacity:
) 1 ,
w N # c p (T3 ( + 1$ 0. 285 . $ c p (T1 ( & ! 0. 285 $ 1'
* ! -
It can be seen that, as well as the compression
ratio, the intake and turbine inlet temperatures are
of relevance. The intake temperature is generally
predetermined by the ambient state. The turbine
inlet temperature T3 should be chosen as high as
possible. In practice, it is limited by the tempera-
ture resistance of the turbine blades.
Consequently, here too the compression ratio ! is
the decisive factor.
The power output of the system is produced by

multiplication by the mass flow.
PN # m
! (w N
The correlations presented here apply to a
single-shaft system, so the results are not directly
transferable to our gas turbine. They do provide
help in understanding the operating performance.
The compression ratio, for example, is root de-
pendent on the rotation speed. Thus, the system is
much more efficient at high speeds.

11/2007
4.1.3 Representation in p/v diagram
The circuit process can also be represented in a

p/v diagram. This demonstrates the compression
and expansion process particularly clearly.
p Heat input qzu

p2
2 3
Expansion
Useful work
W
Compression
p1
1 4
Heat output qab

v
Fig. 4.3 p/v diagram of gas turbine process
Here, too, the mechanical work is produced as an

enclosed area. In contrast to the T/s diagram, the
areas in this diagram represent mechanical work.
It can be seen that as a result of the heat input
between 2 and 3 the specific volume - that is, the
density - of the gas decreases. The surplus
effective power output of the turbine results from
the fact that it is able to process a higher volume
subject to the same pressure difference as the
compressor.

11/2007
4.2 Gas turbine as jet engine
In aircraft engines, above a certain air speed it is

more favourable to utilise the exhaust gas jet
directly to generate thrust. The simplest jet engine
comprises of a single-shaft gas turbine (1) in an
open process. The only partially utilised and still
energy-containing exhaust gases of the turbine
are accelerated in a thrust nozzle (2) and generate
the necessary impetus to propel the aircraft. In an
1 optimum nozzle configuration the exhaust gases
are relaxed down to ambient pressure.
The thrust can be simply calculated according to
2 the principle of linear momentum from the through-
put mass flow and the speeds at the inlet ( c1) and
outlet (c2):
Fig. 4.4 Jet engine ! $ !c 2 % c 1 "

S #m
It should be noted that the thrust is a vectorial
variable, and only speed components in the
direction of the thrust make a contribution.

11/2007
5 Experiments
5.1 Recording of measurements
The measurements should only be taken with the

turbine in a steady state. The following measure-
ments are exemplary and subject to substantial
spread, dependent on various factors including
ambient conditions.
The measurement data can be recorded manually

or by means of computerised data acquisition.
Four measurements are taken under no load,
partial load and full load.
Experiment Date: 17.03.01

Gas Turbine Module Ambient Temperature °C: 16
Air pressure in mbar: 1020
Air Humidity in %: 40
Experiment Nr.: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Compressor outlet T1 in °C 30 66 89 116
Combustion chamber T2 in °C 756 690 714 768
Turbine outlet T3 in °C 583 566 561 578
Combustion chamber pressure p in bar 0.08 0.47 0.81 1,09
Air flow dV_air/dt in ltr./s 45 215 293 327
Air mass flow m a in kg/s 0.055 0.263 0.358 0.4
Fuel flow dV_fuel/dt in ltr./h 5.74 13.24 16.85 21.15
Fuel mass flow m b in g/s 1.293 2.982 3.79 4.765
Turbine speed n1 in 1/min 35426 80000 101000 116000
Thrust S in N 0.07 21.00 41.00 58.5
Part Part Full
Comments idle
Load Load Load
5 Experiments 43
11/2007
5.2 Air mass flow and fuel mass flow
The air mass flow m

! a in kg/s is calculated as
follows:
! a &kg ) # - 0 $ T0 $ p1 $Display
m
&ltr . )
(' s +* 1000 T , 273 (' s +*
1
kg
with reference quantity - 0 # 1199
. , T0 # 293 K
m3
and p 0 # 1013
. bar
! a &kg ) # 0.347 kg $ p1 $Display &ltr . )

m (' s +* m T1 , 273 (' s +*
The T1 intake temperature is given in °C and p1 the

ambient pressure in bar.
The fuel mass flow m

! b in g/s is calculated as
follows:
! b &g ) # 1000 $ - b $Display &ltr . )

m (' s +* 3600 (' h +*
with - b in kg/m³
! b &g ) # 1 $ - b $Display ltr .

m (' s +* 3.6 h
- b is the density of the fuel at 20°C.
44 5 Experiments
11/2007
5.3 Further characteristic quantities of an aeroplane jet turbine
Calculations based on full load.

specific thrust
S
f # mit m
! #m
!a ,m
!b .m
!a
m
!a
58 N N $s
f # =145
kg kg
0.4
s
specific fuel consumption
m
!b
bS #
S
kg3
4.66 $ 10
bs # s # 8.03 kg
58 N N $s
thrust/ weight - ratio
S
fG #
G
G : weight in kg
58 N
fG # = 44.61 N/kg
. kg
13
available thermal output:
Q! b # m
! b $H u
kg kJ
Q! b # 0.429 $ 42580 # 198.7 kW
s kg
Hu : calorific value 42580 kJ/kg
5 Experiments 45
11/2007
thermal efficiency (ideal)
1 1
/th # 1% 1
# 1% 0. 285
mit 1 # 14
.
0
0
p2
with 0: ratio of compression 0 #
p1
with p1: pressure before compression
p2: pressure after compression
1
/th # 1% # 0.189
2.09 0. 285
internal efficiency or efficiency(real)
useful power P
/i # # i
available thermal output Q! b
with Pi: Internal power; kinetic energy
transferred from fluid to engine;
m
!a
Pi # $ !c 22 % c 12 "
2
with c1: inlet speed of air into engine
(standing c1= 0)
c2: outlet speed of air from engine
46 5 Experiments
11/2007
external efficiency or propulsive efficiency (real)
thrust power PN
/a # #
useful power Pi
with PN: thrust power
PN # S $c 3 ( c3 = Air speed; standing=0)

overall efficiency
/ges # /i $ /a
5 Experiments 47
11/2007
5.4 Evaluation of measurement results
5.4.1 Representation of measured data in diagrams
The measured data can be displayed and stored

online by means of computerised data acquisition.
The measured values recorded can then be
processed with the program item "measurement
diagram". The data basis used is the *.dat files with
the saved measurement data. The following
measurements are contained in the dat file. Sub-
sequent data processing with a text editor is
possible. The data can also be imported and
Fig. 5.1 System diagram of a gas
processed using a spreadsheet program,
turbine e.g. Excel.
1 Time in h:min:sec
2 Outlet temp. compressor T1 in °C
3 Combustion chamber temp. T2 in °C
4 Outlet temp. turbine T3 in °C
5 Turbine speed n1 in 1/min
4 Fuel-Consumption in l/h
5 Combustion chamber pressure
p chamber in bar
6 Thrust S in N
7 Air-Consumption in l/s
The following diagrams show a number of results

recorded by computerised data acquisition.
48 5 Experiments
11/2007
The following diagram shows recorded data in the

window "measurement diagram". It shows the
thrust of the jet turbine as a function of speed.
Thrust increases disproportionately to speed. At
idle speed there is virtually no thrust. The
measured values shown are recorded at a 2s
interval.
Fig. 5.2 Thrust of the jet turbine from start up to 120000 rpm.
5 Experiments 49
11/2007
The following diagram shows the influence

between fuel-consumption and thrust.
Fig. 5.3 Fuel-consumption dependance on thrust
50 5 Experiments
11/2007
The following diagram shows the relation between

air consumption, thrust and some temperatures.
T2
dV
T3
T1
Fig. 5.4 Temperatures and air consumption of the jet turbine dependent on thrust
T1 behind compressor
T2 in the combustion chamber
T3 turbine outlet temp.
dV air flow in ltr./s
5 Experiments 51
11/2007
The last diagram presents the combustion

chamber pressure over the speed. A root depend-
ency is created.
Start
Fig. 5.5 Combustion chamber pressure of the jet turbine from start up to 120000 rpm.
52 5 Experiments
11/2007
5.4.2 Calculation of air ratio
The air ratio is given by the quotient of the actual

amount of air drawn in and the amount of air
necessary for the stoichiometric combustion of the
fuel.
The quantity of air needed to combust kerosene is:
kg L
Lmin # 14.2
kg G
From which the air ratio at full load is
1 m
!L
2# $ # 5.91
Lmin m
!b
This very high air ratio results from the secondary

air.
5 Experiments 53
11/2007
6 Appendix
6.1 Working sheet for recording measured values
Experiment Date:
Gas Turbine Module Ambient Temperature in °C:
Air Pressure in bar:
Air Humidity in %:
Experiment no.: 1 2 3 4 5 6
Compressor outlet temp

T1 in °C
Combustion chamber temp.
T2 in °C
Turbine outlet temp.
T3 in °C
Combustion chamber pressure
p in bar
Air flow
dV_air/dt in ltr./s
Air mass flow
ma in kg/s
Fuel flow
dV_fuel/dt in ltr./h
Fuel mass flow
mb in g/s
Turbine speed
n1 in 1/min
Thrust
S in N
Comments
6 Appendix 55
11/2007
6.2 Technical data
Dimensions
LxDxH: 1000 x 795 x1380 mm
Weight approx.: 155 kg
Power supply : 230 V/ 50 Hz
Other voltages optional, see type plate
Fuel: Kerosene, petroleum

5 litre-canister
Exhaust gas port: Tube Ø 300 mm
Sound level at 1 m distance: 110 dB(A)
Type of design
1-shaft jet turbine, open circuit process
Jet turbine P80

Type of design: Radial compressor and axial tur-
bine
Annular combustion chamber
Speed range: 35000...116000 (max.) rpm
max. compression ratio: 2.2
max. fuel consumption: 0.4 litre/min
Ignition system
Special glow plug with auxiliary fuel 1.2 V
Starter system
Electric starter
56 6 Appendix
11/2007
Lubricating system
Oil vapour lubrication with 1:20 oil/ fuel mixture
Recommended oil grades:
Aeroshell Turbine Oil 500 / 560 with specifica-
tion MIL-PRF 23699 Grade HTS
Mobil Jet 1
Usable subject to restrictions:

Exxon turbine oil is only suitable for kerosene
Not recommended:
Castrol TTS
Safety equipment
Shutdown in case of
turbine inlet overheating
excessive turbine speed
6 Appendix 57
11/2007
Instrumentation
Thermocouples and digital displays for measure-
ment of the following temperatures:
Compressor outlet
Combustion chamber
Turbine outlet
Pressure sensors and digital display

Combustion chamber pressure 0 - 2 bar
Mass flow rates

Measuring nozzle at air inlet with root extracting
pressure sensor and digital display
0 - 500 Ltr/s
Fuel from fuel pump actuator 0 - 25 Ltr/h
Digital tachometer
Turbine 0 - 199999 rpm
58 6 Appendix
11/2007
6.3 Symbols
bs: Specific fuel consumption

f: Specific thrust
f G: Thrust/ weight ratio
G: Weight
Hu: Calorific value
Lmin: Necessary air volume for combustion
m
! a : Air mas flow
m
! b : Fuel mass flow
Pi: Internal power
PN: Thrust power
Q! b : Available thermal output
S: Thrust
wN: Specific work capacity
2: Air ratio
-a : Air density
-b : Fuel density
/th : Thermal efficiency
/i : Internal efficiency
/a External efficiency
0: compression ratio
1: Adiabatic exponent
6.4 Parts of delivery
1x ET 796 Jet Turbine Module

1x ET 796 Manual Jet Turbine Module
6 Appendix 59
11/2007
6.5 Index
A
available thermal output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
C
charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
combustion chamber pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
combustion chamber pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
combustion chamber temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
compressor temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
computerised data acquisition port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
control panel turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
E
emergency-off switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
exhaust pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
F
faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
fuel flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
fuel tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
G
glow plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
H
hazard area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
I
inspecting the turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
internal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
J
jet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
jet turbine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
M
master switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
P
preparations for starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Prozessschema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
R
recording of measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
S
safety instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 - 35
shutting down the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
specific fuel consumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
60 6 Appendix
11/2007
specific thrust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
specific work capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
start-up procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
system diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 48
T
technical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
thermal efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 46
thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 49
thrust/ weight-ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
turbine speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
V
vent fuel line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Appendix 61
Experiment Instructions
ET 796 Gas Turbine Jet Engine

ET 796 GAS TURBINE JET ENGINE
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 08/2014
Experiment Instructions
Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing. J.Boxhammer
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.1 Subject to technical alterations
i
ii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Structure of safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location . . . . . . . . 12
3 Description of the device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1 Design of the trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Device design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Process schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Components of the trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.1 Gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.2 Fuel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.3 Starting and ignition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4.4 Control elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 Measurement data acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5.1 Program installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5.2 Program operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.6 Setting up the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.6.1 Checking the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.6.2 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.7 Operating the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7.1 Preparations for start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7.2 Bleeding the fuel lines with the kerosene start system . . . . . 33
3.7.2.1 Switch ECU to 6V kerosene start mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.7.2.2 Bleeding the fuel supply to the engine: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.7.2.3 Bleeding the fuel supply to the kerosene start system: . . . . 35
3.7.2.4 Testing and adjusting the fuel pump power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
iii
3.7.3 Starting the gas turbine up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3.7.4 Operating the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.7.5 Shutting down the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.8 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.8.1 Glow plug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.8.2 Servicing the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.9 Faults and troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.10 Decommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4 Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 The open gas turbine cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.1 Representation in the heat diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.2 Thermal efficiency (ideal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.3 Specific work capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.4 Representation in the p-v diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1.5 Gas turbine jet engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1 Recording measurements and their subsequent evaluation . . . . . . . 55
5.1.1 Preparation for the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.1.2 Conducting the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.1.3 Measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.1.4 Analysis of the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1.4.1 Air mass flow and fuel mass flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.1.4.2 Other characteristics of the gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.1.4.3 Representation of the measured data in diagrams. . . . . . . . 61
5.1.4.4 Determining the fuel-air ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 List of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.3 List of formula symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4 List of symbols in the process schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
iv
6.5 List of identification letters used in the process schematic . . . . . . . . 74

6.6 Tables and graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.7 Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
v
vi
1 Introduction
The ET 796 trainer is used to demonstrate and

study the function and behaviour of a gas turbine
in the model scale. Gas turbine plants are used to
generate mechanical and electrical energy:
– Driving generators in power plants
– Driving compressors and pumps in oil and gas
extraction
Fig. 1.1 J85-GE-17A turbojet engine – Propulsion of ships, locomotives and heavy
from General Electric
vehicles
– For aircraft propulsion with propeller and jet
engines
Gas turbines are always used where high concen-
tration of power, low weight and quick startup are
required. Unlike piston engines, being turboma-
chines they allow high material throughputs with
small dimensions. This means lightweight yet
powerful drives can be constructed.
Since the moving parts of a gas turbine only per-
form a rotary movement, with good balance it is
possible to achieve virtually vibration-free run-
Fig. 1.2 JetCat gas turbine ning. The loud noise emissions caused by the
high gas velocities and by contact with the atmos-
phere are a drawback.
Compared to steam turbines, gas turbines oper-
ate at higher temperatures but at lower pressures.
The high temperatures, especially in the area of
the gas turbine, require special heat-resistant
materials.
The gas turbine used in the trainer is a single-
shaft gas turbine. All components required for
operation of the system are compactly combined
in a mobile rack.
1 Introduction 1
The system has a simple construction and is

designed specifically for educational purposes.
The operation and display of all important process
parameters is summarised on a control panel.
The PC-based measurement data acquisition
with evaluation software allows online logging of
all relevant process variables and their graphical
representation.
Besides purely demonstrating the turbine's oper-

ational behaviour, it is also possible to undertake
qualitative studies such as determining the thrust
and other characteristics of the gas turbine.
Learning objectives / exercises

• Operating behaviour of a jet engine including
starting procedure
• Determining the specific thrust
• Determining the specific fuel consumption
• Determining the fuel-air ratio
2 1 Introduction
2 Safety
2.1 Intended use
The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
2.2 Structure of safety instructions
The signal words DANGER, WARNING or

CAUTION indicate the probability and potential
severity of injury.
An additional symbol indicates the nature of the

hazard or a required action.
Signal word Explanation
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, will result in

DANGER death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

WARNING death or serious injury.
Indicates a situation which, if not avoided, may result in

CAUTION minor or moderately serious injury.
Indicates a situation which may result in damage to

NOTICE equipment, or provides instructions on operation of
the equipment.
2 Safety 3
Symbol Explanation
Electrical voltage
Hazard area (general)
Hot surface
Wear ear defenders
No naked light
No smoking
Oxidizing
Flammable
Toxic
Notice
4 2 Safety
2.3 Safety instructions
The following instructions must be observed to

ensure safe and reliable operation of the device.
All persons concerned with the device, especially
students, must be familiarised with the safety
instructions.
The attached operating instructions for the model
gas turbine must be carefully observed. Gas tur-
bines are delicate and sensitive machines even in
the model scale. Incorrect use or careless mainte-
nance can quickly destroy the gas turbine. There-

fore the operating instructions should be studied
carefully before the initial commissioning.
If any doubts arise, check with the manufacturer.
No liability can be accepted for damages resulting
from incorrect use.
WARNING
Electrical connections are exposed when the
control cabinet is open.
Risk of electrical shock.
• Before opening the control cabinet: Pull the
plug out.
• All work must be performed by trained electri-
cians only.
• Protect the control cabinet from moisture.
2 Safety 5
WARNING
The gas turbine housing, exhaust stack and
any of the gas turbine's exhaust ducts
become very hot during operation.
Risk of burns.
• Do not touch any parts
• Leave parts to cool down
WARNING
Exhaust jet is very hot (200...300°C).
Risk of burns.
• The area of the exhaust jet must be free of per-
sons.
• Cordon off outlet area when operating as a jet
engine without exhaust gas outlet routing.
WARNING
Noise emissions > 130dB(A).
Risk of hearing damage.
• Wear suitable ear defenders.
6 2 Safety
WARNING
It should always be ensured that nobody is
present in the gas turbine's operating plane
when the turbine is operating.
Danger area.
• Either stand in front of or behind the gas tur-
bine, but not to the side of it.
• Comply with the following minimum safety dis-
tances for a gas turbine model.
In front of the gas turbine: 1.0 m
To the side of the gas turbine: 12.0 m

Behind the gas turbine: 10.0 m
WARNING
Strong blow out force at the fan outlet. Loose
objects sucked in can be ejected at high speed.
• Before switching on: Ensure that there are no
loose items present in or behind the device.
WARNING
In the event of a jet fuel leakage, do not use an
open flame and avoid sparks.
Risk of fire.
• Do not switch any electrical consumers on or
off.
• Check the system for leaking fuel lines before
use.
• Wipe up spilled jet fuel. Note that cloths soaked
in jet fuel are a risk of spontaneous combustion
(ventilate well).
2 Safety 7
WARNING
Do not allow any combustible materials to
come into contact with the hot exhaust pipe or
to get into the exhaust jet.
Risk of fire.
• A wide zone around the outlet area must be
kept free of combustible or heat-sensitive
materials.
• Minimum distance to combustible materials in
the direction of the exhaust gas stream: 4 m
WARNING
In the event of fuel leaks in the gas turbine, jet
fuel can ignite on the hot turbine housing.
Risk of fire.
• System must not be operated if fuel is leaking.
WARNING
Exhaust gases contain odourless carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide. There is a risk
of suffocation or poisoning.
Carbon dioxide can suffocate and carbon monox-
ide can poison.
• Never operate the gas turbine without an
exhaust pipe.
• The exhaust pipe must lead outside under all
circumstances.
• Ensure adequate ventilation.
8 2 Safety
WARNING
Smoking or open flames when handling com-
bustible fuels can lead to explosion or defla-
gration.
Possibility of severe injuries.
• No open flame
• No smoking
• Erect warning sign
• Comply with relevant statutory provisions when
transporting and storing fuels (kerosene, petro-
leum, etc.).
WARNING
Fire hazard due to overheating of the gas tur-
bine.
The strong suction effect at the air inlet can cause
loose objects such as paper, cleaning cloths or
parts of clothing to be caught up by the air flow to
the air inlet opening during operation. This can
clog the intake screen and cause overheating and
fire in the gas turbine.
• Only operate the gas turbine with the safety
guard mounted.
• Do not store loose items where they can be
sucked in by the gas turbine.
• Do not operate the gas turbine unattended.
2 Safety 9
WARNING
When handling fuel, drops of fuel could get
into the eyes.
Risk of injury to the eyes.
• Wear safety goggles
If fuel gets into the eyes:
• Rinse eyes immediately
• Seek immediate medical attention
NOTICE
Gas turbine must not draw in foreign bodies or
dust.
Dust is deposited in the turbine bearings and
destroys them. The intake area must be kept free
of loose objects.
NOTICE
A suitable fire extinguisher must be kept near the
unit during operation.
NOTICE
The system may not be operated unattended.
NOTICE
Only operate gas turbine with a mixture of turbine
oil and pure kerosene or petroleum. Unsuitable
fuel may cause overheating or residue formation.
10 2 Safety
NOTICE
Fuel must be mixed with turbine oil to lubricate the
turbine bearings.
Only use suitable synthetic oils as specified in the
appendix.
NOTICE
The gas turbine must be overhauled every 50
operating hours. This work must be carried out by
the gas turbine manufacturer JET-CAT.
NOTICE
If critical operating conditions (overspeed, excess
temperature, leaks, etc.) occur, always switch the
operating mode switch to "off" before doing any-
thing else.
NOTICE
The system is not suitable for outdoor use. The
system must be operated in dry, dust-free and
well ventilated rooms. In particular, good ventila-
tion must be ensured, since the system requires
over 800m3/h of air.
NOTICE
The gas turbine is designed to be electrically insu-
lated on the thrust measuring table. There is a
potential of +12V at the gas turbine housing. It is
important to ensure that no electrically conductive
connection between the gas turbine and table is
established.
2 Safety 11
2.4 Ambient conditions for the operating and storage location
• Enclosed space
• Free from dirt and humidity
• Level and fixed surface
12 2 Safety
3 Description of the device
Electronic
Control AUX channel
Unit
Throttle
Throttle trim
Jet-tronic
remote GSU
Air
inlet
Exhaust gas outlet
1 Compressor
/ 13
- Electronic control unit
2 Combustion chamber
- 14 GSU
3
- Turbine 15
/ Glow plug
4
- Jet nozzle
5
/ Thrust force sensor X1 Thrust
6
/ Starter motor P1 Combustion chamber pressure
7
/ Fuel tank F1 Air volumetric flow rate
8
- Fuel pump F2 Fuel consumption
9
- Fuel filter S1 Speed
10
- Fuel solenoid valve for start T1 Compressor temperature
11
- Fuel solenoid valve T2 Combustion chamber temperature
12 Operating unit T3 Gas turbine outlet temperature
Fig. 3.1 View of the information panel
3 Description of the device 13

The trainer includes a complete gas turbine sys-

tem with the following sub-systems:
– Model gas turbine consisting of compressor
(1), combustion chamber (2), turbine (3) and jet
nozzle (4) with means for thrust measurement
(5).
– Fuel system consisting of fuel tank (7), fuel
pump (8), fuel filter (9), fuel solenoid valve (11)
and electronic control unit (13).
– Starter and ignition system with starter motor
(6), fuel solenoid valve for start (10) and glow
plug (15).
– Measurement and control instrumentation
with temperature, flow rate, speed and pres-
--
sure measuring points and associated dis-

plays. This also includes safety elements such
as temperature and speed limiters.
3.1 Design of the trainer
All parts of the system are arranged on a table

frame. The fuel tank, pump with filter, solenoid
valve for start and the fuel solenoid valve for fuel
supply are located below the table top. The power
supply, the measurement data acquisition with
displays and the gas turbine control system are all
located in the control cabinet.
14 3 Description of the device

3.2 Device design
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
18 7
6
19
5
4
20
Fig. 3.2 Front view
1 Fuel tank 11
: Gas turbine outlet temperature T3
2 GSU (Ground Support Unit) 12 Combustion chamber pressure P1
3 Operating unit 13
& Combustion chamber temperature T2
4 USB connector for the PC 14 Fuel consumption F2
5 Connection for the operating unit 15 Compressor temperature T1
6 Connection for the GSU 16 Thrust X1
7 Emergency off switch 17 Mixing tube
8 Main switch 18 Gas turbine
9 Air volumetric flow rate F1 19
- Air inlet with safety guard and starter motor
10 Turbine speed S1 20 Thrust force sensor

จั
3.3 Process schematic
14 12 Operating unit
Jet-tronic remote GSU
(Ground Support Unit) AUX channel
Throttle
Throttle trim
13
ECU/
Electronic Control Unit
(in control cabinet)
10
7
Fuel tank
8 9
11
Fuel pump
2
Combustion chamber
Compressor
Turbine
6 1
3
Starter motor
Exhaust gas
outlet
4
Jet nozzle
Air inlet
Fig. 3.3 Process schematic for the gas turbine (see page 13 for part numbers)

3.4 Components of the trainer
3.4.1 Gas turbine

4a
Fig. 3.4 Gas turbine P80-SE
The model gas turbine forms the core of the

system. It consists of an axial turbine with direct-
coupled radial compressor and an annular com-
bustion chamber. The turbine and compressor
form a compact unit with the bearing housing
positioned between them. This gas turbine was
originally used to power model aeroplanes. The
air drawn in is accelerated into the light metal dif-
fuser housing (2) by the rapidly rotating impeller

(1) (35000...115000 min-1). Here, the velocity of

the air is converted into pressure.
Fig. 3.5 Section model of a JetCat gas turbine

10 9 8 6 5 4 7 3 2 1 14 15
12 11 12 13
Fig. 3.6 Model gas turbine

A portion of the air is branched off at the entrance

to the combustion chamber (3) and fed to the
7 flame tube (4) at the end. The liquid fuel enters the
evaporator pipes (5) from the rear. Here the fuel is
evaporated and mixed with the primary air and
combusted in the front part of the combustion
chamber. The secondary air cools the flame tube
from the outside. This is fed to the flame tube
through holes (6) in order to cool the extremely
hot combustion gases (about 2000°C) to the per-
Fig. 3.7 Turbine glow plug with fuel line missible inlet temperature of 600...800°C.
(white) and electrical connec-
tion (red) A glow plug (7) fed by start fuel is used for ignition
Connection for combustion at startup. From the combustion chamber, the
chamber pressure combustion gases flow into the turbine guide
measurement
vanes (8) and are accelerated to enter into the
axial impeller (9). In the impeller, the gases emit
some of their energy to the impeller in order to
drive the compressor. The gases are partially
expanded and cooled. They leave the jet nozzle at
about 600°C.
14b Turbine and compressor impeller are mounted

overhung on a shared shaft (11). The shaft is
guided in ball bearings (12) in the bearing hous-
14a ing. The bearings are cooled by the compressor
14a air and lubricated by a mist of fuel and turbine oil.
14b
The electronics (13) for the starter motor (15),
temperature monitoring and speed measurement
(14, 14a, 14b) are housed under the front hood.
Connection for pres-

Connection for sure measurement
main fuel line at the intake nozzle
Fig. 3.8 Intake nozzle with measurement

holes for measuring the speed

The exhaust jet draws in additional secondary air

through the injector effect. This mixes with the
exhaust jet in the mixing tube (Fig. 3.10-9) and
decreases the outlet temperature.
The entire gas turbine with the thrust table (Fig.
3.10-3) is mobile (Fig. 3.10-5), so that the thrust of
the gas turbine can be measured via a force sen-
sor (Fig. 3.9, Fig. 3.10-6).
The quantity of drawn-in air is measured directly
at the air inlet using the intake nozzle below the air
Fig. 3.9 Thrust table with force sensor
inlet (7).
9 8 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
- Temperature sensor T3 6 Force sensor
2
& Limit screw for the thrust table 7
->
Air inlet into the gas turbine
3
↳ Movable thrust table 8
~ Gas turbine
4
-
Safety limit switch 9
- Mixing tube as exhaust pipe
5
- Roller for storage
Fig. 3.10 Gas turbine with mixing tube and force measuring device

5
1 3 2 6
Fig. 3.11 Gas turbine on the movably mounted thrust table

1- Force sensor
2- Safety limit switch
3- Hose coupling for venting the main fuel line
4a - (see Fig. 3.4) Hose coupling for bleeding the start fuel line
5- Combustion chamber pressure measuring line
6- Inlet nozzle measuring line for measuring the intake air

3.4.2 Fuel system
Kerosene or petroleum are used as fuel. Some

turbine oil is mixed into the fuel to lubricate the tur-
bine bearing (ratio of 1:20). The turbine has a low
pressure system with an evaporator. An electric
fuel pump pumps the fuel into the turbine's evap-
orator tubes. The speed of the pump and thus the
amount of fuel is controlled and monitored by the
electronic control unit (ECU).
A fuel solenoid valve prevents the flow of fuel in
an emergency. When starting up the gas turbine,
combustion is initiated via a separate start fuel
Fig. 3.12 Fuel tank - fuel solenoid valve line and a glow plug.
and pump are located under
the table
4
1
3 3
Fig. 3.13 View under the table, under

the cover
1 - Fuel pump
2 - Fuel filter
3 - Fuel valves (start
and main valve)
&
4 - Combustion chamber
pressure sensor P1

3.4.3 Starting and ignition system
The automatic starting system consists of a pow-

erful DC motor. This drives the compressor impel-
ler via an automatic cone clutch. At a certain min-
imum speed of approximately 3000min-1, the
2
glow plug is turned on and the start fuel supplied
via a solenoid valve. The start fuel evaporates at
the glow plug and ignites. After successful igni-
1 tion, the electric motor accelerates the turbine. At
a certain speed of approximately 5000min-1, the
main fuel supply is switched on and the start fuel

supply switched off. Once the sustaining speed
has been reached, the starter motor is automati-
cally disengaged. The entire startup process is
Fig. 3.14 DC motor (1) in the monitored by speed and turbine temperature and
disengaged state (2) controlled electronically.

3.4.4 Control elements
All indicators and connectors, as well as the main

switch and emergency stop switch are located on
the control cabinet. The USB connector, the con-
nector for the operating unit and the connector for
the "Jet-tronic remote GSU" (Ground Support
Unit) display and programming unit are all located
in the lower part.
Fig. 3.15 Displays and controls on the control cabinet

The gas turbine is operated via the gas turbine's

operating unit. This houses the electronic control
unit's status indicators (1) and the controls
required for operation. The Throttle slider is used
to set the gas turbine's power output. The gas tur-
bine can be turned off using the Throttle Trim
switch. The gas turbine is switched on and off
using the AUX Channel switch.
Fig. 3.16 The gas turbine's operating unit

Connecting the (Jet-tronic) display and program-

ming unit provides additional useful information
about the status of the gas turbine via the "Jet-
tronic remote GSU" display. Connecting the Jet-
tronic is not essential for operation of the gas tur-
bine.
Fig. 3.17 Jet-tronic remote GSU (Ground Sup- Fig. 3.18 Jet-tronic GSU from 01/09/2014
port Unit)

3.5 Measurement data acquisition
3.5.1 Program installation
Required for installation:

• A ready-to-use PC with USB port (for minimum
requirements see Chapter 6.1).
• G.U.N.T. CD-ROM
All components required to install and operate
the program are included on the CD-ROM pro-
vided by GUNT.
Installation procedure
NOTICE
The trainer must not be connected to the PC's
USB port while the program is being installed. The
trainer may only be connected after the software
has been successfully installed.
• Start the PC.

• Insert the G.U.N.T. CD-ROM.
• In the "Installer" folder, launch the "Setup.exe"
installation program.
• Follow the installation procedure on screen.
• Installation will run automatically after starting
it. The following program components are
installed onto the PC:
– Program for PC-based data acquisition.
– Driver routines for the "LabJack®" USB con-
verter.

• When the installation program has finished:

Restart the PC.
3.5.2 Program operation
• Select the program and run it via:

Start / Programs / G.U.N.T. / ET 796
• When you start the software for the first time
after installation you are prompted to select the
desired language for the program operation.
The language may be changed at any time in
the "Language" menu.
• Various pull-down menus are available for
other functions.
Fig. 3.19 Language selection • For detailed instructions on use of the program
refer to its Help function. You can get to the
help function via the "?" pull-down menu and
selecting "Help".
Saved measurement data can be imported into a

spreadsheet program (e.g. Microsoft Excel) for
further processing.

3.6 Setting up the gas turbine
3.6.1 Checking the gas turbine
Before the gas turbine is operated for the first

time, it must be checked for transport damage and
misalignment.
If training or initial commissioning was also
ordered through G.U.N.T., then this check is car-
ried out by G.U.N.T. employees.
– Check all screws for tightness.
– Check all hoses for tightness.

– Check all cables for chafe points and tightness.
The power cable and hoses directly to the gas tur-
bine are particularly important. Loose parts can
be sucked in during operation and cause severe
damage to the gas turbine.
– Check the ease of movement of the turbine
rotor. The rotor must rotate freely without
resistance and freely spin down after being
blown with compressed air.
If the rotor gives the impression of being stiff, this
could be caused by a foreign body in the com-
pressor.

3.6.2 Installation
Due to the high requirement for fresh air (approx.

800m3/h) the gas turbine may only be operated in
large, well-ventilated spaces. Lead the exhaust
gases directly to the outside or connect an
exhaust line. Avoid having an exhaust line longer
than 3 m due to high pressure losses. The
exhaust line should be sized so that no back pres-
sure can occur. Operation in spaces with large
openings to the outside is recommended, so that
the exhaust gas can be blown into the open.
– A compressed air connection to blow through
the gas turbine is advisable.
– Due to the high sound level of the gas turbine
(>130 dB(A)) special sound insulation meas-
ures may be required.
– Secure the model from rolling away by engag-
ing the roller brakes.
– To ensure access for maintenance and
servicing, there should be clearance of at least
1m around the trainer.
– If an exhaust line is used, this should have a
diameter of at least Ø300mm. The exhaust line
must be heat-resistant. Exhaust gases have a
temperature of up to 300°C. If there is a risk of
contact, the exhaust line must be protected by
safety guards accordingly. If heat radiation is
not desired, the exhaust line must be insulated
to be heat resistant. The exhaust line must not
be allowed to come into contact with combusti-
ble material. Do not use plastic brackets and
seals.
– It is also possible to work without an exhaust
line in open, well-ventilated halls with high ceil-

ings. In this case, it is essential that there are

no combustible materials in the region of the
exhaust jet.
– A licensed and certified fire extinguisher must
be placed near to the gas turbine.
– Connect the electrical power supply. Plug the
USB cable provided for computer-based meas-
urement data acquisition in to the ET 796
device and connect to the PC. See installation
instructions relating to the installation of hard-
ware and software.

3.7 Operating the gas turbine
3.7.1 Preparations for start
The following tasks must be performed before

starting the gas turbine:
– Check fuel level. If topping up the fuel level,
make sure the appropriate turbine oil is added
(see Page 69).
– Only use the highest purity kerosene or petro-
leum as fuel. Using poor quality fuel leads to
deposits forming in the turbine's evaporator
system, which in turn lead to malfunctions in
the combustion chamber.
– Only use fully synthetic oil as lubricant (see
Page 69)
– Connect the "Jet-tronic remote GSU" (Ground
Support Unit) on the control cabinet to the ECU
(Electronic Control Unit).
– Connect the operating unit on the control cabi-
net and adjust as follows:
• Throttle: down
• Throttle trim: Off
• AUX Channel: Off
– Switch on the main switch.
– Bleed the fuel line. For trouble-free operation,
make sure that there is no air in the fuel line
(see Chapter 3.7.2, Page 33).
– Check the operation of the indicators.
– The gas turbine is now ready for operation.

3.7.2 Bleeding the fuel lines with the kerosene start system
Before the first start and whenever the kerosene

lines are empty or contain air bubbles (e.g. fuel
tank empty during operation), the system must be
bled.
3.7.2.1 Switch ECU to 6V kerosene start mode.

(Already set by default)
– Switch off the main switch.
– If not already done, connect the "Jet-tronic

remote GSU" to the ECU on the lower left of the
control cabinet.
– Simultaneously press and hold the "Ignition" or
"Spool" and "Min/Max" on the "Jet-tronic
remote GSU".
– Switch on the main switch. (Keep the buttons
pressed!)
– After a short time, the Jet-tronic remote GSU
display shows:
Kerosene (6V- N)
Start activated
– Release the buttons; the ECU is now pro-
grammed for a kerosene start.

3.7.2.2 Bleeding the fuel supply to the engine:
1. First remove the 4 mm main fuel line (Fig. 3.11,

Page 21, no. 3) from the gas turbine and lead
to a collecting tank. If this isn't done, the follow-
ing procedure will flood the gas turbine with fuel
(-> risk of hot start).
Loosen the fuel lines:
1 2 3
Hold the blue ring on the hose coupling and pull
Fig. 3.20 Fuel line the hose.
hose coupling
1 - Hose 2. Fill the fuel tank.
2 - Blue ring
3 - Connector 3. Connect the "Jet-tronic remote GSU" on the
control cabinet (ECU) and open the "Pump
TestVolt" parameter in the "Test Functions"
menu. (Press "Menu Select" and hold and then
scroll with the +/- buttons until "Test Functions"
is displayed. Now release the "Menu Select"
button. Now "Purge Fuel System" appears in
the display. Otherwise scroll through the Test
Functions menu with the + button until the dis-
play appears.
4. Now press the "Change Value" button to start
the pump (the pump power can be increased or
reduced with the +/- keys while holding the
"Change Value" button). Keep supplying fuel
until all air bubbles are pumped out of the pipe
system and fuel is coming out without any bub-
bles.
5. Reconnect the fuel line to the gas turbine. The
main fuel system has now been bled.
Connect the fuel lines:
Simply insert the hose into the hose coupling
and check it is firmly inserted by tugging slightly
on the hose.

3.7.2.3 Bleeding the fuel supply to the kerosene start system:
1. First, bleed the fuel supply to the engine (see

Chapter 3.7.2.2, Page 34). The fuel tank must
be filled.
2. Disconnect glow plug connector. Failure to do
so will damage the seals due to the heat.
3. Disconnect the start fuel line at the connector
(see Fig. 3.4, Page 17, no. 4a) before the ker-
osene igniter (-> transition between fuel hose
and Teflon hose) and drain into a collecting

tank. If this isn't done, the following procedure
will flood the gas turbine with fuel.
4. Connect the "Jet-tronic remote GSU" on the
control cabinet (ECU is in the control cabinet)
and open the "BurnerValve Test" parameter in
the "Test Functions" menu. (Press "Menu
Select" and hold and then scroll with the +/-
buttons until "Test Functions" is displayed.
Now release the "Menu Select" button. Then
use the "+" button to scroll through the Test
Functions menu until "BurnerValve Test" is dis-
played).
5. Now press the "Change Value" button to start
the pump with low power and to supply fuel to
the kerosene igniter (the pump runs at low
power, the kerosene igniter valve is pulsed, the
main fuel valve remains closed). Now supply
fuel until all air bubbles are pumped out of the
kerosene igniter's hose system and fuel is com-
ing out without any bubbles.
6. Use the connector to re-establish the fuel con-
nection to the kerosene igniter. Briefly supply a

bit of fuel until the Teflon hose is also filled and

kerosene is present right at the kerosene
igniter. The fuel supply to the kerosene start
system has now been bled.

3.7.2.4 Testing and adjusting the fuel pump power
When adjusting the amount of fuel, check and

adjust the hose line to the gas turbine's fuel sup-
ply, not the fuel supply to the kerosene start sys-
tem.
1. First remove the 4 mm main fuel line (Fig. 3.11,
Page 21, no. 3) from the gas turbine and lead
to a collecting tank. If this isn't done, the
following procedure will flood the gas turbine
with fuel.
2. The fuel tank should be full.

3. Connect the "Jet-tronic remote GSU" to the
control cabinet (ECU).
4. Press and hold the "Change Value" button.
Now turn on the trainer at the main switch and
release the "Change Value" button after 2 - 3
seconds. Now "Pump start volt." should appear
in the GSU display.
5. Now press the "Change Value" button. The
pump should run (solenoid valve for fuel supply
also opens) and the current pump start-up volt-
age should be shown in the bottom line of the
GSU display. The fuel should drip rapidly from
the hose or pour out slightly. If the fuel is not
running out of the hose as described, fuel
pump start-up voltage must be corrected.
6. Now adjust the fuel pump start-up voltage
using the +/- buttons until the fuel runs out of
the fuel line as described under point 5. Check
the set value from time to time by pressing the
"Change Value" button. After successfully
adjusting the value, save it with the "Manual" or

"Set" button. The ECU stores the value and

returns to the RUN menu.
7. Reconnect the fuel line to the gas turbine.

3.7.3 Starting the gas turbine up
Gas turbines are started up in a fixed start-up pro-

cedure. This is typical of all gas turbines. Differ-
ences are only due to varying degrees of automa-
tion. In the following outline, the sequence is
shown schematically over time.
Max. temperature
n1
Full load speed
T3
Min. temperature
Full load
Idling speed Accelerate
Idle
Turbine outlet temperature T3

Self-sustaining
speed achieved
Turbine speed n1
Time
On
Starter
Off
On
Starting fuel
Off
On
Fuel
Off
Fig. 3.21 Start-up procedure of a gas turbine

It is useful to carefully read through and memorise

the description of the start-up procedure before
conducting the experiments.
In the experiments, the speed and temperature
curves are tracked on the gas turbine's "Jet-tronic
remote GSU" display and programming unit (see
JetCat gas turbine instructions).
The names of the controls refer to Chapter 3.4.4.
– To reset the gas turbine's control electronics,
switch off ET 796 at the main switch.
– Check carefully whether there is still unburned
fuel in the gas turbine. Unburned fuel can lead
to overheating and destruction of the gas tur-
bine as a result of uncontrolled combustion.
If there is still fuel in the gas turbine, lift the
thrust table at the front so that the fuel can run
out of the back. Then blow the gas turbine dry
with compressed air and carefully wipe up with
a cloth.
– Switch AUX channel to "off".
– Switch Throttle Trim to "on".
– Set Throttle to idle (min).
Fig. 3.22 Fold the gas turbine to remove
remaining fuel – Switch on ET 796 at the main switch.
– Switch AUX channel to "run". The three LEDs
flash in sequence.
– Start the automatic start-up process by moving
the throttle to full throttle (max).

Gas turbine automatic start process

– The starter motor brings the turbine to the start-
ing speed (yellow LED is on).
– Starting fuel is added via the glow plug, so that
the gas turbine ignites. Ignition can be detected
by an increase in temperature and speed.
– Main fuel valve opens (red LED on) and turbine
is ramped up to approximately 50 000min-1.
The temperature rises sharply.
– After a short time at 50 000min-1, the turbine is
automatically slowed to the idle speed of

35 000min-1. The throttle must be returned to
neutral. The green LED indicates readiness for
operation.
– The thrust of the gas turbine can now be
adjusted via the throttle.
3.7.4 Operating the gas turbine
NOTICE
The gas turbine may not be operated unattended.
From time to time, the indicators for speeds and
turbine outlet temperature must be checked.
• Speed and turbine outlet temperature are auto-

matically monitored by the electronic control
unit.
The idle speed is 35 000min-1. The full load
speed should not exceed 120 000min-1.

3.7.5 Shutting down the gas turbine
The gas turbine is shut down via the gas turbine's

AUX channel.
– Regular shutdown via the "Auto off" position.
The turbine runs at 50 000...60 000min -1 for a
short period. Then the fuel pump is shut off, the
combustion chamber extinguished and the tur-
bine stops. To cool the turbine bearing, the
starter motor continues to run until a tempera-
ture of less than 100°C is reached. The green
LED flashes during this time.
– In an emergency, the gas turbine can also be
switched off via the AUX channel "Off" position.
– After cooling down the gas turbine, move AUX
channel to "Off".
For more information, see the instruction manual
from the gas turbine manufacturer.

3.8 Maintenance
3.8.1 Glow plug
If there are problems starting up, check the glow

plug for damage, short circuit or dirt. A burnt-out
glow plug is detected and displayed by the elec-
tronic control unit. Replacing or loosening the
glow plug:
5 – Hold rubber connector and gently pull on the
cable to retract the spring in the rubber plug.
4 3 2 1 Then remove the rubber connector from the

glow plug.
Fig. 3.23 Glow plug connector
1 - plug – Disconnect the fuel line and unscrew the glow
2 - rubber connector
3 - spring
plug by hand.
4 - cable
5 - fuel line
– Screw in the new glow plug and tighten by
hand.
NOTICE
Do not use a spanner. The thread of the glow plug
socket may be damaged.
– Replace fuel line and rubber connector.

3.8.2 Servicing the gas turbine
The manufacturer recommends servicing the gas

turbine after 50 hours of operation. The turbine
bearings are replaced during this service.
Manufacturer of gas turbine model:

JetCat P80
Ing.Büro CAT M.Zipperer GmbH
Etzenberg 16
D-79129 Staufen, Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)7636-78030
Fax.: +49 (0)7636-7208
Website: www.cat-ing.de

3.9 Faults and troubleshooting
This section describes any problems that may

occur with the system and their causes.
Gas turbine specific faults and the meaning of the
error messages can be found in the gas turbine
manufacturer's manual.
NOTICE
Unburned fuel may still be in the gas turbine after

an interrupted start-up. This may combust in an
uncontrolled manner when the system is restarted
and damage the turbine due to overheating.
• Therefore when restarting after an interrupted
start, it must be ensured that there is no
unburned fuel in the gas turbine. Lift the thrust
table and gas turbine at the front so that the fuel
can run out of the back. The gas turbine should
then be blown with compressed air to remove
the remaining fuel.
• Carefully wipe up the fuel with a cloth.

Gas turbine fails to start
No reaction with the AUX channel in the "Run" – Main switch not turned on
position
– No mains voltage
– Conductive connection between gas turbine and
table
No ignition – Start fuel valve defective
– Start fuel line not connected to glow plug
– Glow plug defective

Ignition occurs, but start-up is interrupted at low speed
Flames at start-up – Pump injecting too much fuel
Start-up interrupted at medium speed – No fuel
(10 000...20 000 min-1).
Strong smoke emission
The starter motor does not reach its speed – Clutch slipping => clean with alcohol
Operating malfunctions
Gas turbine stops – No fuel

– AUX channel to Off or
Auto off
– Main switch off
– Throttle trim to off
– No mains voltage
3.10 Decommissioning
– Remove any fuel remaining in the gas turbine

by lifting the gas turbine up.
– Switch off the power supply at the main switch.

4 Basic principles
The basic principles set out in the following make

no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
Fig. 4.1 Engine from General Electric J85-GE-17A turbojet
Inlet Compressor Combustion Exhaust outlet
Air inlet Combustion chamber Turbine

Cold section Warm section
Fig. 4.2 Principle of a jet engine
4 Basic principles 47
4.1 The open gas turbine cycle
The gas turbine trainer operates according to the

Fuel open thermodynamic cycle, in which the working
fluid is taken from the environment and fed back
to it again. In this case, the working fluid of air is
2
subjected to the following changes of state:
– Adiabatic compression of the cold air with a
compressor (1) from ambient pressure p1 to
the pressure p2 and the associated tempera-
ture increase from T1 to T2.
3
– Isobaric heating of the air from T2 to T3 by sup-
plying heat. Heat input is achieved by burning
1
4 fuel with oxygen in the combustion chamber
(2).
– Adiabatic expansion of the hot air in a turbine
Air Exhaust gas
(3) from the pressure p2 to p1. The temperature
Fig. 4.3 Simple, open gas turbine
decreases from T3 to T4.
In a closed thermodynamic cycle, the working
medium would have to be re-cooled to the inlet
temperature T1. Even in an open cycle, the resid-
ual heat is dissipated to the environment.
The mechanical power extracted with the turbine
is used in part to drive the compressor and in part
to be available as useful power. Thus for example,
it is possible to operate a generator (4).
48 4 Basic principles
4.1.1 Representation in the heat diagram
Representing the cycle in the heat chart, known

as a T-s diagram, is useful in order to be able to
better assess the conditions in the thermody-
namic cycle. Here the temperature of the working
fluid is plotted over the specific entropy.
p2
T Heat input
qin 3
Expansion
p1
2 Useful work
W 4
Compression
1 Heat output
qout
a b
s
Fig. 4.4 T-s diagram of the gas turbine process
The heat quantities can be represented in the T-s

diagram as areas. The useful work results from
the difference of the input quantity of heat area
a,2,3,b and output quantity of heat area 4,b,a,1.
Using the T-s diagram, it is possible to examine
questions about the thermal efficiency and the
working capacity of the process. Both tempera-
ture conditions and the pressure ratio = p 2 p 1
play a role here.
4.1.2 Thermal efficiency (ideal)
The efficiency results from the ratio of the input

heat and mechanical work. Assuming a constant
heat capacity of the working fluid, for the thermal
efficiency we get:
T1 1 -
th = 1 – ------ = 1 – ------------ (4.1)
T2 – 1-
-----------
With a mean value of = 1 ,4 for air and diatomic

gases we get:
1
th = 1 – -------------- (4.2)
0,285
We can see that the efficiency only depends on

the compression ratio . The highest temperature
in the process, the turbine inlet temperature T3,
has no effect on the thermal efficiency.
4.1.3 Specific work capacity
For the specific work capacity the following rela-

tionship applies:
1 0 ,285
w eff = c p T 3 1 – -------------- – cp T1 –1 (4.3)
0 ,285
We can see that, besides the compression ratio,

the intake and turbine inlet temperature also play
a role. The intake temperature is generally deter-
mined by the ambient conditions. The turbine inlet
temperature T3 should be chosen as high as pos-
sible. In practice it is limited by the temperature

resistance of the turbine blades. Consequently
the compression ratio is also a decisive factor.
The power output of the system is given by multi-

plication by the mass flow pushed through.
·
P eff = m w eff (4.4)
The relationships depicted here apply for a single-

shaft system. They provide guidance for under-
standing the operating behaviour. For example,
the compression ratio is quadratically dependent
on the speed. At high speeds this yields a signifi-
cantly higher system efficiency.
4.1.4 Representation in the p-v diagram
The thermodynamic cycle can also be repre-

sented in the p-v diagram. This makes the com-
pression and expansion process clearly visible.
p Heat input qin
p2
2 3
Expansion
Compression
Useful work
W
p1
1 4
Heat output qout
Fig. 4.5 p-v diagram of the gas turbine process
The mechanical work can also be represented as

an enclosed area. In contrast to the T-s diagram,
in this case the areas represent mechanical work.
We can see that the specific volume of the gas
increases between 2 and 3 due to the input of
heat, thus decreasing the density. The turbine's
surplus useful power results from the fact that it
can process a larger volume at the same differen-
tial pressure as the compressor.
4.1.5 Gas turbine jet engine
In aircraft engines, above a certain airspeed it is

cheaper to use the exhaust jet directly for gener-
ating thrust. The simplest jet propulsion consists
of a single-shaft gas turbine (1) in an open ther-
modynamic cycle. The turbine's exhaust gases
are only partly used and still contain energy. They
1
are accelerated in a jet nozzle (2) and generate
the necessary momentum to propel the aircraft.
With an optimum nozzle configuration, the
2 exhaust gases are expanded to ambient pres-

sure.
Using the principle of linear momentum, the thrust
Fig. 4.6 Jet engine
can easily be calculated from the pushed through
mass flow and the velocities at inlet (c1) and outlet
(c2):
·
Ft = m c2 – c1 (4.5)
In doing so it should be noted that the thrust is a

vector quantity and only velocity components in
the direction of the thrust make a contribution.
5 Experiments
The selection of experiments makes no claims of

completeness but is intended to be used as a
stimulus for your own experiments.
The results shown are intended as a guide only.
Depending on the construction of the individual
components, experimental skills and environmen-
tal conditions, deviations may occur in the experi-
ments. Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly
demonstrated.
5.1 Recording measurements and their subsequent evaluation
The measurements should only be taken while

the gas turbine is in the steady state. The follow-
ing measured values are examples and are sub-
ject to large variations, which are also dependent
on the ambient conditions.
The measurement data can be recorded manually
or via computer-based measurement data acqui-
sition. Five measurements were taken while
idling, at partial load and at full load.
5.1.1 Preparation for the experiment
– Prepare trainer for start-up.

(See Chapter 3.5, Chapter 3.6 and
Chapter 3.7)
5 Experiments 55
5.1.2 Conducting the experiment
– Run the turbine in the five operating points of

idling, 20% partial load, 40% partial load, 60%
partial load and full load.
– Record the measured values either with or
without a PC
5.1.3 Measured values
Gas turbine experiment Date: 10/04/2014

Ambient temperature Tamb in °C: 10
Air pressure pamb in mbar: 1020
Rel. humidity in %: 65
Experiment no.: 1 2 3 4 5
Compressor outlet T1 in °C 22 40 63 78 101
Combustion chamber T2 in °C 980 938 931 956 1058
Turbine outlet T3 in °C 621 582 571 576 598
Combustion chamber pressure p in 0,08 0,32 0,63 0,90 1,36

bar (rel.)
Air throughput dV air/dt in L/s 11,6 49,0 96,7 150,5 231,7

·
Air mass flow rate m a in kg/s 0,015 0,061 0,121 0,188 0,290
Fuel consumption dV fuel/dt in L/h 6,2 10,9 15,4 19,1 25,1

· –3 –3 –3 –3 –3
Fuel mass flow m f in kg/s 1 ,38 10 2 ,42 10 3 ,42 10 4 ,24 10 5 ,58 10
Turbine speed n in min-1 35100 67000 87400 102200 119700
Thrust Ft in N 5,1 20,3 40,4 60,7 97,9
Notes Idle 20% par- 40% par- 60% par- Full load
tial load tial load tial load
Tab. 5.1
56 5 Experiments
5.1.4 Analysis of the experiment
5.1.4.1 Air mass flow and fuel mass flow

·
The air mass flow m a in kg/s is calculated as fol-
lows:
· 0 T 0 p amb
m a = ------------- ----------------------- Anzeige (5.1)
1000 p 0 T amb
with the reference values under standard condi-

tions:
3
Density at 20°C = 1 ,199 kg m
Temperature at 20°C in K T 0 = 293 K

Pressure at p 0 = 1 ,013 bar
under the experimental conditions:

Temperature at 10°C in K T amb = 283 K
Pressure at pamb = 1,020 bar
Summary of above formula

· p amb
m a = 0 ,347 ------------- Anzeige (5.2)
T amb
Here
Tamb is the ambient temperature in K,
pamb the ambient pressure in bar and
"Anzeige" (display) is the measured air volume
flow in L/s.
Based on the full load case we get:

· 1 ,020
m a = 0 ,347 --------------- 231 ,7 = 0 ,290 kg/s
283
5 Experiments 57
·
The fuel mass flow m f is calculated at a display of
fuel consumption dV fuel/dt in L/h and a desired
·
fuel mass flow m f in kg/s as follows:
· f
m f = ------------- Anzeige (5.3)
3600
where f in kg/dm³ is the density of the fuel at

15°C
Based on the full load case we get:

3
with a density of, for example, f = 0 ,8 kg/dm
· 0,8 kg L –3
m f = ------------- ----------3- 25 ,1 --- = 5 ,58 10 kg/s
3600 dm h
58 5 Experiments
5.1.4.2 Other characteristics of the gas turbine
Calculation based on full load operation.

Specific thrust:
Ft · · · ·
f t = ------
· - where m = m a + m f ma (5.4)
ma
97 ,9 N N s
f t = ---------------------- = 338 -----------
kg kg
0 ,290 ------
s
Specific fuel consumption:
·
mf
b s = ------ (5.5)
Ft
– 3 kg
5 ,58 10 ------
s – 5 kg
b s = ----------------------------------- = 5 ,70 10 -----------
97 ,9 N N s
kg
b s = 0 ,205 ------------
N h
Thrust/weight ratio:
F
f G = -----t (5.6)
G
G : Weight in kg
97 ,9N N
f G = ------------------ = 7 ,20 ------
13 ,6k g kg
Output thermal power:

· ·
Qf = mf Hi (5.7)
· – 3 kg kJ
Q f = 5 ,58 10 ------ 42580 ------ = 237 ,6kW
s kg
Hi : Calorific value 42580 kJ/kg (formerly Hu)
5 Experiments 59
Thermal efficiency (ideal):

1 - 1
th = 1 – ------------
–1
= 1 – -------------- (5.8)
------------ 0 ,285
where = 1,4
where compression ratio p (abs.) -
= -----------------------------
p amb (abs.)
where pamb: Pressure before compression
p : Pressure after compression
1 -
th = 1 – ----------------------
0 ,285
= 0 ,214
2 ,33
60 5 Experiments
5.1.4.3 Representation of the measured data in diagrams
The measured data can be displayed online and

saved with the PC-based measurement data
acquisition. Then the recorded measured values
can be processed with the Measurements Graph
part of the program. The *.dat files with the stored
measurement data are used as the basis of the
data.
The following measured values are contained in
the *.dat file: It is possible to process the data
Fig. 5.1 Gas turbine system diagram using a text editor. The data can also be imported
and processed using a spreadsheet program
such as Excel.
1 Time t in h:min:sec
2 Compressor outlet temp. T1 in °C
3 Combustion chamber temp. T2 in °C
4 Turbine outlet temp. T3 in °C
5 Turbine speed n in min-1
4 Fuel consumption dV_fuel/dt in L/h
5 Combustion chamber
pressure p in bar (rel.)
6 Thrust Ft in N
7 Air consumption dV air/dt in L/s
The following figures show some measurement

results that have been recorded with the PC-
based measurement data acquisition.
5 Experiments 61
The following figure shows recorded measure-

ment data in the "Measurements Graph" window.
The thrust of the gas turbine is shown as a func-
tion of the speed. The thrust increases dispropor-
tionately with the speed. There is almost no thrust
at idle speed. The measurements shown were
taken at intervals of 2s. The plotted charts were
measured at a P80 gas turbine with less thrust
and do not match the currently recorded meas-
ured values of Chapter 5.1.3. Nevertheless, the
laws can clearly be seen.
Fig. 5.2 Thrust of the gas turbine from start-up to 120 000 revolutions
62 5 Experiments
The following figure shows the relationship

between fuel consumption and thrust.
Fig. 5.3 Fuel consumption as a function of thrust
5 Experiments 63
The following figure illustrates the relationship

between air demand and thrust. The tempera-
tures are also shown.
Fig. 5.4 Temperatures and the gas turbine's air demand as a function of thrust
T1 Compressor temp. in °C
T2 Combustion chamber temp. in °C
T3 Turbine outlet temp. in °C
dV_air/dt Air volumetric flow rate in L/s
64 5 Experiments
The last diagram shows the combustion chamber

pressure over the speed. This results in a quad-
ratic dependency.
Fig. 5.5 Combustion chamber pressure of the gas turbine from start-up to 120,000 revolutions
5 Experiments 65
5.1.4.4 Determining the fuel-air ratio
The fuel-air ratio is determined from the quotients

of the actual amount of air taken in to the amount
of air required for stoichiometric combustion of the
fuel. The amount of air required for combustion of
kerosene is:
kg air
L min = 14 ,2 --------------
kg fuel
It follows for the fuel-air ratio at full load:
· kg
m 0,290 ------
1 a s
= ----------- ------
· - = --------------------------------------------------- = 3 ,66 (5.9)
L min m – 3 kg
f 14 ,2 5 ,58 10 ------
s
The fuel-air ratio of the combustion chamber is

nearer to the stabilised flame in gas turbines
= 1. The secondary air increases the values up
to about 5, so that the temperature in the combus-
tion chamber remains below 1600°C and below
1400°C when entering the turbine.
66 5 Experiments
6 Appendix
6.1 Technical data
Dimensions
Length x Width x Height 1230 x 800 x 1330 mm
Weight 112 kg
Power supply
Voltage 230 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Phases 1
Rated input (power) 400 W
Alternatives optional, see rating plate
Fuel Mixture of kerosene (Jet-A, Jet A-1) or

petroleum with turbine oil
Density at 15°C 0,775...0,84 kg/m3
Exhaust stack Pipe Ø 300 mm

Volume at 1m distance (full load): approx. 130 dB(A)
Type
Gas turbine, open cycle
Gas turbine P80-SE
Design: Radial compressor and axial turbine
Annular combustion chamber
Speed range: 35 000...120 000 (max.) min-1
Max. pressure ratio: approx. 2,2
Max. fuel consumption: approx. 0,4 L/min
Ignition and starting system

Special glow plug with starting fuel 1,2 V
Electric starter
6 Appendix 67
WARNING
Smoking or open flames when handling com-
bustible fuels can lead to explosion or defla-
gration.
Possibility of severe injuries.
• No open flame
• No smoking
• Erect warning sign
• Comply with relevant statutory provisions when
transporting and storing fuels (kerosene, petro-
leum, etc.).
Either kerosene (Jet-A1) or petroleum can be

used as fuel, to which is added approx. 5% oil,
special turbine oil (e.g. AeroShell 500 or Exxon
Turbine Oil).
Rule of thumb: 1 litre of oil to 20 litres of fuel
NOTICE
To prevent static charging of the fuel system dur-
ing operation, an antistatic additive (from Jetcat,
product no. 61198- 00) can be added to the fuel.
NOTICE
Fully-synthetic two-stroke oils are not suitable and
should not be used.
68 6 Appendix
Lubrication system
Oil-mist lubrication with oil-fuel mixture mixing
ratio 1:20.
Example for filling the fuel tank: 4,75L petroleum
and 0,25L turbine oil.
Recommended oil types:

AeroShell Turbine Oil 500/560 with the specifica-
tion MIL-PRF 23699 Grade HTS or Mobil Jet 1.
Conditionally suitable:
Exxon Turbine Oil is suitable only for kerosene.
Not recommended:
Castrol TTS is not suitable, since it is not miscible
with the fuels.
Safety devices
Shutdown at
– Overtemperature at the turbine inlet
– Overspeed in the turbine
Instrumentation
Thermocouples and digital displays for measuring
the following temperatures:
– Compressor outlet 0...1200°C
– Combustion chamber 0...1200°C
– Turbine outlet 0...1200°C
6 Appendix 69
Pressure sensors and digital display

– Combustion chamber pressure: 0... 2 bar
Mass flows
– Air inlet measuring nozzle with square root
extracting
pressure sensor and digital display:
0...500 L/s
– Fuel from the fuel pump
Control: 0...25 L/h
– Turbine digital revolution counter:

0...199999 min-1
Measurement data acquisition

Programme environment:
LabVIEW Runtime
System requirements:
PC with Pentium IV, 1GHz processor
Minimum 1024MB RAM
Minimum 1GB free
hard disk space
1 CD-ROM drive
1 USB port
Graphic card resolution
min. 1024 x 768 pixels, True Color
Windows Vista / Windows 7 / Windows 8
70 6 Appendix
6.2 List of abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
ECU Electronic Control Unit
GSU Ground Support Unit

·
dV_fuel/dt Fuel consumption VF
·
dV_air/dt Air flow Va
6.3 List of formula symbols and units

Formula symbol Mathematical/physical value Unit
bs Specific fuel consumption kg N s
cp Specific thermal capacity kg kg K
dV_fuel/dt Fuel consumption L/h
dV_air/dt Air flow L/s
ft Specific thrust N s kg
fG Thrust/weight ratio N/kg
F Force N
G Weight kg
Hi Calorific value (i: inferior) kJ/kg
Lmin Stoichiometrically required amount of air kga/kgf

·
m Mass flow kg/s
·
ma Air mass flow kg/s
·
mf Fuel mass flow kg/s, g/s
n Speed min-1
p Pressure bar
p0 Pressure at standard conditions mbar, bar, Pa
pamb Ambient pressure (atmospheric pressure) mbar, bar, Pa
p Pressure after compression mbar, bar, Pa
qin Specific heat input J/kg
6 Appendix 71
Formula symbol Mathematical/physical value Unit
qout Specific heat output J/kg

·
Qf Output thermal power W, kW
s Specific entropy J kg K
Ft Thrust N
t Time h:m:s
T0 Temperature under standard conditions °C, K
Tamb Ambient temperature °C, K
T1 Compressor temperature °C, K
T2 Combustion chamber temperature °C, K
T3 Turbine outlet temperature °C, K
v Specific volume m3/kg
w Specific useful work J/kg
weff Specific work capacity J/kg
th Thermal efficiency %
Isentropic exponent -
Fuel-air ratio -
Pressure ratio -
0 Density under standard conditions kg/dm3
Relative humidity % RH
Index Explanation
a Air
amb Ambient
eff Effective
in fed in
out emitted
t Thrust
theo theoretical
72 6 Appendix
6.4 List of symbols in the process schematic
Symbol Description
Fuel pump
Fuel tank
Filter
Motor
Fuel valve
Combustion chamber
Compressor
Turbine
Measuring nozzle
6 Appendix 73
6.5 List of identification letters used in the process schematic
Identifi- Description
cation
letter
Equipment and machinery
B Container, tank, hopper, silo
M Electric motor
P Pump
V Compressor, vacuum pump, fan
Fittings
V Valve, general
Tab. 6.1 Identification letters for equipment, machinery, fittings and pipes
Identifi- Measurand or other input variable, Processing

cation actuator
letter
as first letter as supplementary as subsequent letter
letter (sequence I, R, C)
X Force
P Pressure
F Flow rate, flow capacity Ratio
S Velocity, speed, fre- Circuit, flow control,

quency logic control
T Temperature Measuring transducer

function
Tab. 6.2 Identification letter for measurement points
74 6 Appendix
6.6 Tables and graphs
Unit mm3 cm3 L m3
1mm3 1 0,001 0,000001 0,000000001
1cm3 1.000 1 0,001 0,000001
1L 1.000.000 1.000 1 0,001
1m3 1.000.000.000 1.000.000 1.000 1
Tab. 6.3 Conversion table for units of volume

Unit L/s L/min L/h m3/min m3/h
1L/s 1 60 3600 0,06 3,6
1L/min 0,01667 1 60 0,001 0,06
1L/h 0,000278 0,01667 1 0,00001667 0,001
1m3/min 16,667 1000 0,0006 1 60
1m3/h 0,278 16,667 1000 0,01667 1
Tab. 6.4 Conversion table for units of volume flow
Unit bar mbar Pa hPa kPa mm WC *
1bar 1 1.000 100.000 1.000 100 10.000
1mbar 0,001 1 100 1 0,1 10
1Pa 0,00001 0,01 1 0,01 0,001 0,1
1hPa 0,001 1 100 1 0,1 10
1kPa 0,01 10 1.000 10 1 100
1 mm WC * 0,0001 0,1 10 0,1 0,01 1
Tab. 6.5 Conversion table for units of pressure

* rounded figures
6 Appendix 75
6.7 Worksheets
Gas turbine experiment Date:

Ambient temperature Tamb °C:
Air pressure pamb in mbar:
Rel. humidity in %:
Experiment no.: 1 2 3 4 5
Compressor outlet T1 in °C
Combustion chamber T2 in °C
Turbine outlet T3 in °C
Combustion chamber pressure p in

bar
Air throughput dV_air/dt in L/s
· in kg/s
Air mass flow m a
Fuel consumption dV_fuel/dt in L/h
· in g/s
Fuel mass flow m f
Turbine speed n in min-1
Thrust Ft in N
Notes
Tab. 6.6
76 6 Appendix

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I

innit www.onulnfbounwmu Yalow

translate manual man Page I

wiring diagram clear pump motor noir 072in!

* ใน โลก วห ง อง ไ เยอะ แสนโ วย ปตอก าว

ET 796 Gas Turbine as Jet

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

Publication-no.: 916.000 00 B 796 03 (A) DTP_3

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

2.6.2 Inspecting the turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.2 Special safety rules for handling kerosene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

4 The open gas turbine process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.1 Representation in heat diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5.2 Air mass flow and fuel mass flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5.3 Further characteristic quantities of an aeroplane jet turbine . . . . . . 45

.mn/.MnWW2nIuoiwni uiuonv-wn n'n i nInJ0Nnmo

6.1 Working sheet for recording measured values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

• Driving electricity generators in power

• Driving compressors and pumps in oil and

• For the propulsion of aircraft with propeller

rinnfvriiwniriihs they permit high material flow rates with small

( V' Whitsun WW lun ,

Journos moving parts liuuuayy

In comparison to steam turbines, gas turbines

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

Tns , offish MON Mrs Nailor

The system is of straightforward construction and

As well as demonstrating how the system works,

and other characteristic data of the gas turbine.

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

These also include the safety elements such Idw

A process schematic with all subsystems is given

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

Fig. 2.1 Prozessdiagram Gasturbine

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

The core of the plant is the model jet turbine

Fig. 2.2 Model jet turbine

nowiwso lvodmsoradidlnieio iwiuwfvnl ut.is

diffuser of the air is converted into IVTJbnnwn-WJ-swvoj

bustion chamber (3) inlet part of the air is branched

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

combustion gases (approx. 2000°C) down to the

turbine inlet lignum 600-8009

9W votlgnsuoslwnluai From the combustion chamber, the combustion

Fig. 2.3 Model-jetturbine

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

The bearings are cooled by the compressor air and

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

Kerosene or petroleum is used as the fuel. To

2.1.3 Starter and ignition system

The automatic starter system consists of a

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

All the indicators, the master switch and the

ET 796 1 Compressor temperature T1

Fig. 2.5 Front panel with indicators

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

The turbine is operated from a control panel

Throttle Trim AuxChan.

Fig. 2.6 Turbine control panel

ET 796 GAS TURBINE AS JET ENGINE

All the system parts are set up on a benchtop

1 Switch cupboard with indicators 6 Force sensor for thrust measurement