 FORCE- The push or pull on an object with mass causes it to change its velocity.

Force is
an external agent capable of changing a body's state of rest or motion. It has a magnitude
and a direction.
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM- Free-body diagrams are diagrams used to show the relative
magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. It depicts a
body or connected bodies with all the applied forces and moments, and reactions, which act
on the body.
 MOMENT- A moment (also sometimes called a torque) is defined as the "tendency of a
force to rotate a body". Where forces cause linear accelerations, moments cause angular
accelerations. The moment of a force depends on the magnitude of the force and the
distance from the axis of rotation.
 FORCE SYSTEM- a collection of forces that act at certain points (may also include
couples). A force system is therefore the collection of forces depicted on any free body
diagram. These forces can be external forces applied to the object from the surrounding
environment or internal forces generated within the object itself.
 EQUILIBRIUM- A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if it experiences
neither linear acceleration nor angular acceleration; unless it is disturbed by an outside
force, it will continue in that condition indefinitely.
A structure is in equilibrium when all forces or moments acting upon it are balanced. This
means that each and every force acting upon a body, or part of the body, is resisted by
either another equal and opposite force or set of forces whose net result is zero.
 STATIC EQUATION- ΣF = o This is the equation of static equilibrium. The expression ΣF
represents the resultant external force, in other words a vector sum of forces acting on a
standing person; o is zero vector (0, 0, 0).
 COPLANAR FORCES- Coplanar forces are multiple forces acting on an object in the same
plane. Forces are pushes or pulls on an object, and force is a vector meaning it has a
magnitude (strength), and a direction in which it acts. The composition of forces is the
vector addition of all forces acting on an object. They may be concurrent, parallel, non-
concurrent or non-parallel.
 NON COPLANAR FORCES- If the lines of action of forces do not lie in the same plane
then the forces are called non-coplanar forces. These forces may be concurrent or parallel.
 CONCURRENT FORCES- A set of point forces is considered concurrent if all the lines of
action of those forces all come together at a single point. Because the lines of action for the
gravitational force and the two tension forces line up at a single point, these forces are
considered concurrent.
 PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM- The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other
and They do not meet at one point. Parallel forces also must have equal and opposite
forces, with a balance point somewhere in the middle.
 GENERAL FORCE SYSTEM- This system of forces is known as coplanar non- concurrent
non-parallel force system. Hence, in coplanar non-concurrent non-parallel system of forces,
all the forces act in the same plane but the forces are neither parallel nor meet at a
common point. This force system is also known as general system of forces.
 COPLANAR CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM- A concurrent coplanar force system is a
system of two or more forces whose lines of action ALL intersect at a common point.
However, all of the individual vectors might not acutally be in contact with the common
point.
 COPLANAR PARALLEL FORCE SYSTEM- A parallel coplanar force system consists of
two or more forces whose lines of action are ALL parallel. This is commonly the situation
when simple beams are analyzed under gravity loads. It is a parallel force system is a
situation in which two forces of equal magnitude act in the same direction within the same
plane, with the counter force in the middle.
 GENERAL COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM- multiple forces acting on an object in the same
plane. Forces are pushes or pulls on an object, and force is a vector meaning it has a
magnitude (strength), and a direction in which it acts. The composition of forces is the
vector addition of all forces acting on an object.
 COUPLE- A couple consists of two parallel forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in
sense and do not share a line of action. It does not produce any translation, only rotation.
The resultant force of a couple is zero. BUT, the resultant of a couple is not zero; it is a pure
moment.

 A three-hinged arch is a structure composed of two curved segments, joined together by

an internal hinge and supported at two external hinges
 Shear force refers to the force that acts parallel to the cross-section of a structural element
 bending moment is the moment that occurs when an external force is applied to the
element causing it to bend.
 rigid frame is a structure composed of members which are connected by relatively stiff or
rigid joints.
 A truss is a structure composed of individual members joined together so as to form a
series of triangles.
 Method of Joints. The external reaction components are first determined by taking the
whole truss as a free body.
 method of sections involves the passing of a section through three members and applying
the three equations of statics to the free body on either side of the section.
 Method of Moments and Shears. The method of moments and shears may be considered
as merely a variation of the method of sections. A horizontal truss subjected to vertical
loads resembles a beam in its structural action. The top chord of the truss takes
compression and the bottom chord takes tension.