GS4 Jan 2024

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS
INSIGHTSIAS
IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

MAINS MISSION 2024
GS- IV
JANUARY 2024
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NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing
is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.
Table of Contents
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. ........................................................ 6
The ethics of lying, even for altruistic purposes, is a topic that has been debated by philosophers,
ethicists, and scholars for centuries. Analyse. ................................................................................ 6
For most of human history, ethics has concentrated on “human rights”. However, ethics now
include the rights of environment. In this context, explain environmental ethics. (150 words) ....... 7
Morality goes beyond mere adherence to a set of prescribed rules and involves the development
of a virtuous and principled character. Elaborate. ........................................................................ 10
When faced with adversity, individuals reveal their true nature, displaying qualities such as
resilience, integrity, empathy, and courage. Examine. ................................................................. 11
What do you understand by ‘environmental integrity? Discuss its importance. (250 words) ........ 13
Moral relativism is the philosophical belief that moral truths are not absolute but are instead
relative to the individual or culture. Explain. (150 words) ............................................................ 14
Critically examine the various moral implications of dealing with the issue of stray animals in India
(10M) .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Effective civil servants should possess strong ethical and professional competence, avoiding
certain traits or vices that can hinder their performance. Discuss. ............................................... 17

Encouraging a culture of honesty, understanding, and constructive dialogue can help create a safe
space for individuals to express their true thoughts and opinions in public relationships. Discuss.
(150 words) ................................................................................................................................. 19
Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;
role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values. ......................................... 22
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Reason shows me that if my happiness is
desirable and good, the equal happiness of any other person must be equally desirable” ― Henry
Sidgwick ...................................................................................................................................... 22
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Virtue lies in our power, and similarly so does
vice; because where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not to act…” ― Aristotle. ..... 23
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) We see morality in speeches and writings. We
do not find it in practice.” ― Periyar E.V. Ramasamy ................................................................... 24
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “A person’s ethics and character are not tested
in good times. It is only in bad times that a person shows how steadfast he is to his dharma.” ―
Amish Tripathi ............................................................................................................................. 25
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence,
then, is not an act but a habit.” – Aristotle .................................................................................. 26
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not
in the multiplicity and confusion of things.” – Isaac Newton ........................................................ 27
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “The simplest acts of kindness are by far more
powerful than a thousand heads bowing in prayer.” – Mahatma Gandhi .................................... 28
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Every adversity, every failure, every heartache
carries with it the seed of an equal or greater benefit.” – Napoleon Hill...................................... 29
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Good means not merely not to do wrong, but
rather not to desire to do wrong.” ― Democritus ........................................................................ 30
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Unnecessary laws are traps for honest people
but a haven for the dishonest.” ― Anonymous ........................................................................... 31
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker
sections. .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Integrity is the compass that guides individuals on their journey of character development.
Substantiate. (150 words) ............................................................................................................ 32
Integrity is a crucial moral virtue that is foundational to building good character. It helps us
establish trust and reliability in our interactions with others, cultivates self-respect and self-
esteem, and guides us to act in accordance with our values and principles. Substantiate. (150
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; Moral
and political attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion ................................................................... 35
What is the difference between attitude and behaviour? Why at times human beings display
behaviour that is contrary to their attitudes?............................................................................... 35
In the era of competition and commercialisation, it is a herculean task to sustain as a leader who
stays true to their ethics. Analyse. (150 words) ............................................................................ 38
The contours of public morality continually shift as societies navigate the complexities of their
evolving values, adapting to emerging circumstances and redefining ethical norms in the process.
Explain. (150 words) .................................................................................................................... 40
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world. ......................................... 41
Explain the moral philosophy of Eudaimonism with examples. (150 words) ................................. 41
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of life. Elaborate
with examples. ............................................................................................................................ 44
Discuss the major aspects of Swami Vivekananda’s ethical philosophy with a special emphasis on
the importance of cultivating compassion. (150 words) ............................................................... 46
What is cognitive dissonance and how can it be addressed? (150 Words) .................................... 48
Categorical Imperative helps us think about what’s fair and right for everyone, not just for
ourselves. Examine. (150 words).................................................................................................. 50
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns
and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as
sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and
moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; ........................... 51
What do you understand by international morality? Does morality exist in international relations?
(150 words) ................................................................................................................................. 51
Rights dominate modern understandings of what actions are morally permissible and which
institutions are ethically just. Elaborate. (150 words) ................................................................... 53
How can class and gender differentiations affect our perceptions of ethical norms and principles?
Discuss. (10M) ............................................................................................................................. 55
The perception that probity in governance is considered an exception rather than the norm in
modern-day administration is rooted in various systemic, cultural, and structural challenge.
Analsye. (150 words) ................................................................................................................... 59
A moral compass is a fundamental aspect of ethical decision-making, providing individuals with a
reliable guide based on their internalized values. Elaborate. (150 words) .................................... 61
If we can uphold pluralism, responsibility, and fairness, then the ethics in international relations
will transform from a normative theory to a practising principle. Elaborate. (150 words)............. 62
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of
Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds,
challenges of corruption. ................................................................................................................. 64
The influence of money in elections raises serious ethical concerns about fairness, representation,
and the integrity of the democratic process. Elucidate. (150 words) ............................................ 64
One of the most effective methods for detecting and preventing corruption and malpractices is
through the act of whistleblowing. Is whistleblowing by civil servants ethically justified? ............ 66
Combating corruption requires comprehensive efforts, including robust legal frameworks,
effective enforcement mechanisms, and a commitment to promoting transparency,
accountability, and ethical conduct at all levels of society. Analyse. (150 words) ......................... 68

Overcoming conflicts of interest in public service is essential for maintaining trust, transparency,
and the effective functioning of government institutions. Discuss. (150 words) ........................... 70
A moral compass plays a crucial role in promoting ethical behaviour, personal integrity, and
contributing to a more just and ethical society. Elaborate. (150 words) ....................................... 72

Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
The ethics of lying, even for altruistic purposes, is a topic that has been debated by
philosophers, ethicists, and scholars for centuries. Analyse.
Difficulty level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Define as to what constitutes a falsehood which has good outcome with an example.
Body:
In the first part, examine the nature of white lies and analyse the concept using various ethical
theories and thinkers. Give examples to substantiate your arguments.
In the next part, give situations where it would be okay to use white lies and situations where white
lies would not be right.
Conclusion:
Pass a balanced judgement that usage of white lies is based on situation but all lies are a form of
deception. It would not be okay to justify white lies ethically unless there exist extra-ordinary
circumstances.
Introduction
Ethics provide accountability between the public and the administration especially in the
government service. White Lie is a form of deception about a small or unimportant matter that
someone expresses to avoid hurting another person. For E.g.: Telling your mother that her food is
delicious when you really don’t like the food.
Body
White Lies are sometimes justified:
Consequentialists state that lying to get a better harmonious and productive outcome is justified. In
some situations, lying might be the ethically better choice. Many of these situations occur in daily
life, and many of us resort to telling “white lies” to navigate these situations. Since they concern
trivial matters and are usually well-intentioned, perhaps some white lies are justified.

 Upholding Social Norm: our motivation for lying in one situation might differ from our
motivation in another. For example, some situations involve social rituals such as answering
“fine” when someone asks how you are. Even on bad days, most people elect to tell that
white lie because their motivation is to uphold social norms. The decision to answer “fine”
when you are not actually feeling fine might also be justified by the culturally shared
understanding that asking “How are you?” functions mostly as a greeting.
 Respecting feelings and sensitivities of others: If a mother asks a son, does she look old,
even if she does, her son will oblige by saying no.
 Protecting lives of Individuals: If Nazi soldiers asked a family hiding Jews during World War
II if they were in fact hiding Jews, the right response would obviously be to lie. In such a
case, lying to save a life is a higher virtue than truth-telling.
o According to a study published by University of Massachusetts, most people cannot

go 10 minutes in a conversation without lying. Yet, at the same time, most people
would prefer not to be deceived themselves.
White Lies are not justified:

Deontologists base their moral thinking on general universal laws, and not on the results of
particular acts. Hence regardless of outcome, lying in essence is a wrong act.
 Moreover, Telling Trivial Lies Makes It Easier To Lie More Often: if a person gets comfortable
telling small untruths she/he will eventually tell larger untruths. Integrity and ethical
behaviour requires telling the truth at all times.
 For E.g. : Gandhiji, started lying about going out with friends, then went on to lie about
eating meat, then he lied about smoking, then he lied about stealing gold from his own
house. After which his spirit awakens his conscience and he vows never to lie again. As per
“My Experiments with Truth”.
 Telling Trivial Lies Can Damage the Reputation of Our Business, organisation and cause Trust
Deficit: Because if the lie is discovered at later point, it permanently stays as blot in
memories of masses.
 For E.g.: Volkswagen emission scandal, when they expressed white lies to protect integrity of
organisation and later got penalised and lost their trust among people.
Conclusion
As Buddha had stated, telling truth is essential but telling unkind truth is uncalled for. Incentives and
rewards rewires brain to tell the truth and develop conscience. Proactively generating ethical
literacy among all about the challenges of lying and providing ways to deal with lying. These can help
reduce the falsehood even in times of grave danger.
For most of human history, ethics has concentrated on “human rights”. However, ethics
now include the rights of environment. In this context, explain environmental ethics.
(150 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: A Practical Approach to Ethics Integrity and Aptitude by D.K Balaji.
Why the question:
Key Demand of the question:

To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the
twenty first century.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing the anthropocentric nature of the discourse of ethics. Only recently the focus has
shifted to environmental ethics.
Body:
Mention the implications of neglect of the environment, varied cultural beliefs surrounding it, the
western ideology that environment is for human disposal without regard to the future generations,
concept of sustainable development, associating rights of environment to preservation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying that environmental ethics is more relevant now than ever in the context of
climate change.
Introduction
Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are a
part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals. These items are
a very important part of the world and are considered to be a functional part of human life. Thus, it
is essential that every human being respect and honour this and use morals and ethics when dealing
with these creatures.
Body
Importance of environmental ethics in current times
 The main focus of Ethics has been human rights since time immemorial. However, with
industrial revolution and increased globalization and burgeoning population, the negative
externalities of growth and development are seen on the environment.
 Present human interference with the non-human world is excessive, and the situation is
rapidly worsening.
 The recently released Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)reveals how human-caused
emissions are altering our planet and what that means for our collective future.
 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

threat of extinction of species are few of the issues from which our planet is suffering.
 New dynamic issues like Environmental Refugees and climate migrants has been on the rise
across the planet.
 Thus, now it’s time to focus on the rights of the environment and its constituent beings
other than humans.

 Environmental ethics, concerned with the issue of responsible personal conduct with respect
to natural landscapes, resources, species, and non-human organisms. It is a cluster of beliefs,
values and norms regarding how humans should interact with the environment.
How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times
 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:
o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

world; what constitutes a good life or a good society; and who, where, or what
merits moral standing.
o Thus, it brings us closer and the help us understand the relationship and strengthens
the relationship.
 Environmental Justice to all:
o People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of

resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the
cost of poor people who are resource-deprived.
o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

degradation among different regions. For instance, island countries of tropical
region share the most impacts of Climate Change while contributing least to it.
 Focuses on vulnerable sections:
o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.
o Moreover, the poor and weaker sections of society are disproportionately affected
by negative effects of climate change.
 Sustainable living and development:
o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation
o It will help spread awareness among people and thus protect the environment and
reminds us of the moral obligation to preserve environment for the future
generations to come through regulated use of environment
 Focus on Biocentrism:
o Every entity that share the Earth with us have a right to live with dignity and share
the Earth’s resources and living space. Humans have no right to reduce this richness
and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
o Animal welfare is relevant to environmental ethics because animals exist within the
natural environment and thus form part of environmentalists’ concerns.
o It sustains other species as well which is moral responsibility of one species i.e.
humankind towards all others.
 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:
o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

to human beings.

o Thus, an anthropocentric ethic claims that only human beings are morally
considerable in their own right, meaning that all the direct moral obligations we
possess, including those we have with regard to the environment, are owed to our
fellow human beings.
 To tackle global issues:
o Pandemics like Ebola, Zika, MERS, SARS etc. had alerted human species about the
imbalance in relation between humans and Environment.
o Ignorance causing Covid-19 pandemic has almost stopped the world for human
species and has nudged humans to introspect on their relationship with
environment.
Human values needed for better environmental ethics:
Human actions and decision-making choice depend on human values. Strong values always help
reduce the confusion. If these are coherent with the surrounding environment nature and wildlife,
then it will certainly be helpful for sustainable development.
 Empathy: without empathy for all lives, there will always be selectiveness and selfishness
among humans towards different lives. Value of Nurturing and protecting biodiversity.
Making way for flora and fauna to co-exist with us.
 Love: love transcends only human-human interaction. It’s also between other lives and
nature’s beauty.
 Sustainable development: Saving resources for future generation .That is to stop over
exploitation of resources specially exhaustible and non-renewable resources.
 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”
 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

reduction in use of polluting vehicles for good of all, carpooling, using public transport.
Conclusion
We must realize the biggest value that Earth belongs not only to humans but to other biodiversity
too. Further, protecting this environment for future generation becomes our responsibility as part of
environmental ethics.
Morality goes beyond mere adherence to a set of prescribed rules and involves the
development of a virtuous and principled character. Elaborate.
Difficulty level: Easy
Why the question:
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Introduction:
Begin by defining morality.
Body:

Write about difference between preaching morality and practising it. Write about the impact of the
same. Write ways how one can practice what is preached. Write about how morality determines the
quality of the character. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction
The essence of morality, emphasizes that it extends beyond a mere collection of rules and
regulations. It suggests that morality is intricately linked to an individual’s character and the
qualities they possess.
Body
Rules and codes of conduct serve as guidelines for ethical behavior, but they are incomplete without
the underlying quality of character. Morality is not simply about adhering to a predetermined set
of do’s and don’ts; it involves the internalization of virtues such as honesty, compassion, fairness,
and integrity. These virtues shape an individual’s character and guide their actions in a consistent
and principled manner.
Furthermore, morality is not just an external imposition but a personal attribute that manifests
through one’s behavior and choices. It emphasizes the importance of cultivating virtues and
developing a strong moral character as a foundation for ethical decision-making. While rules may
change or vary across different contexts, the quality of character remains fundamental and
transcends specific situations.
Morality is not static but a lifelong pursuit. It implies that developing and refining one’s character is
an ongoing process, requiring self-reflection, self-awareness, and a commitment to personal growth.
It underscores the idea that morality is deeply intertwined with our inner selves and influences our
interactions with others and the world at large.
Conclusion
In essence, true morality goes beyond compliance with rules; it resides in the very fabric of our
character and shapes our actions, enabling us to navigate ethical dilemmas with wisdom and
integrity.
When faced with adversity, individuals reveal their true nature, displaying qualities such
as resilience, integrity, empathy, and courage. Examine.
Why the question:
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
Write about how it is easy to be display good character in easy time and in the times adversity, the
real character of the person is shown. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:

Introduction
Adversity can be defined as an unfavourable fortune, incident or fate; a condition marked by

misfortune, calamity or distress. It is inevitable that in our lifetime, we will undergo adverse
situations and circumstances, and learning to embrace these situations with grace and dignity can be
beneficial for our personal journeys. Rich roots of character can be developed when learning to
embrace adverse situations life throws, when one learns to ask which lessons can be derived from
their misfortunes and every adversity has a distinct and unique lesson that can only be learned when
the adversity is embraced.
Body
One is able to see people’s true colours-real friend’s surface. Although adverse situations can be
painful and daunting, they can be viewed and deemed as blessings in disguise, no matter how
independent one is, you’ll need people and its often in the most adverse of times will one’s true
friends be revealed.
When faced with adverse situations, one is aware that sitting and crying about it will not bring much
solutions, the seeking of a remedy to the situations is how one becomes creative.
Adversity is a Better Teacher Than Good Fortune. Under the greatest adversity, there exists the
greatest potential for doing good – both for oneself and others. Adversities often push us into new
direction. The greatest advantage of adversity is that it shakes us out of our complacency. It brings
before us greater challenges and teaches how to deal with them. It gives a ‘wake-up call’. So, every
adversity is an opportunity and not a curse or punishment. Adversity is like a strong wind. It tears
away from us all, but the things that cannot be torn, that we see ourselves as we really are.
Great people see adversity as an opportunity, and they know there is something they can learn. They
pursue the difficulty and work endlessly to fix it. They do not give up and they generate the greatest
potential in tough times for their self and others.
During India’s freedom struggle, Gandhiji lead by example. He braved arrest and went on hunger
fast several times, just to ensure that morale of people does not come down and they are kept
motivated even when British were ruthlessly suppressing the dissent and protesting people. This was
the key to success of Salt Satyagraha and Quit India Movement. He not only faced the
adversity, but his actions in this time were defining moments of India’s struggle. The freedom we
enjoy today can be attributed to his actions in the face of adversity.
Great people see adversity as an opportunity, and they know there is something they can learn. They
pursue the difficulty and work endlessly to fix it. They do not give up and they generate the greatest
potential in tough times for their self and others.
Conclusion
No one goes through life without facing adversity; it is an integral part of life. Let the
adversity be a teacher to us. It will build the character and will test our determination. But, in the
end, it will make one stronger. We must ensure to take time to learn from the difficulties that life is
sure to send our way. Otherwise, the failure will define us instead of us moving forward and using it
to propel us to higher dimensions. Seize it as an opportunity rather than cause for fear and self-
doubt.

What do you understand by ‘environmental integrity? Discuss its importance. (250

words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Why the question:
To write about environmental integrity, its features and its importance.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Introduction:
Begin by defining ‘environmental integrity’.
Body:
In the first part, write about the various features of environmental integrity and its dimensions.
Next, write about the importance of environmental integrity and cite examples to substantiate your
points.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Environmental integrity is a condition where the natural processes of a place occur with
the strength and frequency expected in the region. Places with environmental integrity experience
normal patterns of rainfall, fires, and other processes and contain ecosystems that house the living
and non-living species native to the area.
“Environmental integrity” is often used in legal and philosophical writing to refer to an

undisturbed state of natural conditions. These are circumstances in which plant, animal, and human
life can continue freely. Living beings can receive all of the resources essential to their growth and
reproduction, such as water, food, and shelter.
Body
The concept of environmental integrity in philosophy was developed in the early twentieth
century by a philosopher and ecologist named Aldo Leopold. His seminal “land ethic” philosophy
looked at the holistic relationship between living beings, with homo sapiens as mere members of the
land community.
Importance of Environmental integrity
 Food webs, nutrient cycling, natural disturbances, and other natural processes have to be
present to allow animal and plant species to thrive, reproduce, and populate the area naturally.
 Any human activity that disturbs the development of a healthy natural system negatively
impacts the notion of environmental integrity.
 This very intersection between human activity and environmental integrity is an area of
continued contention.
 Humans have exploited the natural environment, particularly in the past few centuries, for their
survival at the cost of other plant and animal lives.
 We’ve turned forests into farms and wetlands into housing projects with almost no regard for
the health of the environment.

 Environmental integrity is essential for sustainable resource management, ensuring the

availability of natural resources for future generations.
 A stable environment supports economic activities such as agriculture, tourism, and fisheries,
contributing to livelihoods and economic growth.
 Many cultures and indigenous communities rely on the environment for spiritual, cultural, and
traditional practices, emphasizing the importance of environmental integrity for cultural
continuity.
 Environmental degradation can lead to conflicts over scarce resources, migration, and
geopolitical tensions, highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental integrity with global
stability and security.
 Environmental integrity ensures the delicate balance of ecosystems, maintaining biodiversity
and resilience to external shocks.
 A healthy environment directly impacts human well-being, providing clean air, water, and soil,
reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing overall quality of life.
Conclusion
Establishing a balance between the well-being of humans and other living beings in the
environment is the key objective of environmental integrity. As some writers have argued, it’s
morally important for the environment to remain intact for all living beings, including humans. Only
then can the environment have positive instrumental value for all of its inhabitants.
Moral relativism is the philosophical belief that moral truths are not absolute but are
instead relative to the individual or culture. Explain. (150 words)
Reference: plato.stanford.edu
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Conceptual
Tuesdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
To explain the concept of Moral Relativism using examples.
Directive word:
associated facts.
Introduction:
Begin the answer by defining moral relativism and its aspects
Body:
Write the core argument on which moral relativism is based on, the existing differences in the
moralities that people accept and live by. Mention various factors that give rise to Moral relativism.
Give few illustrations in the context of capital punishment, euthanasia, eating meat etc. and the
varied constraints and dimensions based on which the morality of a situation or action is judged.
Conclusion:
Conclude by saying often, morality is more relative than absolute.
Introduction
Moral relativism is the idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles. According
to moral relativism, there is not a single true morality. There are a variety of possible moralities or
moral frames of reference, and whether something is morally right or wrong, good or bad, just or

unjust, etc. is a relative matter—relative to one or another morality or moral frame of reference.
Something can be morally right relative to one moral frame of reference and morally wrong relative
to another.
Body
Moral relativism can be captured in two following points
 Moral judgments are true or false and actions are right or wrong only relative to some
particular standpoint (usually the moral framework of a specific community).
 No standpoint can be proved objectively superior to any other.
Different groups of people may play different versions of football. Different societies may have
different legal systems. Different people speak different languages. And different people may have
different moralities. Moralities accepted at one time may fail to be accepted at another time.
Individuals within any given group may have different moralities. A particular person may accept
different mutually incompatible moralities at different times and even at the same time.
Various dimensions in which moralities differ
 Moralities differ in what they imply about abortion, capital punishment, euthanasia, religion,
etiquette, slavery, caste systems, cannibalism, eating meat, what sorts of experiments on
animals are permitted, and what sorts of experiments on human beings are permitted.
 They may differ concerning the relative importance of chastity in men and women, how
many wives or husbands people can have, homosexuality, incest, and whether people in
their twenties have special obligations toward their parents.
 They differ about whether there is an obligation not to lie to strangers and whether there is
an obligation to help strangers who need help.
 They differ concerning the relative importance of equality versus liberty, who gets what,
preserving natural beauty, and the acceptability of littering.
Over the years moral relativism has attracted a great deal of criticism, and not just from professional
philosophers. One reason for this, of course, is that it is widely perceived to be a way of thinking that
is on the rise. Another reason for so much trenchant criticism is that a relativistic view of morality is
thought by many to have pernicious consequences.
Conclusion
Moral relativism is on the opposite end of the continuum from moral absolutism, which says
that there is always one right answer to any ethical question. As relativists see it, they are not
countenancing immorality, injustice, or moral nihilism; rather, they are trying to say something
about the nature of moral claims and the justifications given for them. The main problem they
face is to show how the denial of objective moral truth need not entail a subjectivism that drains the
rationality out of moral discourse. Their critics, on the other hand, face the possibly even more
challenging task of justifying the claim that there is such a thing as objective moral truth.
Critically examine the various moral implications of dealing with the issue of stray
animals in India (10M)
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies paper – 4.

To write about the morality behind dealing with the issue of stray animals.
Directive word:
Critically examine – you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating
it into component parts and presenting them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to
a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the
topic.
Introduction:
Start by describing the rising issue of stray animals.
Body:
Write about various moral implications which arise while dealing with the issue of stray animals –
Give a few recent examples.
Then, give a few measures which can help in managing the moral implications.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarizing.
Introduction
Dealing with the issue of stray animals in India raises a myriad of moral implications that require
careful consideration. It involves balancing human needs and concerns with ethical treatment of
animals.
Body
Moral implications of dealing with
 Animal Welfare: Addressing the issue of stray animals demonstrates a commitment to

animal welfare. Implementing measures to ensure their well-being, such as shelters, medical
care, and sterilization programs, reflects a moral obligation to protect sentient beings.
o Critical analysis: Lack of proper care and harsh measures, such as culling or
relocation without adequate provisions, can lead to animal suffering, which raises
ethical concerns. The moral duty to treat animals with compassion and respect must
be upheld.
 Human Safety and Health: Managing stray animal populations can contribute to public
safety by reducing the risk of accidents and diseases transmitted by animals. This aligns with
the moral obligation to protect human well-being.
o Critical analysis: Adopting extreme measures, like mass culling, may violate moral
principles by neglecting alternative, humane solutions. Balancing the needs of
humans and animals is crucial to avoid unnecessary harm.
 Cultural and Religious Values: Many Indian religions, such as Hinduism, emphasize
compassion towards animals, considering them sacred. Respecting these cultural and
religious values becomes a moral imperative, promoting coexistence and understanding.
o Critical analysis: Implementing policies that disregard cultural or religious

sentiments can be seen as morally objectionable. It is crucial to navigate solutions
that respect diverse beliefs and practices.

 Economic Considerations: Investing in programs that address the issue of stray animals can
have long-term economic benefits by reducing healthcare costs associated with animal-
borne diseases and minimizing property damage caused by strays.
o Critical analysis: Implementing solutions solely driven by economic considerations,

such as culling without humane alternatives, may be viewed as morally
questionable, especially if it overlooks the ethical treatment of animals.
 Responsibility and Accountability: Encouraging responsible pet ownership and holding

individuals accountable for abandoning or mistreating animals aligns with moral values.
Education and awareness programs can contribute to fostering a sense of responsibility.
o Critical analysis: Ignoring the root causes of the stray animal problem, such as
inadequate waste management or lack of spaying/neutering facilities, can be seen as
morally negligent. A comprehensive approach is necessary to address the underlying
issues.
 Social Justice and Inclusivity: Ensuring that measures taken are inclusive and just, without
disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities, is crucial. This aligns with broader
moral principles of social justice.
o Critical analysis: If solutions disproportionately impact marginalized communities or

fail to consider their perspectives, it can raise ethical concerns related to fairness
and inclusivity.
Conclusion
Addressing the issue of stray animals in India requires a holistic and compassionate approach that
considers the well-being of both humans and animals. Striking a balance between cultural values,
economic considerations, and moral responsibilities is essential to implement effective and ethical
solutions.
Effective civil servants should possess strong ethical and professional competence,
avoiding certain traits or vices that can hinder their performance. Discuss.
Why the question:
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning how negative traits and vices can hamper ethical and professional competence.
Body:
First, write which five negative traits and vices should not be present in a civil servant and how they
hamper ethical and professional competence of civil servants.
Next, write about the ways to avoid or eliminate them.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of having positive values.
Introduction

Today there is a need for moral resurgence of civil services in the country to improve the delivery of
services to the common man and to ensure the fruits of development reach the people. An ideal
officer should ensure zero pendency of issues in his purview, must display the highest qualities of
probity and integrity in office, be proactive in taking the measures of the government to the people,
and above all be sympathetic to the cause of marginalised sections.
Body
Vices that must not be present in a civil servant
 Abuse of authority: Power must be used for welfare of people and not for ulterior motives.
The abuse of power leads to chaos in governance with zero benefit to the public.
 Corrupt mentality and greed: There must be zero tolerance towards corruption and
ensuring total transparency and accountability at all levels of governance should become
priority.
o Corruption eats into the heart of the democracy, and there is a need for stringent
and timely action under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) against erring civil
servants and public representatives. T
o There must be fast-tracking the high pendency of cases related to corruption

involving public servants on priority.
 Disrespect of rules and procedure: Such behaviour will lead to use of discretion and
bypassing of norms to get work done. This also leads to systemic corruption. Each and every
action taken by a civil servant must be as per established rules and regulations only.
 Opaqueness: Non-transparent working can lead to bad governance system. This will lead to
loss of faith of people in bureaucracy and government.
 Dishonesty: This is another trait where in there will be no conscience or moral compass for
an officer. Once again this may lead to corruption in the government.
Avoiding and eliminating vices
Celebrating the achievements of honest civil servants and recognizing their contributions should also
be done. This will not only be an incentive for younger officials to push for excellence, but such
publicity will also encourage the replication of innovative efforts by others.
Value-based training must be given to all civil servants to ensure probity in public life. Professional
ethics should be an integral component in all the training courses and called for a comprehensive
Code of Ethics for civil servants, based on the recommendations of the 2nd Administrative Reforms
Commission (ARC).
Due attention must be given to ensure that civil servants taking bona fide proactive actions are not
discouraged or harassed. The amendment to PCA in 2018, with changes to the definition of ‘criminal
misconduct’, ensures this to some extent. While the corrupt civil servants must be strictly dealt
with, we must not dissuade officials from taking bold decisions in the larger public interest.
There is also a need to re-engineer our institutions and streamline the processes to cut down
delays and ensure timely delivery of the services. People must be at the centre of a just and effective
governance system. Some of the governance practices that helped in delivering results are single-

window interfaces, e-governance, m-governance, third party appraisals, direct benefit transfer and
participatory governance
Conclusion
Indian civil servants should strive to make India’s civil services the best in the world. They need to
come out with innovative ideas and solutions to deliver public services to the satisfaction of every
citizen. At the same time, the right ecosystem should be created to ensure that they have a
meaningful career and are able to fulfill their responsibilities without fear or favour.
Encouraging a culture of honesty, understanding, and constructive dialogue can help

create a safe space for individuals to express their true thoughts and opinions in public
relationships. Discuss. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about the importance of encouraging honesty.
Directive:
Introduction:
Start by giving context.
Body:
Write about the importance of culture of honestly – culture builds trust, promotes open
communication, and allows for diverse perspectives, Constructive feedback, conflict resolution, and
innovation thrive in such an environment.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Honesty is the quality of being truthful, sincere, and transparent in communication and actions. It
involves the absence of deception or misrepresentation, fostering trust and integrity. Honest
individuals convey information accurately and ethically, upholding a commitment to truthfulness in
their interactions with others.
Body
Honesty serves as the foundation, allowing individuals to express their genuine thoughts and
opinions without fear of judgment or reprisal. When honesty is valued, it promotes transparency
and authenticity, strengthening the bonds between individuals.
Understanding plays a crucial role in this cultural framework. By actively seeking to comprehend
different perspectives and experiences, people can empathize with one another. This cultivates a
sense of unity, breaking down barriers that may hinder open communication. Through
understanding, individuals are more likely to approach discussions with empathy, fostering a positive
and inclusive atmosphere.
Constructive dialogue further reinforces this culture by encouraging respectful and solution-oriented
conversations. Instead of focusing on blame or criticism, individuals can collaboratively explore ideas
and perspectives. This approach not only resolves conflicts more effectively but also promotes
continuous learning and growth within the community.
Conclusion
In a culture grounded in honesty, understanding, and constructive dialogue, individuals feel

empowered to share their true thoughts and opinions openly. This safe space nurtures a sense of
belonging and encourages diverse voices to contribute, ultimately enriching public relationships and
promoting a harmonious and thriving community.


Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers
and administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in
inculcating values.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Reason shows me that if my
happiness is desirable and good, the equal happiness of any other person must be
equally desirable” ― Henry Sidgwick
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote.
Body:
Write about how individuals strive for happiness and it is a natural thing for people to seek it. Write
about how people in order to achieve happiness have scant regard for other’s happiness. Explain the
impact of the above using examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.
Introduction
This quote talks about individual happiness of a person which takes dominance when compared to
others’ happiness. Man by nature is individualistic, self-centred and inward looking. However, even
to enjoy his own rights and be happy, he must respect the rights of others. We must know that, even
other individuals are entitled to being equally happy as we are, if not more.
Body
Utilitarianism does not say that it is moral for people simply to pursue what makes them personally
happy. Rather, morality is dictated by the greatest happiness principle; moral action is that which
increases the total amount of utility in the world. Pursuing one’s own happiness at the expense of
social happiness would not be moral under this framework. But this is practically impossible is what
Henry Sidgwick is putting forth. Because human beings are sentient and personal happiness
The quote is also a criticism of Mill’s “General Happiness” theory in Utilitarianism. The aggregate
of happiness of all individuals does not lead to general happiness. It is impossible to expect an
individual to let go of his desires for general or greater good. At the same time, Sidgwick is trying to
balance this harmony by saying that, if we believe that our happiness is desirable and good, then so
is that of other sentient beings.
However, the world is not an ideal place for ethical considerations. As we see in our day-to-day lives,
in pursuit of our own well-being or happiness we often intrude into someone’s else’s happiness. For
instance, keeping one’s home clean and littering in front of other’s home. Or in the context of
international relations, national interest reigns supreme and ‘beggar thy neighbour’ policy has
become a norm. There is scant regard for universal peace and welfare. Russia’s recent invasion of
Ukraine is also a case in point.
Conclusion

The harmony of greater good and individual happiness is important for a stable society. Civilisation
can thrive when there is “live and let live” principle. Hence ensuring that others also enjoy similar
set of rights as means to achieve happiness is the key in ensuring one’s own happiness.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Virtue lies in our power, and
similarly so does vice; because where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not
to act…” ― Aristotle.
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about the role of power and power can used to do both good and bad things. Also, write about
inaction and how inaction can also be a vice. Substantiate using examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Aristotle believed that virtue could be habituated by training and bending one’s moral disposition
towards virtue and away from vice through the deliberation of means. At times, human beings are
capable of great feats and noble deeds and yet are also prone to great depravity, cowardice, and
weakness. Now if it is in our power to do noble or base acts, and likewise in our power not to do
them, and this was what being good or bad meant, then it is in our power to be virtuous or vicious.
Body
According to Aristotle, the virtuous habit of action is always an intermediate state between
the opposed vices of excess and deficiency: too much and too little are always wrong; the right kind
of action always lies in the means. According to Gandhi, only right means leads to right destination.
For him, he that soweth vice does not reap virtue.
Whether to act morally or not is our discretion. The power to do good for others requires immense
virtuosity in man. For instance, Stalin who was the dictator of USSR was infamous for his campaign
of terror and his totalitarian ways. His contemporary, Joseph Tito was a benevolent leader, who
became popular both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies
maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation.
Also, by choosing to not act regarding a situation, one may be excusing himself from preventing an
evil. Take for example, the act of voting, by not voting, which is a duty of a responsible citizen, he
or she is enabling a tyrant to take control of the State. Hence inaction is also injurious in many
situations and those who are guilty of inaction must also be held accountable. If we do nothing,
nothing will change. So, inaction is worse than making a bad decision. One must not be a fence-
sitter, rather always take a decision and act upon it. Only then, there can be experiences learning
and personal growth.
Conclusion
Virtue or vice is the ultimate choice that human beings are required to make. The exercise of moral
virtue is related to means. Therefore, virtue lies in our power, and similarly so does vice; because

where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not to act, and where we can refuse, we can
also comply. So, if it is in our power to do a thing when it is right, it will also be in our power not to
do it when it is wrong; and if it is in our power not to do it when it is right, it will also be in
our power to do it when it is wrong.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) We see morality in speeches and
writings. We do not find it in practice.” ― Periyar E.V. Ramasamy
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about difference between preaching morality and practising it. Write about the impact of the
same. Write ways how one can practice what is preached. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Mahatma Gandhi always stated “Practice what you preach”. During the freedom struggle,
Gandhi stressed on a national participation for freedom struggle which would involve suffering. He
himself underwent fasting and taking the British oppression with full force which motivated people
for the cause of freedom. His message had a ‘backbone’ to it. So, the closer you are to mirroring
whatever the message is that your communicating, the more powerful the message will come
across.
Body
Ethics is difficult to practice because it’s not always white and black, there’s always a lot of grey.
Sometimes its easy to choose the shorter path or the easy path rather than the difficult path. For
instance, being honest is a virtue we preach. But when it comes to us admitting a wrong doing we
shy away from it instantly.
Reasons why we preach but not practice ethics
 Upholding high moral principles is not easy
 Strength of Character is tested
 Avoiding Temptations diverting towards an easy solution
 Stick to Integrity, Self-control. Discipline etc.
In a society, everyone knows corruption is bad and affects society as a whole but when it comes to
their own situation people defend being corrupt saying it is part of the society. Similarly,
untouchability is a crime. People say one should respect anyone irrespective of ascriptive criteria
however when their own child wants to marry a scheduled caste person, relatives and parents
oppose.
Likewise In the digital world there are thousands of blogs out there that teach personal
development, yet only a select few that actually give sound advice. The reason behind that is that it’s
simple to read information and rewrite it but putting oneself in one’s shoes is difficult.
Even in international relations, same is the case. USA always take a moral high ground of doing the
right things. The way it left Afghan people to scramble for their lives after making a deal with
Taliban will always be a black mark in history.
Conclusion
Walk the talk, practice what you preach is the philosophy when it comes to ethics. However, in real
life in real situations people tend to take the easy way out. It is widely believed that we ought not to
criticize others for wrongs that we ourselves have committed. This is the message of the quote.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “A person’s ethics and character are
not tested in good times. It is only in bad times that a person shows how steadfast he is
to his dharma.” ― Amish Tripathi
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about how it is easy to be display good character in easy time and in the times adversity, the
real character of the person is shown. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Many people bend their moral values depending on the situation. There is no principle that you can
always say should never be violated because you’ll always come up with the messy reality of being in
the dilemma or situation where you have to make a tough choice. These messy realities can
sometimes lead us toward moral tradeoffs. Hence the ethics of a person gets tested in the most
difficult times.
Body
Dharma is what should be done, and adharma is what should not be done. Each of us has what is
called svadharma- that is what we should do. It is in the most difficult of the situations, a man is
tested. Whether adhering to dharma when no one is watching is the biggest test in life.
Once, a sage doing penance on the banks of the Ganges, saw a scorpion struggling in the water, and
taking pity on it, he pulled it out of the water and set it on land. The scorpion immediately stung him.
It also slipped back into the water, and again the sage rescued it, and again it stung him. The sage’s
sishya asked him why he continued to save it, when it so ungratefully caused him so much pain. The
sage replied: “Saving it is my dharma. To bite is its dharma.” The sage didn’t let go of his duty to save
himself from the pain of the scorpion’s bite.
Gandhi also interpreted dharma as ethics. Ethics of non-violence was the primal principle of
Gandhi’s life, which he followed incessantly through his actions, speeches, and writings. In the face
of British brutality, violence and cruelty he stood steadfast in his principles and sacrificed his whole
life for India and its freedom. He was true to Ahimsa and truth, through and through.

In times of financial and cultural stress, pressures to cut corners and make other adjustments in
business and personal practices can increase significantly. The result may end up also cutting ethical
corners or making less ethically sound decisions. This in in real practical life today.
Conclusion
True character is revealed in the choices a human being makes under pressure – the greater the
pressure, the deeper the revelation, the truer the choice to the character’s essential nature. This is
the human reality.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.” – Aristotle
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about difference that people say one thing and do not follow it up with action. Mentions that
practising what one preaches is the hallmark of one’s character. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
“Virtues are formed in man by his doing the actions,” Aristotle said. The writer Will Durant
interpreted it thusly: “We are what we repeatedly do… therefore excellence is not an act, but a
habit.”
This aphoristic observation echoes a post-Victorian meme of hard work, repetition, diligence. These
are also a form of back-handed jibe against the one-off, the single flash of brilliance, the moment in
the sun. Excellence, in Aristotle’s characterisation, has something of the Zen thinking of a
thousand years later: repetition, honing and persistence. Indeed, one could even argue that the
pursuit of excellence is as important as achieving excellence.
Body
Our character, basically, is a composite of our habits. Because they are consistent, often unconscious
patterns, habits constantly express our character and produce our effectiveness – or our in
effectiveness.
In other words, Excellence isn’t this thing you do one time. It’s a way of living. It’s foundational. It’s
like an operating system and the code this system operates on is habit.
As Epictetus would later say, “capability is confirmed and grows in its corresponding actions, walking
by walking, and running by running… therefore, if you want to do something, make a habit of it.” So
if we want to be happy, if we want to be successful, if we want to be great, we have to develop the
capability, we have to develop the day-to-day habits that allow this to ensue.
Excellence is what that has been continuously overcome the constraints and loopholes. It is neither a
one top shot nor embracing a zenith rather its reaching to a state where you balance your deeds,

duty and authority. Example: Nelson Mandela was in island jail for 27 years and then he became the
president of South Africa.
Conclusion
In todays’ modern world where competition is the only means of survival good habits come in
handy. Economic uncertainty, Personal adversity these things can sink you or they can be
opportunities to improve. They can be obstacles you triumph over or setbacks that bring you to your
knees. Habits answer that question. If you can cultivate good habits, you can survive—even thrive
on—what lies ahead. If you relapse and fall to the level of your worst habits, these hard times will
only be harder.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Truth is ever to be found in
simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things.” – Isaac Newton
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about
importance of truth.
Body:
Write about facts can be manipulated and manufactures to suits the narrative. Give examples of
justify your points. Mention that despite facts may point to different things generally the truth is only
one.
Conclusion:
Introduction
A fact is something that’s indisputable, based on empirical research and quantifiable measures.
Facts go beyond theories. They’re proven through calculation and experience, or they’re something
that definitively occurred in the past.
Truth is entirely different; it may include fact, but it can also include belief. Oftentimes, people will
accept things as true because they fall closer to their comfort zones, are assimilated easily into their
comfort zones, or reflect their preconceived notions of reality.
Body
Firstly, truths are not necessarily facts and facts are not necessarily true however this does not
mean that they cannot coexist. A great example of oppression where the truths and facts are worlds
apart is when opposition parties use facts for their propaganda. For instance, at one point in time,
50% Indians were vaccinated with one dose while 20% were given two doses. The opposition party
stated that only 20% were fully vaccinated while the government said that 50% of Indians were
vaccinated. Both are facts, but the truth is based on how the facts were perceived.
The difference between fact and truth is that fact is something that exists in real form, while Truth is
the true state of a particular thing or a matter like a person, place, animal or thing. Well, facts are
things that can be seen visually and can be verified properly. Fact is indisputable while truth is
acceptable. To call something a fact is, presumably, to make a claim that it is true. This isn’t a
problem for many things, although defending such a claim can be harder than you think.

Truth used to be an absolute. In today’s world, it feels less so. While facts have always been cherry-
picked to make an argument stand, the ability to see and understand the context of those facts used
to be more of a constant.
In this post-truth era, perception is real, truth is not. Here, one chooses the narrative first and the
facts will follow. And the data will meekly fit into the groove because, like water, it takes the shape
of the container in which the narrative is served. Once you have picked your own narrative, you have
chosen your own truth, a truth untainted by objective reality.
Conclusion
From an endless stream of political misinformation to inescapable lies on social media, the signs that
we are living in a post-truth world are hard to ignore. Thus, there must be earnest efforts to ensure
that truth is upheld despite many facts.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “The simplest acts of kindness are by
far more powerful than a thousand heads bowing in prayer.” – Mahatma Gandhi
Why the question:
Introduction:
Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning.
Body:
Write about the importance of Kindness and compassion. Write about how kindness can be source of
wisdom and things it can teach us. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote.
Introduction
Kindness is a behavior marked by ethical characteristics, a pleasant disposition, and concern

and consideration for others. It is considered a virtue, and is recognized as a value in many cultures
and religions. It is the quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate. Affection, gentleness,
warmth, concern, and care are words that are associated with kindness.
The above quote highlights the significance of compassionate actions over mere ritualistic gestures.
Body
Why small acts of kindness are important?
 You make a difference: Our words, our energy and our light have the potential to impact
another human being’s life in so many ways. Don’t take that power lightly. Be kind.
 Small actions can have far-reaching consequences:There is no doubt that the human race is
connected in more ways than we can quantify. When you do good, you cause a ripple effect on
our planet that reaches the masses. Be kind.
 You can be a voice for someone who doesn’t have one: Acts of altruism speak volumes for
those whose voices have been silenced. Speak up for someone who needs it and you will give
them to opportunity to learn how to speak on their own behalf. Be kind.

 Everyone is fighting their own inner battle: although life brings us so many joys and victories, it
is undeniable that we each face our own individual struggles within our own minds that nobody
knows about. Make every effort to find compassion for others – even when you can’t relate. Be
kind.
 A Random Act of Kindness is giving your best self to others without requests or promise of
return on investment. It’s simply doing something nice for someone else, without them asking
and without you doing it for anything in return.
 When you engage in an act of kindness, endorphins (a natural painkiller) are produced in your
brain. In addition, it has been found people who are kind have 23 per cent less of the stress
hormone cortisolthan the average population.
 Community service based on the value that- the ‘best way to find oneself is to lose oneself in the
service of others’.
Examples:
 Many videos of people giving away money or making someone happy comes up on social
media.
 During the COVID pandemic, Anganwadi worker, Vennilatravelled through dense forests and
scary wildlife of Nilgiris to deliver food and ration to migrant workers. She also visited kids
at the Anganwadi centre and delivered eggs and rations to their families. She was awarded
the ‘Covid Women Warriors, The Real Heroes’ award by the National Commission for
Women.
Conclusion
While “Sarve bhavantu Sukinah” ( let there be well-being for all ) is a noble prayer, it is time we
translate our good intentions into empathetic actions. It is high time we as a society realise that -
“Helping hands are better than praying lips”.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Every adversity, every failure, every
heartache carries with it the seed of an equal or greater benefit.” – Napoleon Hill
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about the importance of focussing on the positive side after a setback/loss. Mention the
lessons or opportunities that are present in failure and that can lead to further success. Highlight the
role of patience and perseverance. Substantiate with examples.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The quote encourages us to see the silver lining in difficult times. It emphasizes the idea that
even in the face of adversity, there is an opportunity for growth and learning. This quote reminds us
that setbacks and failures are part of the journey and that we can use them as opportunities to

learn, grow, and become stronger. It encourages us to have a positive mindset, see the potential for
growth and new opportunities, and not give up in the face of challenges.
Body
At first glance, the quote may seem paradoxical or even dismissive of the pain and challenges we
face in life. However, upon deeper reflection, it unveils a profound and empowering message about
resilience, growth, and the potential for transformation.
Embedded within the words is a reminder that our adversities, failures, and heartbreaks are not
merely moments of despair or misfortune. They carry within them a hidden potential, symbolized by
the metaphorical "seed," to yield something of equal or greater value.
Life's struggles, like seeds, possess an inherent power to germinate and sprout into something
beautiful and meaningful. They hold the promise of growth, learning, and personal development.
Each setback or disappointment can be seen as an opportunity for renewal, a chance to gather the
necessary strength and wisdom to overcome future obstacles.
Imagine a seed that is buried deep within the darkness of the soil. It may appear lifeless and
dormant, but beneath the surface, a remarkable process is unfolding. The seed absorbs nourishment
from its surroundings, gradually forming roots that anchor it firmly. It draws upon its inner reserves
to break through the confining earth and reach toward the light.
Similarly, our adversities act as catalysts for personal growth. They compel us to delve deep within
ourselves, examining our strengths, weaknesses, and values. Through the experience of failure or
heartbreak, we develop resilience, perseverance, and a refined understanding of our aspirations and
priorities.
Conclusion
By embracing the belief that every adversity carries a seed of equal or greater benefit, the person
can maintain a positive mindset, seek opportunities for growth, and leverage their experiences to
bounce back stronger. They can use the lessons learned from their failures or heartbreaks as
stepping stones toward a more resilient and successful future.
Ultimately, the application of this quote encourages individuals to view setbacks not as permanent
obstacles, but as temporary challenges that can lead to unforeseen opportunities and personal
transformation. It promotes a mindset of resilience, optimism, and continuous growth in the face of
adversity.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Good means not merely not to do
wrong, but rather not to desire to do wrong.” ― Democritus
Why the question:
Introduction:
Body:
Write about goodness is not only the absence of a wrongness of action but it is absence of wrong
intentions/desires. Presence of wrong desires can lead to a wrong action.

Next, write a counter argument that merely having desires may not lead to bad actions. Cite
examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The statement emphasizes a higher ethical standard by suggesting that true goodness goes beyond
mere abstention from wrongdoing. Instead, it suggests that genuine goodness involves the absence
of wrongful desires. In this context, being morally upright isn’t just about refraining from harmful
actions but also about cultivating a virtuous mindset that rejects any inclination towards
wrongdoing.
Body
It reflects the idea that a truly good person not only behaves ethically but also harbors no harmful
intentions or desires in their thoughts and motivations. This perspective aligns with the concept of
moral integrity and highlights the importance of cultivating a positive and virtuous character.
Mahatma Gandhi, a key figure in India’s struggle for independence, exemplified the idea that true
goodness extends beyond mere avoidance of wrongdoing to a state of not desiring to do wrong.
Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence (ahimsa) and his commitment to Satyagraha (truth-force)
provide a practical illustration of this concept.
Gandhi believed in the transformative power of nonviolence both in actions and thoughts. For him,
nonviolence was not just the absence of physical harm but also the absence of any desire for
harm. He emphasized the importance of purifying one’s intentions and motivations. Gandhi
encouraged individuals not only to refrain from physically harming others but also to eliminate any
thoughts or desires that may lead to harm.
In everyday scenarios, this principle might manifest as choosing not only to refrain from gossiping
or cheating but also actively working on eliminating any desire or inclination to engage in such
behaviors.
The notion of not desiring to do wrong implies a cultivation of empathy and compassion. It involves
understanding the potential impact of one’s actions on others and actively choosing kindness and
empathy over harmful intentions.
Conclusion
In essence, the statement reflects a deeper understanding of morality, urging individuals not
only to behave ethically but also to aspire towards an inner state where the very desire to do wrong
is absent. It highlights the transformative power of ethical intentions in shaping a truly virtuous and
good character.
What does this quote means to you? (150 words) “Unnecessary laws are traps for
honest people but a haven for the dishonest.” ― Anonymous
Why the question:
Introduction:

Body:
Write about the futility of enacting laws that are needed and how they weaken existing laws or the
laws that are actually needed. Mention the impact of enacting laws that are not needed. Cite
examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The above quote describes the distinction between what is necessary and what is useless is trapped
in a fog of perceived intent and perpetuation of fear. The fact is that when there are old and
unrelated laws to current times, they delay the justice to the concerned citizens.
Body
In case of India, there are archaic and obsolete laws, which are seen by many as most burdensome
legacy of colonial times. Among those which remain on the books are more than 300 dating from the
colonial era, as well as rules to manage issues arising out of the Partition of India. There are more
than a dozen laws imposing redundant taxes that yield little and cost a lot to collect, as well as
outdated laws relating to former princely states and the nationalisation of industries and banks.
For Instance, The Bangalore Marriages Validating Act, 1934
Walter James McDonald Redwood, a priest in the southern city of Bangalore, solemnised many local
marriages during his time, mistakenly believing that he was authorised to do so. The law was
introduced to validate those marriages. However, It’s less clear what relevance it has these days.
Conclusion
Any country should be governed by a set of rules, that when broken yield severe consequences. The
laws are modified and truth is twisted over the years of hearing resulting in the justice being denied.
It is very important to make changes in the rule book and levy stringent punishment against the
wrong doers. Otherwise, sooner or later, the common mass will lose all its faith in the Judiciary and
retaliate against every wrong done without seeking justice from the third pillar of the democracy.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and
compassion towards the weaker sections.
Integrity is the compass that guides individuals on their journey of character
development. Substantiate. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about how Integrity is at the core of good character.
Directive word:
Substantiate – When you are asked to Substantiate, you must pass a sound judgement about the
truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the
worth of the statement in question using suitable case studies or/ and examples.
Introduction:

Begin by defining what is Integrity.

Body:
Mention how integrity boosts the moral values such as honesty, fairness, decency etc that boosts
one’s moral character and contributes to an ethical system. Use examples to support the argument.
Also, write about how with having Integrity as foundational value, we can add more virtues for
ethical development.
Conclusion:
Mention that it further boosts self-awareness of individuals and aids for a just society.
Introduction
“In looking for people to hire, look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if
they don’t have the first, the other two will kill you.” (Warren Buffet)
Integrity is having a strong set of ethical principles, being able to tell the truth no matter the
consequences, admitting to a wrong even if you could get away without doing it. Integrity is about
doing the right thing; it is being incorruptible, honest, and above all, doing all these things when no
one is around to see it.
Body
Integrity is a four-step process: keeping in mind the aim/ purpose of one’s action or inaction and
acting consistently with that choice—even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; choosing
the right course of conduct in conformity with moral principles; openly declaring one’s intentions or
where one stands; and results of one’s actions.
In 1964, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison at Robben Island. He accepted it with
dignity. He knew that overthrowing apartheid called for struggle and sacrifice, and was prepared for
the long walk to freedom.
Ten thousand days in prison failed to break Mandela and he refused to compromise on his beliefs
or leave the struggle midway.
Importance of Integrity
 The civil servants need to be people of absolute integrity because only then they can take
the civil service as a ’vocation’. It strengthens the sense of mission which a civil servant is
supposed to undertake to serve the public; perform duties and fulfil obligations.
 A similar doctrine of vocation was enunciated several thousand years ago by Lord Krishna
in Bhagwad Gita. It has been mentioned there, that ‘’Securing” universal welfare by one’s
action is the ultimate measure of a human being but more so of those who hold the public
office”.
 Civil servants have to set out highest standards of integrity and morality. This requires self-
sacrifice a concept that rises above individualism and ‘hedonism’to create an environment
of public duty among the civil servants. An exemplary civil servant is not simply one who
obeys the laws and behaves within the confines of law but is also one who strives for a
moral government.
 Integrity requires in a civil servant toincorporate the values of honesty, sympathy empathy,
compassion, fairness, self-control and duty so that she/he will be able to uphold high
personal and professional standards in all circumstances.
Conclusion
Honesty is telling truth to other people, but Integrity is about being truthful to oneself.
‘Civil Service Conduct Rules’ recommends ‘absolute integrity’ for civil servants, irrespective of their
department. Also, every civil servant is supposed to take all possible steps to ensure the integrity of
all government servants for the time being under his control and only be honest but should also
have the reputation of being so. Integrity has been considerably widened by declaring that a civil
servant must keep himself within bounds of administrative decency.
Integrity is a crucial moral virtue that is foundational to building good character. It helps
us establish trust and reliability in our interactions with others, cultivates self-respect
and self-esteem, and guides us to act in accordance with our values and principles.
Substantiate. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about how Integrity is at the core of good character.
Directive word:
Substantiate – When you are asked to Substantiate, you must pass a sound judgement about the
truth of the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the
worth of the statement in question using suitable case studies or/ and examples.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is Integrity and any relevant quote is possible.
Body:
Mention how integrity boosts the moral values such as honesty, fairness, decency etc that boosts
one’s moral character and contributes to an ethical system. Use examples to support the argument.
Also, write about how with having Integrity as foundational value, we can add more virtues for
ethical development.
Conclusion:
Mention that it further boosts self-awareness of individuals and aids for a just society.
Introduction
“In looking for people to hire, look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence and energy. And if
they don’t have the first, the other two will kill you.” (Warren Buffet)
Integrity is having a strong set of ethical principles, being able to tell the truth no matter the
consequences, admitting to a wrong even if you could get away without doing it. Integrity is about
doing the right thing; it is being incorruptible, honest, and above all, doing all these things when no
one is around to see it.
Body
Integrity is a four-step process: keeping in mind the aim/ purpose of one’s action or inaction and
acting consistently with that choice—even when it is inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; choosing
the right course of conduct in conformity with moral principles; openly declaring one’s intentions or
where one stands; and results of one’s actions.
In 1964, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison at Robben Island. He accepted it with
dignity. He knew that overthrowing apartheid called for struggle and sacrifice, and was prepared for
the long walk to freedom.

Ten thousand days in prison failed to break Mandela and he refused to compromise on his beliefs
or leave the struggle midway.
Importance of Integrity
 The civil servants need to be people of absolute integrity because only then they can take
the civil service as a ’vocation’. It strengthens the sense of mission which a civil servant is
supposed to undertake to serve the public; perform duties and fulfil obligations.
 A similar doctrine of vocation was enunciated several thousand years ago by Lord Krishna
in Bhagwad Gita. It has been mentioned there, that ‘’Securing” universal welfare by one’s
action is the ultimate measure of a human being but more so of those who hold the public
office”.
 Civil servants have to set out highest standards of integrity and morality. This requires self-
sacrifice a concept that rises above individualism and ‘hedonism’to create an environment
of public duty among the civil servants. An exemplary civil servant is not simply one who
obeys the laws and behaves within the confines of law but is also one who strives for a
moral government.
 Integrity requires in a civil servant toincorporate the values of honesty, sympathy empathy,
compassion, fairness, self-control and duty so that she/he will be able to uphold high
personal and professional standards in all circumstances.
Conclusion
Honesty is telling truth to other people, but Integrity is about being truthful to oneself.
‘Civil Service Conduct Rules’ recommends ‘absolute integrity’ for civil servants, irrespective of their
department. Also, every civil servant is supposed to take all possible steps to ensure the integrity of
all government servants for the time being under his control and only be honest but should also
have the reputation of being so. Integrity has been considerably widened by declaring that a civil
servant must keep himself within bounds of administrative decency.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and
behaviour; Moral and political attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion
What is the difference between attitude and behaviour? Why at times human beings
display behaviour that is contrary to their attitudes?
Why the question:
Introduction:
Start with defining Attitude and Behaviour.
Body:
Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the attitude object). The
attitude object can be a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or
negative

While attitude involves mind’s predisposition to certain ideas, values, people, systems, institutions;
behaviour relates to the actual expression of feelings, action or inaction orally or/and through body
language.
Explain that Difference between attitudes and behaviours is best described by cognitive dissonance
theory.
Give examples to depict divergence in behaviour from attitude.
Conclusion:
Conclude with fair and balanced opinion.
Introduction
Attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing,
or event. Attitudes are often the result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a powerful
influence over behaviour.
Behaviour is the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others. Hence,
behaviour comprises of our actions with concern to the interactions or the relationships we maintain
with the external environment.
The main difference between two is that behaviour is the reflection of one’s attitude towards
something or someone.
Body:
Attitude guides an individual’s behavior
 Attitude is one of the main factors that trigger emotions, decision-making, thinking and
behavior in an individual. Following are some examples of how attitude influence the
behavior:
 A positive attitude can will lead to a positive behavior. Ex: A person who has positive
attitudes towards work and co-workers (such as contentment, friendliness, etc.) can
positively influence those around them.
 Similarly, negative attitude led to negative behavior. Ex: if a person has a negative attitude
towards women, he will discriminate women in all fronts of life.
 A selfish attitude will guide individual’s action in same manner. Ex: A cricketer who put his
self-interest and profit above the nation, will take money to lose the game.
 Logic or rational attitudes develop a rational behavior. Ex: a rational person will not act
superstitiously and will always try to find rational behind any act.
 An egoistic attitude will result in a negative attitude and behavior. Ex: elder individuals
control their younger siblings even if they are wrong to satisfy their ego of being elder.
 An attitude based on values and beliefs will act according to the values. Ex: in India touching
feet of elders is guided by attitude of giving respect to them.
Conflicting attitudes and behaviours: Reasons
 Induced Compliance: If a person finds themselves in a situation where they have to do

something that they don’t agree with, they’ll experience discomfort. Since they can’t escape
the action, they attempt to re-establish their reasons for doing it in a way that makes the
action acceptable.

 Decision-making: When we say “yes” to a choice, whether it’s as small as what to order for
lunch or as big as where to live, we have to say “no” to something else. This can be a difficult
decision when the choices feel equally good or equally bad.
o To ease the psychological pain of rejecting one choice we often start justifying our
decision.
 Effort: As human beings, we place a higher value on outcomes that took a significant
amount of time, effort, or resources to achieve. That’s why we tend to associate cost with
quality — we rationalize that “we get what we pay for.”
o When the effort doesn’t seem to be “worth it,” we often make up reasons why it
was better than the alternative.
 New information: In today’s world, we’re inundated with information. One thirty-second
social media video can totally shift our perspective. This is exciting, because it means we’re
always learning, but it can lead to cognitive dissonance.
 Addiction: As we mentioned earlier, many people know that smoking is harmful to their
health — yet they continue to do it. Addiction is one of the most powerful causes of
cognitive dissonance.
Conclusion
Becoming aware of the effect of cognitive dissonance on our decisions and understanding how we
can overcome it can help us make better decisions and help us make positive behavior changes
rather than continue lying to ourselves.
Value addition:
Attitude Behaviour
Attitude refers to a person’s mental view, Behaviour implies the actions and conduct of
regarding the way he/she thinks or feels an individual or group towards other
about someone or something. persons.
Attitude is more personal. Behaviour is more social.
Attitudes, character traits, biological factors

Factors like environment, experiences, and
like endocrine and nervous responses
moral values mainly influence attitudes.
influence our behaviour.
It is a hypothetical construct whose direct Behaviour is visible through consequences

observation is not possible. and result.
A person’s attitude is mainly based on the

The behavior of a person is based on the
experiences gained by him during the course
situation and circumstances.
of his life and observations.

Attitude is a person’s inner thoughts and Behaviour is an expression of person’s

feelings. attitude.
Attitude is defined by the way we perceive

Behaviour is ruled by social norms.
things.
Attitude reflects one’s emotions, opinions Behaviour reflects one’s attitude as actions
and thoughts. are the reflection of our thoughts.
In the era of competition and commercialisation, it is a herculean task to sustain as a

leader who stays true to their ethics. Analyse. (150 words)
Reference: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by Lexicon Publications.
Why the question:
To understand the various roles and responsibilities of a leader and the importance of ethics in their
work domain
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Introduction:
Begin by defining what is leadership along with few traits of a good leader.
Body:
Highlight the need for an ethical leader in the present context of rising scams and blind race against
mere monetary gains of businesses. Give few examples highlighting cases of leadership with and
without ethics and its impact on the organisation as well as the society.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the above points highlighting the need for ethical leadership
Introduction
From a collective perspective, leaders can inspire those around them to behave ethically. By setting
an example and giving the direction for ethical behaviour, others will observe and act similarly. In
this way, ethical leaders can positively influence many others, presenting them with a set of actions
that they can adopt for the greater good.
Body
Traits of ethical leadership
 Honesty: Honesty makes ethical leaders worthy of the trust others place in them. It means
leaders commit to presenting facts as they are, playing fair with competitors, and
communicating honestly with others.
 Justice: To be fair means to treat everyone equally, offer opportunities with no favouritism,
and condemn improper behaviours and manipulations, as well as any other actions that
could harm someone.
 Respect: Ethical leaders respect others around them, regardless of their position or
identifying characteristics. This means they listen to each stakeholder, foster inclusion, and
value diversity.
 Integrity: Integrity is shown when values, words, and actions are aligned and consistent. It is
not enough to talk the talk; one has to walk the walk to demonstrate integrity.
 Responsibility: Responsibility means accepting to be in charge, embracing the power and

duties that come with it, and always responding and being present in challenging situations.
 Transparency: Transparency concerns mainly the communication with all stakeholders. It

means keeping an open dialogue, accepting feedback, and disclosing the information others
need to deliver their work.
Importance for ethical leadership for leaders
Gandhiji showed the world by attaining freedom for India that only truth and non-violence can help
achieve even the most impossible targets. He led by example and demonstrated the power of the
principles he followed during non-cooperation movement, the Dandi March and Quit India
movement.
Nelson Mandela, another leader sacrificed his life for the sake of South Africa and was jailed for 27
years. He never lost his focus on the vision of Independence and gave everything he had to ensure
the same.
Abraham Lincoln’s existence on this planet was a true gift for humanity. His fight for equality and
the will to bring people together for the greater good was as astounding today as unimaginable
then.
However, there are multiple challenges for ethical leadership in today’s world like the rise of
‘jingoistic nationalism’, Increasing encroachment of the private sphere by a ‘surveillance state’
through the abuse of digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence systems, The global retreat of
democracies, relegation of the ethical imperative to an obsessive pursuit of raw power as an end in
itself, a crisis of institutional legitimacy, and the challenge of forging a political consensus needed for
hard but necessary decisions interrogate the proclaimed assumptions of democratic resilience.
Traits necessary for a leader in today’s era
 In a reshaped world, formal authority is less potent. Only moral authority can build trust,
inspire colleagues, create meaning and help people imagine a better future.
 Leadership in today’s world should consist of an approach which is open and transparent.
 Leaderships goals and visions should be communicated fast and effectively.
 Everyone then has time to think about how they fit into the changes which are going to be
made.
 Leaders today must also listen to and hear everyone’s input and solutions, including our
youth.
Conclusion
Ethical leadership is of great importance. A good leader is followed, but a moral leader is respected
and trusted. In ethical leadership, leaders are supposed to lead their peers by their own ethical
activities. Behaving in an honest, ethical, and unselfish manner is pivotal in setting examples for
others.
The contours of public morality continually shift as societies navigate the complexities
of their evolving values, adapting to emerging circumstances and redefining ethical
norms in the process. Explain. (150 words)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2024 Secure.
Directive word:
associated facts.
Introduction:
Give a simple elaboration on the concept of public morality.
Body:
Write about aspects such as what is accepted within the realms of public morality, is it static and
indestructible by quoting few examples. Influence of public morality on legislations and the changes
with time such as legalisation of same-sex marriage etc.
Next, write about the various factors affecting public morality.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that society evolves with time and thus the public morality also takes its shape,
however certain historically sustainable values must be preserved as well.
Introduction
A morality is a system of principles and values concerning people’s behaviour, which
is generally accepted by a society or by a particular group of people. Public morality refers to moral
and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to
public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places.
Body
Public morality is concerned with collective obligations, and is generally based on the notion of
consequentialism. For instance, Public morality often means regulation of sexual matters,
including prostitution and homosexuality, but also matters of dress and nudity, pornography,
acceptability in social terms of cohabitation before marriage, and the protection of children.
It is a main justification for censorship; it can lead to campaigns against profanity, and so be at odds
with freedom of speech. Gambling is generally controlled: casinos have been considered much more
of a threat than large-scale lotteries or football pools. Public drunkenness is quite unacceptable in
some societies, and legal control of consumption of alcohol is often justified in terms of public
morality, just as much as for medical reasons or to limit alcohol-related crime.
Abortion is sometimes treated as an aspect of public morality, even if it is legally defined, regulated
by medical professionals, and almost entirely hidden from public view. AIDS as a health policy issue
is linked to public morality in a complicated manner.
Views on public morality do change over time. Public views on which things are acceptable often
move towards wider tolerance.

Various factors affecting Public morality
 Social & Religious mores. Eg. Animal slaughter still continues
 Inertial of the People to change their belief & attitude. Eg.: attitude towards homosexuality,
transgenders etc.
 Lack of Scientific temper. E.g: a genetically impaired person is seen as a God’s curse
 Poor will of legislators and elected.
 Ineffective implementation of law mechanism
 Lack of ethical education
Conclusion
Public morality has been on a decline due to a host of factors such as legal, corruption, malpractices,
cultural etc. Citizens in a political community must be bound together neither by feelings nor by self-
interest but by a commitment to common values discovered by public reason — values such as
political freedom, solidarity, shared traditions and cultural heritage.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.

Explain the moral philosophy of Eudaimonism with examples. (150 words)
Reference: newworldencyclopedia.org
Why the question:
Detailed description of the concept of Eudaimonism, its proponents, few examples and its
applicability.
Directive word:
associated facts.
Introduction:
Start by defining Eudaimonism
Body:
Detailed description of the association of the concept with Virtue ethics, Egoism and ethical
Individualism. Contrast this concept to hedonism and give examples such as Volunteering for
community action etc, which gives personal satisfaction as well as fulfils man’s potential. Explain
with examples.
Conclusion:
Give criticism of Eudaimonism by Kant for a balanced view on the topic.
Introduction
Eudaimonism is a moral philosophy that defines right action as that which leads to the “well-
being” of the individual, thus holding “well-being” as having essential value. It makes up part of the
system of Virtue Ethics propounded by the ancient Greek philosophers, in which a lifetime of
practicing the virtues in one’s everyday activities, subject to the exercise of practical wisdom to

resolve any conflicts or dilemmas which might arise, will allow the individual to flourish and live
the good life
The term “eudaimonia” is a classical Greek word, commonly translated as “happiness”, but perhaps
better described as “well-being” or “human flourishing” or “good life”. More literally it
means “having a good guardian spirit”.
Body:
The philosophy of Eudaimonia:

 Eudaimonia as the ultimate goal is an objective, not a subjective, state, and it characterizes
the well-lived life, irrespective of the emotional stateof the person experiencing it.
 In more general terms, Eudaimonism can be thought of as any theory that puts personal
happinessand the complete life of the individual at the centre of ethical concern. It can
therefore be associated with ethical Individualism and Egoism.
 It is the condition of human flourishing or of living well. The conventional English

translation of the ancient Greek term, “happiness,” is unfortunate because eudaimonia,
as Aristotle and most other ancient philosophers understood it, does not consist of a state
of mind or a feeling of pleasure or contentment, as “happiness” (as it is commonly used)
implies.
 For Aristotle, a thing is best understood by looking at its end, purpose, or goal. For
example, the purpose of a knife is to cut, and it is by seeing this that one best understands
what a knife is; the goal of medicine is good health, and it is by seeing this that one best
understands what medicine is, or should be.

 For Aristotle, eudaimonia is the highest human good, the only human good that is desirable
for its own sake (as an end in itself) rather than for the sake of something else (as a means
toward some other end).
 According to Aristotle, every living or human-made thing, including its parts, has a unique
or characteristic function or activity that distinguishes it from all other things.
 It follows that eudaimonia consists of the good performance of the characteristic function
of human beings, whatever that may be, and human virtue or excellence is that
combination of traits or qualities that enables humans to perform that function well.
 For instance, if you’re a parent, you should excel at raising your children; if you’re a doctor,
you should excel at healing people; and if you’re a philosopher, you should excel at gaining
knowledge and wisdom, and teaching. Of course, each person plays many roles life, and it’s
by excelling in all of them that one achieves Eudaimonia.
 Another example for eudaemonia would be Mother Teresa, who gave her heart and soul for
the welfare of the lepers and destitute in India.
Relevance in contemporary times:
 By living our life to the full according to our essential nature as rational beings, we
are bound to flourish, that is, to develop and express our full human potential, regardless
of the ebb and flow of our good or bad fortune.
 To put this in modern terms, if we develop our thinking skills, if we guard against lies and
self-deception, if we train and master our emotions, we will, over the years, make better
and better choices, do more and more meaningful things, and derive ever-increasing
satisfaction from all that we have become and all that we have achieved, and are yet able to
achieve.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be summed up that a life of eudaimonia is a life of striving. It’s a life of pushing yourself
to your limits, and finding success. A eudemonistic life will be full of the happiness that comes from
achieving something really difficult, rather than just having it handed to you.
Extra information:
Difference between Hedonia (Extreme happiness) and Eudaimonia:
Hedonia, in short, is about:
 pleasure, enjoyment, and satisfaction;
 and the absence of distress.
Eudaimonia is more complex in its nature, it´s about:
 authenticity: clarifying one’s true self and deep values, staying connected with them, and
acting in accord with them;
 meaning: understanding a bigger picture, relating to it, and contributing to it. This may
include broader aspects of one´s life or identity, a purpose, the long term, the community,
society, even the entire ecosystem;

 excellence: striving for higher quality and higher standards in one’s behavior, performance,
accomplishments, and ethics;
 personal growth: self-actualization, fulfilling one’s potential and pursuing personal goals;
growth, seeking challenges; and maturing as a human being.
Hedonia is associated with:
 physical and emotional needs;
 desire;
 what feels good;
 taking, for me, now;
 ease;
 rights;
 pleasure;
 self-nourishing and self-care; taking care of one’s own needs and desires, typically in the
present or near future; reaching personal release and peace, replenishment; energy and joy.
Eudaimonia is associated with:
 cognitive values and ideals
 care;
 what feels right;
 giving, building, something broader, the long-term;
 effort;
 responsibilities;
 elevation;
 cultivating; giving of oneself, investing in a larger aspect of the self, a long-term project, or
the surrounding word; quality, rightness, context, the welfare of others.
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of life.
Elaborate with examples.
Difficulty level: Tough.
Why the question:
Description of Aristotle’s Golden mean between virtues and vices and how this concept is still
applicable to the present society.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start with a brief middle path of Buddha.

Body:
Write about the concept of ‘middle path’ (madhyamaka) which steers clear of the extremes. Elaborte
upon it as it essentially implies avoiding extremes, such as what we are witnessing today-narrow
nationalism and unbridled liberalism, religious bigotry and decrying religion, obsession with a
glorious past and justifying all things considered modern; in short, blind faith in what one considers
right without consideration for the other’s point of view.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning Buddha’s call to avoid extreme ways of practice and walk the middle way of
reasonableness is the need of the hour.
Introduction
Buddhist philosophy and doctrines, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, give meaningful
insights about reality and human existence. Buddhism teaches the Middle Path renouncing extreme
steps like indulgence and strict abstinence. According to him everyone was responsible for their own
happiness in life, stressing upon the individualistic component of Buddhism.
Body
The middle path is the core of Buddha’s teaching and can be adopted in all walks of life.
 It essentially implies avoiding extremes, such as what we are witnessing today-narrow
nationalism and unbridled liberalism, religious bigotry and decrying religion, obsession with
a glorious past and justifying all things considered modern. g.: blindly targeting a section of
people of a particular faith over dress, food etc.
 In short, blind faith in what one considers right without consideration for the other’s point of
view.
 Buddha’s call to avoid extreme ways of practice and walk the middle way of reasonableness
is the need of the hour. For instance, the ongoing Ukraine war where Russia and NATO are
trying to achieve their own ends.
 Buddhism inculcates a lofty system of ethics and what is enunciated in the eight-fold path is
a simple yet powerful guide for all individuals including those in high places-political and
business leaders, religious seers, bureaucrats and professionals.
 In today’s world of bitter religious and political conflicts, increasing inequalities and
inequities, and unscrupulous commercial competition, the ‘middle path’ laid out by the
Buddha is the only way to save mankind from the evils of hatred, vituperation and violence.
 One of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations to be achieved by 2030
is ‘Peace and Justice’.
 As peace and sustainable development are interlinked, the Buddha’s prism can be the
guiding lights to every single stakeholder from local to global institutions and leaders, to
work together for promoting dialogue, harmony, and justice based on compassion and
wisdom.
Conclusion
The Buddhist teachings inculcate compassion, calmness & composure, joy among humans and they
can help maintain a sustainable balance between man and nature. Buddha’s teachings can transform
the societies into their better and more humane forms as reflected by Tibetan spiritual leader the
Dalai Lama “the 20th century was a century of war and violence, now we all need to work to see
that the 21st century is of peace and dialogue.’
Discuss the major aspects of Swami Vivekananda’s ethical philosophy with a special
emphasis on the importance of cultivating compassion. (150 words)
Reference: Insights on India
Why the question:
Directive word:
Key Demand of the question: write about the nature of virtues – if they are innate or they can be
learnt.
Introduction:
Start by giving context of Swami Vivekananda’s ethical philosophy.
Body:
First, explain the core aspects of his philosophy – interrelatedness of spiritual and social action,
importance of self-realization, service to others, self-discipline, and detachment
Next, write about the importance of compassion as per Swami Vivekananda.
Conclusion:
Introduction
Swami Vivekananda was a great social reformer of the 19th century. He was a devote follower of
Vedanta. He tried to apply Vedanta to practical everyday life. Hence his teaching are also referred to
as Practical Vedanta.
Body
Major aspects of Swami Vivekananda’s ethical philosophy
 Tolerance: Swami Vivekananda preached tolerance and peace for humankind. His idea of
peace and tolerance was global and included people of all the religions and sects. If humans
are to thrive and prosper, they need to tolerate the diversified views and strive for the
prosperity of all.
 Right Education: He stressed that good education is not merely learning of facts but also
development of character. He redefined the concept of education which was not limited to
exploring means of earning only. For him education was way to build one’s character,
strength, intellect etc. Such idea of education would help in evolving oneself as better
person in both personal and public life.
 Strength: Swami Vivekananda stresses on the importance of being strong in the life.
Weakness comes with number of difficulties for one in a life. Whether its personal goals or
professional goals, a person need to be fearless and firm to achieve them.
 Religion: He argued in favour of religious reforms. He stressed that rationality must be

applied to root out evils in religion. His meaning of religion had no place for superstitions,
unending rituals and practices and religion that was adrift of spiritual content. His idea of

religion was humane, did not have necessity of middlemen to connect with one’s god and
did not have barriers of caste, community etc. Such progressive understanding of the
religion would relieve people from wrong notions of religion and provide them with real
spiritual upliftment.
 Fraternity: Swami Vivekananda focuses on the values like Love, Patience, and Perseverance
in one’s life. This would increase the brotherhood and fraternity among the people, reduce
conflicts among them and would bind the society as a whole.
 Self-faith: Having faith on oneself is the most important. In order to live a good life, people
make all sorts of efforts, but they forget to trust themselves, lack confidence and depend on
supernatural powers to help them out of their miseries.
Importance of compassion as per Swami Vivekananda
 Compassion is the feeling of oneness with others.
 It is not just showing sympathy and empathy towards others. In the words of the Gita, real
compassion is ‘sarva-bhūtastham ātmānaṁ; seeing the Self in all beings’ or ‘sarva-bhūtāni
chātmani; seeing all beings in the Self.
 He stressed that success at the cost of poor is not worth having.

 He tells us that as a part of society every person is responsible for the welfare of poor and
marginalised people.
 It emphasizes the need to have empathy and compassion for the weaker sections of the
society.
Conclusion
It is high time for the youth to come forward by shedding their fears to shape up India. Swamiji laid
great stress on Vasudev Kutumbakam. He argued that instead of differences if we focused on the
similarities we all share then this world would be a happier place. His teachings are relevant today
since many problems remained the same. His teachings reflects a path to these problems.
Value addition
A small anecdote on Swami Vivekananda’s compassion
Swami Vivekananda was staying in the Math. Some Santhal laborers used to work in the Math. They
were poor, uneducated and simple. Swamiji had great sympathy, bordering on love, for these
laborers who, despite honest and hard labor, could not feed their family adequately. The
compassionate heart of Swami Vivekananda would grieve and melt for these poor fellows. He would
inquire about their family, say simple jokes, and mix with these ‘lowly fellows’. The spiritual
personality of Swamiji would see suffering Narayana in them. His heart would get filled with
unparalleled pity, compassion, and kindness towards these Santhal workers.
Like Gopis of Vraja, who would protest to Krishna not to play the sweet music on his flute, for it
attracted them to Him and His Raas Lila with such great intensity that they used to forget their
homes and husbands, these workers would also protest: “O my Swamiji, do not come to us when we
are working, for while talking to you our work stops and the supervising swami rebukes us
afterwards.” With such intensity of love, Swami Vivekananda would attract these poor laborers.

One day Swamiji had a desire to feed these workers. Accordingly, he made arrangements for their
lunch. At his orders, bread, curry, sweets, and curds etc. were arranged for the Santhals. Sitting
before the Swami, all of them relished the sumptuous food. One Keshta said: “O Swami, whence have
you got such a thing! We never tasted anything like this.” Feeding them to their heart’s content,
Swami Vivekananda said, “You are Narayana, God manifest; today I have offered food to Narayana.”
Turning to the disciple, the Swami said: “I found them the veritable embodiment of God – such
simplicity, such sincere guileless love I have seen nowhere else.” And later addressing the sannyasins
of the Math, Swami Vivekananda had said: “Can you mitigate their misery a little! Otherwise, of
what good is the wearing of the Gerrua (ochre) robe? Sacrifice of everything for the good of others is
real sannyasa…” “Seeing the poor people of our country starving for food, a desire comes to my mind
to overthrow all ceremonial worship and learning, and go around from place to place to serve these
poor and afflicted…”
What is cognitive dissonance and how can it be addressed? (150 Words)

Why the question:
To write about cognitive dissonance and ways to deal with it.
Introduction:
Begin by defining cognitive dissonance.
Body:
Next, mention the various reasons why cognitive dissonance occurs and the potential implications of
it. Cite examples of substantiate.
Next, mention the ways to deal and adapt for cognitive dissonance.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on the way to manage cognitive dissonance.
Introduction
Cognitive dissonance is a phenomenon in which a person experiences psychological distress due to

conflicting thoughts or beliefs. It is the mental stress or uneasiness experienced by an individual who
holds two or more contradictory views, ideas, or values at the same time, or is confronted by new
information that conflicts with existing beliefs, ideas, or values. It means people prefer their attitude
and behaviour to be aligned in the same direction.
In order to reduce this tension, people may change their attitudes to reflect their other beliefs or
actual behaviours.
Body
Importance of addressing cognitive dissonance
 If we’re not self-aware, cognitive dissonance can leave you acting and feeling pretty out of
character.
 For instance, we all like to think of ourselves in certain ways. We consider ourselves to be
truthful, hard-working, health-conscious, and in control. But our actions don’t always line up
with what we think of ourselves.
 This kind of incongruence can cause some serious mental discomfort.

 Cognitive dissonance threatens our identity and sense of self.
 That’s why it’s important to recognize what it is and what it feels like — if you don’t, then it
will be that much harder to live an authentic life aligned with your personal values.
 Over time, living out of integrity with our values begins to take its toll on our psychological
well-being and mental health.
Ways to eliminate Cognitive Dissonance:
 Denying and rejecting
o Rejection comes easy when a dissonant activity is oft-repeated.
o For instance, each time you eat meat while on a vegan diet creates more or less the
same amount of cognitive dissonance, but the more often you do it, the easier it
gets to handle the conflict
o People frequently reduce cognitive dissonance by discounting and dismissing

information that contradicts their beliefs.
o They may cut off access to new information that refutes their pre-existing ideas and
only remain open to data that support their beliefs. This is called “confirmation
bias.”
 Convincing Self Or Others
o The easiest way for a person to reduce their cognitive dissonance is to convince
oneself that there is no conflict.
o A person suffering from cognitive dissonance may reach out to and find support
from other people who hold similar opinions or matching ideologies, and join their
group.
o They may try persuading others that all fresh information is agenda-driven and
fallacious.
 Rationalizing The Behaviour
o Rationalizing is the process of applying logic to a situation. To reduce cognitive

dissonance, a person may rationalize their actions by inventing implausible (and
sometimes ridiculous) excuses.
o Despite knowing that smoking causes cancer, a smoker may rationalize the habit by
claiming they only smoke once or twice a day and only when they are stressed at
work.
 Reconciling The Differences
o This involves resolving the differences causing mental discomfort. The person may
accept the validity of pre-existing beliefs and change their behavior consistent with
their views.
o Long-term goals to eliminate dissonance are more likely to necessitate the use of
elaborate strategies like transcendence and attitude change.

o Alternatively, it could lead them to abandon their established beliefs and form new
ones.
Conclusion
A civil servant should always follow the constitutional moral values, code of conduct of services and
act within ethical framework of public service in any case of cognitive dissonance.
Categorical Imperative helps us think about what’s fair and right for everyone, not just
for ourselves. Examine. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about Categorical Imperative and its role making us think about everyone and not just
ourselves.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Introduction:
Begin by defining Categorical Imperative.
Body:
First, write about Categorical Imperative and explain it in brief.
Next, write about how it makes individuals to think about the consequences and universal
applicability of their actions. It guides us to consider what would be fair, just, and right for everyone
involved, fostering a sense of moral duty and responsibility beyond our individual interests.
Conclusion:
Introduction
The Categorical Imperative, a moral philosophy introduced by Immanuel Kant, serves as a guiding
principle for ethical decision-making by emphasizing universalizability and treating individuals as
ends in themselves.
Body
In contemplating what is fair and right for everyone, the Categorical Imperative urges individuals to
act according to principles that could be universally applied without contradiction.
This moral framework challenges individuals to consider the implications of their actions if everyone
were to follow the same principles. It emphasizes a sense of fairness and justice that transcends
personal desires and circumstances. By prioritizing universal principles over individual interests, the
Categorical Imperative promotes a perspective that goes beyond self-centered motivations.
Inherent in this ethical system is the idea of treating others with respect and recognizing their
inherent value as autonomous beings. It encourages empathy and a sense of responsibility toward
the well-being of others, fostering a moral outlook that extends beyond immediate personal gain.
Conclusion

Ultimately, the Categorical Imperative prompts individuals to think beyond their individual
perspectives and desires, contemplating the broader implications of their actions on a universal
scale. It offers a philosophical foundation for determining what is fair and right for everyone,
emphasizing a commitment to principles that uphold justice, equality, and the well-being of all
individuals in society.
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and

problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions;
laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values
in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
What do you understand by international morality? Does morality exist in international
relations? (150 words)
Why the question:
To write international morality and its nature.
Introduction:
Start by defining international morality.
Body:
Start by explaining what is international ethics – moral principles, customary International Law,
Human rights, Cooperation, Non-aggression etc. Cite examples to substantiate your points.
Next, write about if it is just a theoretical concept or it is applied in practise as well.
Conclusion:
Conclude by giving a balanced opinion on international morality.
Introduction
International Morality consists of moral principles which are endorsed by a number of nations. The
rules of customary International Law reflect International Morality. One of the major sources and
sanctions of International Law has been International Morality.
Body:
The Charter of the United Nations reflects International Morality in many of its provisions, for
example, in calling for respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms without discrimination as
to race, sex, language or religion. The moral desirability of peace is formally affirmed almost
universally, though with provisions and conditions attached. War is now recognized as immoral and
even when it has to be resorted to, the nations accept and follow limits on methods of waging it.”
Thus there exists an international code of moral values which is popularly called International
Morality.
Do Ethical considerations have a say in international relations?

To answer this question, realists and idealists have an ongoing debate. But since the second world
war, the debate was settled largely in favour of the realists.

Hans Morgenthau, gave 6 principles of Realism in International Relations
 Politics is governed by Objective Laws which have roots in Human Nature:
o The first principle of political realism holds that “politics, like society in general, is
governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature.” Humans are
power seeking by nature and so are the states.
 National Interest defined in terms of National Power:
o No considerations of Moral Imperatives when it comes to national interest. For eg:

Even though India espoused Panchsheel principles, China went to war with India in
1962 without as much of a warning.
 National Interest is always dynamic and it keeps changing. Eg: Russia had imposed arms
embargo on Pakistan by being a friend to India, which was lifted recently.
 Abstract Moral Principles cannot be applied to Politics:
o Politics is not ethics and the ruler is not a moralist. The primary function of a state is
to satisfy and protect the demands of national interest by means of national power.
 No universal moral principle in international relations
o Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with
the moral principles that govern the universe. It refuses to accept that the national
interests and policies of any particular nation reflect universally applied moral
principles.
 Autonomy of International Relations: It is neither ethics nor law or economics. It is an

autonomous discipline where national interest reigns supreme
However, it must be noted that, it is without the element of morality that USA decided to use
nuclear bomb on Japan. Only after this plan was executed, the world became aware of the
devastating consequences that had ensued. Below are examples that highlight this norm.
 The alleged just war cause where a country thinks it’s their moral responsibility to save the
world. E.g.: USA and Iraq war.
 Threat to the Rules-based order of the world by side-lining of the Global bodies like UNSC,
WTO such as USA. Pursuing unilateralism and Protectionism goes against the ideal of Rules-
based international world order.
 China’s dominance in the South China Sea and its policy of “Debt-Trap diplomacy”, “Island-
encirclement” and “String of Pearls” show that there is no adherence to morality.
International morality and International Relations

 Rights and Responsibilities: The UNPeackeeping mission is based on the principle of
universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to
maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative
troop contributing nation.

 Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming
international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF &
UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
 Resolving Tensions: Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two
or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be
avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
 Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view
of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global
citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
 Human rights: Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in
the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars &
genocide many times in history (Rawnda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion:
Thus, International Morality plays an important role in international relations of our times. It has
been acting as a limiting factor of national power. The realization towards the need for preserving
international peace and for directing efforts towards the promotion of universal human welfare has
increased the importance of morality in international relations.
Rights dominate modern understandings of what actions are morally permissible and
which institutions are ethically just. Elaborate. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about how Moral philosophies guide our moral compass to describe conscience, our inner
sense of right and wrong offers a framework to guide our actions.
Directive:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
You must be defining key terms where ever appropriate, and substantiate with relevant associated
facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing what you understand by the concept rights in modern day.
Body:
Elaborate on how the moral rights aids in deciding what right from is wrong. Use examples to
substantiate your points. Example, Rights Theory that obligates us to respect the rights of others and
live up to our obligations towards them.
Conclusion:
Complete by summarising.
Introduction
Rights theory, also known as rights-based ethics or deontological ethics, is a moral framework that
emphasizes the importance of individual rights and duties. It asserts that certain actions are
inherently right or wrong, regardless of their consequences, and that individuals have fundamental
rights that should be respected.
Body

John Locke believed in the concept of natural rights, which he argued were inherent to human
beings by virtue of their existence. He identified three primary natural rights: life, liberty, and
property. The idea of human rights and universal human rights came from this concept.
Concept of rights
 Inherent Rights: Rights theory posits that individuals possess certain inherent rights simply
by virtue of being human. These rights are not contingent on societal or legal recognition;
they exist regardless of external factors.
 Universal and Inalienable: Rights are considered universal, meaning they apply to all
individuals regardless of their culture, nationality, or any other characteristic. Additionally,
they are viewed as inalienable, meaning they cannot be taken away or surrendered, even if
an individual desires to do so.
 Negative vs. Positive Rights: Negative rights are rights that impose a duty on others to
refrain from interfering with an individual’s freedom (e.g., the right to free speech, the right
to privacy). Positive rights, on the other hand, require action to fulfill them (e.g., the right to
education, the right to healthcare).
 Duties and Obligations: Rights theory emphasizes that with every right comes a
corresponding duty or obligation. For example, if individuals have a right to life, then others
have a duty not to intentionally take that life.
 Moral Autonomy: Rights theory respects the autonomy and agency of individuals. It holds
that individuals have the capacity to make moral decisions for themselves and should be
allowed to exercise their rights within the bounds of a just society.
 Conflict Resolution: In situations where rights conflict, rights theory may require a careful
examination to determine which right takes precedence. This can be a complex process, as
not all rights are absolute, and some may be subject to reasonable limitations.
Role of Rights in the contemporary moral and ethical framework
 Individual Autonomy and Dignity: Rights recognize the inherent worth and dignity of every
individual. They affirm that each person possesses a set of fundamental entitlements that
should be respected, irrespective of their social status, identity, or circumstances.
 Moral Foundations of Law: Rights often form the basis of legal systems in democratic
societies. Laws are crafted to protect and uphold individual rights, providing a framework for
resolving disputes, ensuring fair treatment, and maintaining social order.
 Limiting Government Power: Rights serve as a check on government authority. They

establish boundaries on what governments can and cannot do, preventing them from
infringing upon the liberties and freedoms of citizens. This limitation is crucial in preventing
authoritarianism and safeguarding democracy.
 Balancing Conflicting Interests: Rights provide a framework for resolving conflicts between
individuals or groups with competing interests. For instance, when the right to free speech
clashes with the right to privacy, ethical deliberation and legal interpretation are necessary
to find a just balance.

 Social Justice and Equality: Rights theory forms the basis for discussions on social justice. It
prompts questions about the distribution of resources, opportunities, and benefits within a
society. This perspective is particularly relevant in addressing issues of inequality and
discrimination.
 Ethical Dilemmas: Rights theory helps navigate complex ethical dilemmas. When faced with
difficult decisions, considering the rights of all parties involved can guide us towards morally
defensible courses of action.
 International Human Rights: The concept of rights has been extended beyond national
borders, leading to the development of international human rights frameworks. These
agreements, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, provide a global standard
for the treatment of individuals and set expectations for states’ behavior.
 Responsibilities and Duties: Alongside rights come responsibilities and duties. Recognizing
that individuals have rights implies that others have corresponding obligations to respect
and protect those rights. This reciprocal relationship is essential for maintaining a just and
stable society.
 Cultural and Moral Pluralism: The notion of rights allows for diverse perspectives and values
to coexist within a society. It provides a framework for negotiating differences while
upholding the dignity and autonomy of all individuals.
 Dynamic and Evolving Concept: The understanding of rights is not static. It evolves over
time in response to changing social, political, and technological landscapes. This adaptability
ensures that the concept remains relevant in addressing emerging ethical challenges.
Conclusion
In summary, the concept of rights forms a cornerstone of contemporary moral and ethical
frameworks. It anchors discussions on justice, liberty, and the responsibilities we have towards one
another. By recognizing and upholding rights, societies strive to create environments that respect
individual autonomy, promote fairness, and foster the well-being of all members.
How can class and gender differentiations affect our perceptions of ethical norms and
principles? Discuss. (10M)
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies paper – 4.
To write about how class and gender differentiations influence our perceptions.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Introduce the concept of class and gender differentiations and their potential impact on perceptions
of ethical norms and principles.
Body:
First, discuss how class distinctions can influence ethical perceptions. Then Examine the influence of
gender differentiations on ethical norms.
Highlight the interplay between class and gender differentiations in shaping ethical perceptions.
Discuss instances where class and gender intersect, leading to complex ethical considerations.
Conclusion:
Conclude by encouraging a broader understanding of ethics that considers the complexities
introduced by class and gender dynamics.
Introduction
Class and gender differentiations play a significant role in shaping our perceptions of ethical norms
and principles. These social constructs influence how individuals are situated in society, impacting
their experiences, opportunities, and perspectives.
For instance, the portrayal of men being designated drivers in all textbooks and women being
pictured as being cooks perpetuates the gender roles and children are also easily influenced by the
same.
Body
Class distinctions and ethical perceptions
 Access to Resources: Individuals from different classes often have disparate access to
resources such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. This can influence
ethical perceptions as those with more resources may have a broader understanding of
ethical principles, while those with limited resources may prioritize immediate needs over
long-term ethical considerations.
 Economic Inequality: Class distinctions are closely tied to economic inequality. The
disparities in wealth and income can lead to differing ethical perspectives on issues such as
wealth distribution, taxation, and economic justice. The wealthy may perceive certain
economic practices as ethically acceptable, while the economically disadvantaged may view
them as exploitative.
 Consumption Patterns: Class distinctions often shape consumption patterns. Ethical

considerations related to consumer choices, such as environmental impact and fair labor
practices, may vary among different classes. The ability to afford ethically sourced products
or engage in sustainable living practices may differ significantly based on one’s economic
status.
 Occupational Ethics: The type of work individuals engage in is often associated with their
social class. Occupational ethics can vary based on the nature of employment, with
professionals in high-status jobs potentially facing different ethical dilemmas compared to
those in lower-paying or precarious positions. Class-related power dynamics can influence
workplace ethics.
 Educational Opportunities: Access to quality education is often linked to social class.

Differences in educational opportunities can impact ethical perceptions by shaping
individuals’ awareness, critical thinking skills, and exposure to diverse ethical frameworks.
Higher education levels may contribute to a more nuanced understanding of ethical issues.
 Social Mobility: Class distinctions also affect the perception of social mobility and
meritocracy. Individuals from different classes may have varying views on the fairness of
societal structures and the opportunities for upward mobility. This can influence ethical
judgments related to issues of equality, merit, and justice.

 Philanthropy and Civic Engagement: Wealthier individuals may have more opportunities for
philanthropy and civic engagement. Ethical perceptions related to social responsibility and
community involvement can differ based on one’s ability to contribute to charitable causes.
The wealthy may be more involved in shaping social policies, influencing ethical discussions
at a societal level.
 Access to Legal Systems: Individuals from different classes may experience disparities in
their interactions with legal systems. The ability to access legal representation and the
fairness of legal processes can influence ethical perspectives on issues related to justice,
punishment, and the rule of law.
 Cultural and Social Norms: Class distinctions can contribute to the formation of distinct
cultural and social norms within different social strata. Ethical perceptions may be shaped by
these norms, influencing attitudes towards issues such as family, community, and societal
obligations.
Gender roles and influence on ethical perceptions
 Gender Roles and Expectations: Traditional gender roles often dictate societal expectations
for behavior. Ethical norms may be influenced by these expectations, with specific moral
standards assigned to men and women. This can result in gendered perceptions of what is
considered ethical behavior.
 Power Dynamics: Gender-based power imbalances contribute to the shaping of ethical

norms. Historically, men have held positions of power in many societies, influencing the
establishment of ethical standards that may favor male perspectives. This can impact issues
such as decision-making, leadership, and access to resources.
 Reproductive Ethics: Issues related to reproduction, including contraception, abortion, and

reproductive technologies, are often highly influenced by gender. Ethical norms surrounding
these topics may vary based on societal attitudes toward women’s autonomy, bodily
autonomy, and reproductive rights.
 Sexual Ethics: Gender plays a significant role in shaping ethical norms related to sexuality.
Standards of sexual conduct, including attitudes toward premarital sex, extramarital affairs,
and LGBTQ+ relationships, can be influenced by societal expectations regarding male and
female behavior.
 Workplace Ethics: Gender dynamics in the workplace influence ethical perceptions. Issues
such as equal pay, gender discrimination, and work-life balance are often viewed through a
gendered lens. Ethical considerations related to professional conduct and advancement may
differ for men and women.
 Socialization and Moral Development: From an early age, individuals are socialized into
gender roles, which can impact their moral development. Socialization processes may instill
different values and expectations for boys and girls, influencing their ethical perspectives as
they mature.
 Violence and Aggression: Ethical norms regarding the use of violence and aggression can be
influenced by gender. Societal expectations regarding “appropriate” expressions of
masculinity and femininity may shape perceptions of acceptable behavior, impacting
attitudes toward conflict resolution and violence prevention.

 Healthcare Ethics: Ethical considerations in healthcare are often gendered. Issues such as
access to reproductive healthcare, maternal health, and gender-affirming care can be
subject to different ethical standards based on societal attitudes toward gender.
 Intersectionality: Gender intersects with other social identities, such as race, class, and
sexuality. The unique experiences of individuals at the intersections of multiple identities
contribute to diverse ethical perspectives that consider the complexities of their lived
realities.
 Representation and Voice: The representation of gender in decision-making processes and

public discourse influences ethical norms. Ensuring diverse and equitable representation
allows for a more inclusive consideration of ethical issues, preventing the reinforcement of
biases inherent in a gendered perspective.
Gender and class interplay
 Discrimination at work: Women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may face

compounded challenges, experiencing both gender and class biases. Addressing workplace
discrimination requires recognizing and dismantling barriers arising from the intersection of
these identities.
 Education: Women from lower classes may face additional barriers, including financial
constraints and societal expectations. Ethical considerations arise in ensuring equal
educational opportunities for all, irrespective of gender and socioeconomic status.
 Bodily autonomy: Access to contraception, abortion, and fertility treatments may be limited
for women from lower classes. Ethical considerations involve addressing disparities in
reproductive healthcare and ensuring that choices are not restricted based on
socioeconomic status.
 Unpaid work: Women from lower classes may face heightened expectations for unpaid
work. Ethical considerations include recognizing the value of domestic labor, challenging
traditional gender roles, and addressing the economic disparities associated with unpaid
work.
 Violence: Women from lower classes may face increased vulnerability due to economic
dependence and limited access to resources. Ethical considerations involve addressing both
the gendered and class dimensions of violence and providing comprehensive support.
Conclusion
Understanding the influence of gender and class on ethical norms is crucial for fostering a more
inclusive and equitable ethical framework. By challenging and transcending gender-based
expectations, societies can work towards a more just and ethical treatment of individuals,
recognizing the diversity of experiences and perspectives across the gender spectrum.
Recognizing and addressing the intersectionality of gender and class is essential for developing
ethical frameworks that consider the complexities of individuals’ lived experiences. This involves
challenging systemic inequalities, promoting inclusivity, and ensuring that ethical considerations
account for the diverse and interconnected nature of social identities.

The perception that probity in governance is considered an exception rather than the
norm in modern-day administration is rooted in various systemic, cultural, and
structural challenge. Analsye. (150 words)
Why the question:
To write about why probity is such a rare occurrence in governance.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by defining probity in governance.
Body:
First, with examples mentions why civil servants with strong moral principles are rare and mention
the factors that make civil servants compromise their integrity.
Next, mention steps that must be taken to improve and promote probity in governance.
Conclusion:
Conclude by suggesting measures to make these measures more robust and effective.
Introduction
Probity is “the quality or condition of having strong moral principles, integrity, good character,
honesty, decency”. It is the act of adhering to the highest principles and ideals rather than avoiding
corrupt or dishonest conduct. It balances service to the community against the self-interest of
individuals.
Body
Probity is an exception rather than a norm
 It is the lack of probity in public life that resulted in increasing cases of misallocation of
public funds like 2G scam, taking grafts for delivery of public services to citizens, inclusion of
fake beneficiaries, use of public power for the personal interest and nepotism.
 There is no recognition of good work in civil services.
 Honest and brave officers are threatened with suspension and humiliation.
 Today, our bureaucracy is twenty times more bureaucratic, our deference to the chain of
command more cringing and decorous, our worship of paper more entrenched.
 To quote Hyman Rickover, “If you are going to sin, sin against God, not the bureaucracy. God
will forgive you but the bureaucracy won’t.”
 An administration certainly needs guardrails in the form of non-negotiable rules. Without

such rails, the system can stray badly. But necessitating a dozen signatures where a few can
do, is a criminal surfeit of supervisory controls.
 Similarly, we have a colossal army of paper-pushing subordinates churning out work of

frivolous value leading to redtapism.

 Corruption, favouritism, criminalisation of governance, self-centred functionaries etc. are on

the rise.
Measures to ensure probity
 Statutory Code of Values and Ethics for Public Services– It should be expressed in simple
language, easily understandable and should lay down fundamental values that ought to
govern the conduct of public servants. For example, British Civil Services Code.
 Ethical framework –Need for an ethical framework that should provide for prevention and
guidance, investigation, disciplinary action, and prosecution.
 Ethical Guidance –It should include training in ethics, awareness and development of
essential skill for ethical analysis and moral judgement.
 Sanction and punishment –Violation and breaches of the Code of Ethics should
invite sanction and punishment under the disciplinary rules. A simplified disciplinary regime
should be put in place which, while following the principle of natural justice, may speedily
and summarily decide cases and take punitive action against delinquent employees.
 Independent office of Ethics Commissioner– Need to create such an independent office on
the US pattern to provide leadership in ethics and values. Ethics Commissioner should issue
and interpret rules which govern standards of conduct and conflict of interest.
Conclusion
Integrity and probity in public life demand that those elected or appointed to public office are
themselves imbued with a sense of responsibility to the society that puts them there; that the
decisions they take should always be solely in terms of the public interest and not to gain benefits
for themselves, family, friends or associates; that they act with honesty and integrity by not
allowing their private interests to conflict with their public responsibilities; and that the behaviour
must always be able to stand up to the closest public scrutiny. Similarly, civil society and
institutions have a crucial role to play by calling to account those who will flout the rules and by
refusing to tolerate any but the highest standard of behaviour in those who they elect or appoint
to serve the public interest.
Value addition
Concept of Probity
 Probity is confirmed integrity. It is usually regarded as being incorruptible.

 It is the quality of having strong moral principles and strictly following them, such as honesty,
uprightness, transparency and incorruptibility.
 Probity in Governance is concerned with the propriety and character of various organs of the
government as to whether these uphold the procedural uprightness, regardless of the
individuals manning these institutions.
 It involves adopting an ethical and transparent approach, allowing the process to withstand
scrutiny.
 Probity goes further than the avoidance of being dishonest because it is determined by
intangibles like personal and societal values.

 Probity has been described as a risk management approach ensuring procedural integrity.
 It is concerned with procedures, processes and systems rather than outcomes. The principles
of probity, ethics and good governance operate on many levels – from, the individual, to the
organization and on to the ‘watch-dog’.
A moral compass is a fundamental aspect of ethical decision-making, providing

individuals with a reliable guide based on their internalized values. Elaborate. (150
words)
Why the question:
Using the metaphor of the moral compass to describe conscience, our inner sense of right and wrong
offers a framework to guide our actions.
Directive:
facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing what you understand by moral compass (conscience) which governs the actions
you take in day-to-day life.
Body:
Elaborate on how the moral compass aids in deciding what right from is wrong. Use examples to
substantiate your points.
One way is to treat others the way you want to be treated.
Next way, to use Rights Theory that obligates us to respect the rights of others and live up to our
obligations towards them.
Another way is to utilitarian perspective to do maximum good for maximum people.
Conclusion:
Completed the answer by bring out how the moral compass prevents us acting purely from self-
interest and helps us live a life of integrity.
Introduction
Moral compass is a term used to describe our inner sense of right and wrong offers a framework to
guide our actions. Conscience is inner moral sense of a person which guides him/her to regulate
his behaviour. Voice of conscience corresponds to an inner voice that judges your behaviour. Voice
of conscience is the source of ethical decision making for many.
Body
Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is
wrong. Therefore, if one uses his/her conscience when making decisions it would be guided by what
is the right thing to do and what is wrong.
The traditional test is to apply ethical decision-making methods such as Rights Theory that obligates
us to respect the rights of others and live up to our obligations towards them. Another approach is
to evaluate the possible benefits and harms of alternative courses of action on stakeholders who
may be affected by our possible actions and choose the one that maximizes net benefits.

 Our conscience is our inner guide and it helps you figure out how to make good choices. As
we grow up, we learn right from wrong. Our conscience is the thought and feeling we have
that tells us whether something is a right or wrong thing to do or say. Thus voice of
Conscience is a consistent guide to ethical decision making.
 A person can prepare himself/herself to heed to the voice of conscience by:
 Pausing and thinking about the dimensions of issue.
 Practicing the power of silence.
 Meditating and prayer.
 Freeing oneself from external influences and selfish interests.

 A human being always comes across ethical dilemmas in the decision making the process.
Voice of Conscience acts as the guide for taking correct decisions when we have to choose
between competing sets of principles in a given, usually undesirable or perplexing, situation.
Example: Helping accident victim on your way to an interview.
 The voice of conscience of an individual help in analysing the situation from different
perspectives and help in taking the right decision.
 Voice of Conscience helps in avoiding Conflicts of interest for better decision making. It can
help in deciding between personal gains and public welfare.
 Voice of Conscience is our ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and
principles.
 Voice of Conscience is a person’s moral compass of right and wrong as well as the
consciousness of one’s actions. Expressions such as ‘gut feeling’ and ‘guilt’ are often applied
in conjunction with a conscience.
 The voice of conscience might suggest different principles and different behaviours to
different situations. But it for a moment help individual from not doing wrong based on
universal values.
Conclusion
Acting purely from self-interest, at best, keeps us parallel to the original position and can turn our
compass south if our actions do harm to others. We avoid going in that direction by living a life of
integrity. We also need to understand and appreciate why we should consider the needs of others
before acting. We could simply go back to The Golden Rule: Treat others the way you want to be
treated. None of us, presumably, wants to be disrespected so we should treat others respectfully.
If we can uphold pluralism, responsibility, and fairness, then the ethics in international
relations will transform from a normative theory to a practising principle. Elaborate.
(150 words)
Why the question:
To explain environmental ethics and how it has become an important dimension of ethics in the
twenty first century.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Start by describing the ethical issues in international relations.
Body:
Write about as to how ethics in international relations remain a theory as they are seldom
implemented in practice. Substantiate with examples.
Next, write about how pluralism, responsibility and fairness can make a difference in transforming
ethic in international relations. Link these to recent happenings across the world.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the need of uphold ethics in international relations.
Introduction
In today’s borderless world, there are a lot of interactions at various levels (country, professional,
personal). The difference in the value systems and diversity makes Ethics in International relations
imperative. Ethics provides guidance to the people in their international affairs.
Ethical questions are central to the study of international relations, as it is a field of study concerned
with war and peace, trade and production, and law and rights. Yet, a persistent conventional wisdom
suggests ethics are marginal to international relations.
Realism, the dominant perspective in global politics, assumes that international relations are
fundamentally conflictual and guided by national self-interest rooted in power. According to this
tradition, morality is not an essential consideration in governmental action. Rather, what motivates
and guides diplomats are the vital interests of states. Eg: Chinese conduct in South-China Sea,
Galwan valley clash, and the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine are guided by narrow self-interest
rather than fairness or morality.
Body
According to Thucydides, “Strong do what they can and weak suffer what they must”. This
quote summarizes the relation between states in the international context. Hans Morgenthau, a
noted Realist scholar said that nations do not give heed to universal acceptance of their action or
judge their moves through a moral lens. National interest reigns supreme. Like, how man is a self-
centric being, even nations are inward looking. Ultimately all nations look for national interest.
Eg: USA-China Trade war was detrimental to global trade, but the two nations still retaliated
economically to show their hegemonic tendencies and power.
Another example is China’s policy of aggression against its smaller neighbours like Vietnam,
Philippines, Taiwan. Its claim to south china sea is refuted by all, yet China’s heft had subdued them
all. Pakistan’s policy of state sponsored terrorism against India tells us that there is no morality in
international relations.
The United Nations failed to intervene effectively in the Syrian war and Yemen civil war because
the nations involved, especially the P5 had divergent interest. And neither of them thought from
humanitarian perspective or moral perspective with respect to human rights. This shows that,
nations were acting selfishly for materialist gains in middle-east.
Ensuring pluralism, responsibility and fairness

 Rights and Responsibilities: The UN Peackeeping mission is based on the principle of

universal peace. This is the responsibility of the Security Council and all the nations to
maintain universal peace. India believes in this ideology and has been the largest cumulative
troop contributing nation.
 Equality: Ethics aim at “Peaceful World”, “Respect for All” & “Equality” while forming
international organizations, declarations & forums. E.g.: The demand for equality in IMF &
UNO shows the demand of adhering to ethics in a way.
 Resolving Tensions: Ethics helps to avoid the “Ego Clash” & “Ideological Clash” between two
or more nations. For instance, the disruption between India & Pakistan relations can be
avoided if both take a decision based on ethics.
 Solidarity: Natural disasters and refugee crisis situations require a more compassionate view
of the global community. These are not isolated events and rather, the duty of every global
citizen to help in the times of crisis. g.- Aid during natural disasters (Nepal earthquake)
 Human rights: Adherence to human rights is vital after the Decalaration of Human Rights in
the UN Charter. Eg- lack of ethics in the international relation has been the cause of wars &
genocide many times in history (Rwanda and Burundi) and also like the first world war.
Conclusion
Nations view their foreign policy as zero-sum game which leads to narrow thinking and destructive
consequences. Morality must play a role in every aspect of human life, including international
relations. International ethic is not just an ethic of some leading country, it is not simply an ethic of a
powerful country having obligations towards others, because of the power they have over others.
International ethics may be elaborated as, that which enables one to participate more actively in
shaping and building good international community. Human rights and their dignity can be protected
only when relations between nations become ethical and moral.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of

governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government,
Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work
culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
corruption.
The influence of money in elections raises serious ethical concerns about fairness,
representation, and the integrity of the democratic process. Elucidate. (150 words)
Why the question:
Directive:
Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the particular context.
facts.
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.

Body:
Write about the influence of money on elections and its impact – give candidates an unfair
advantage, undermine representation, and erode the legitimacy of the political system. Also,
mention the long-term impact of the same.
Conclusion:
Complete by mentioning steps that are needed to overcome the above.
Introduction
With several Assembly elections coming up, one issue may need more attention than others.
Elections are fought with huge funds nowadays. Estimates vary, but a candidate may spend in crores
in just one constituency. This vital issue is neglected by voters in the noise and din of campaigns,
leaders, celebrities and media coverage.
Money is central to the issue of political corruption in India and political parties are suspected to be
the largest and most direct beneficiaries. Corruption in elections reduces accountability, distorts
representation, and introduces asymmetry in policymaking and governance. This necessitates
transparency in electoral funding.
Body
Background
 Voters vote for political parties so that they deliver benefits to the citizens. If election funds
are obtained from other sources, the Governments in power are obliged to the funders
more than the voters.
 For instance, the Government Budget reports that in 2019-20 the loss to the Government on
account of incentives to companies and reduction in duties and taxes was ₹2. 24 lakh crore.
The voters do not know this.
 Transparency in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. In spite of the
CIC ruling, all political parties have refused to submit themselves to the transparency that
comes with Right to Information. Limits on funding are also not well defined.
Issues with electoral funding
 Opacity in donations: Political parties receive majority of their funds through anonymous
donations (approximately 70%) through cash. Also, parties are exempted from income tax,
which provides a channel for black money hoarders.
o Eg: Electoral funds is fraught with challenges and is in the courts. Transparency
in funding is absent after the introduction of Electoral Bonds. Now citizens
cannot know who is funding the political parties.
 Lack of action against bribes: The EC sought insertion of a new section, 58B, to RPA, 1951 to
enable it to take action if parties bribe voters of a constituency, which has not come to light.
 Allowing foreign funding: Amendment of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA)
has opened the floodgates of foreign funding to political parties, which can lead to eventual
interference in governance.
 Unlimited corporate donations: The maximum limit of 7.5% on the proportion of

the profits a company can donate to a political party has been lifted, thus opening up the
possibility of shell companies being set up specifically to fund parties.

 Lack of transparency: Despite provisions under section 29 of RPA, 1951, parties do not
submit their annual audit reports to the Election Commission.
 RTI: Parties have also defied that they come under the ambit of RTI act. In spite of the
Central Information Commission (CIC) ruling, all political parties have refused to submit
themselves to the transparency that comes with Right to Information.
Measures to bring more transparency in electoral funding
 Switching to complete digital transactions.
 Donations above a certain limit be made public to break the corporate-politico nexus.
 Political parties should be brought under the ambit of RTI as followed in countries
like Bhutan and Germany.
 Establish a national electoral fund where donors contribute and funds are distributed
among different parties according to their respective performances in the last elections.
This will also weed out black money as well as ensure anonymity to donors.
 State funding of elections has been suggested in the past in response to the high cost of
elections. Law Commission of India, 2nd ARC, National Commission to Review the Working
of the Constitution, have favoured state funding.
 Cap maximum expenditure of political parties to a multiple of half of maximum prescribed

limit for individual candidates with the number of candidates fielded.
Conclusion
Donors to political campaigns can demand for favourable laws and policies, favourable government
contracts, and exceptionalism in law enforcement as returns on their investments. It also inevitably
leads to criminalisation of politics as money and muscle power, go hand in hand. Hence, reforms in
electoral funding is a major need of the hour for India.
One of the most effective methods for detecting and preventing corruption and
malpractices is through the act of whistleblowing. Is whistleblowing by civil servants
ethically justified?
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Abstract
Thursdays’ in Mission-2023 Secure.
Key demand of the question:
To write about the role whistle blowing ain prevention of corruption.
Introduction:
Explain what is whistle blowing.
Body:
Explain What are the moral and ethical justification of whistleblowing – whistleblowing is morally
required when it is required at all; people have a moral obligation to prevent serious harm to others if
they can do so with little costs to themselves. Give examples to justify your points.
Conclusion:
Conclude by stressing on the need of whistle-blower protection
Introduction

A whistle-blower is a person who comes forward and shares his/her knowledge on any wrongdoing
which he/she thinks is happening in the whole organisation or in a specific department. A whistle-
blower could be an employee, contractor, or a supplier who becomes aware of any illegal
activities. Personal Values and Organizational Culture are the Foundation of Whistle-blowing
A good civil servant is one who is kind, responsive, fair, has sense of duty, objective judgement
skills with a hint of rebellion.
Body
In the course of civil service, an officer is bound to face challenges of various types. One must find
innovative solutions to such problems by working around the problems. However, when there are
inevitable situations, it becomes necessary to whistle blow, albeit within the system.
Merits of whistleblowing:
 Exposing Unethical Behaviour: When corporations and government agencies step over legal
and ethical lines, whistle-blowers can make these practices public knowledge, which can
lead to violators being held accountable.
 Take care of things internally: Stronger whistle-blower protection laws all over the world,
such as in the EU and Australia, mean that if you do not listen to and act upon
whistleblowing tips internally, people may decide to report externally, for example to the
media, and are legally protected if they do so.
 Reduce losses when misconduct occurs: Whistleblowing benefits organisations through

significant loss savings. Organisations that did not have a whistleblowing system in place
suffered losses that were twice the size compared to those who did have a whistleblowing
system.
 Build trust in your brand: 50% of the participants responded that building trust was the
main benefit of a whistleblowing system. An openness to whistleblowing demonstrates a
commitment to high ethical standards and builds trust in the company.
 Ensure legal compliance: Having a system in place for whistleblowing benefits organisations
by reducing compliance risk.
Demerits of whistleblowing:
 The world, government, corporates and even society to an extent do not like whistle-
blowers and some countries go so far as to call them ‘traitors’
 The case of Edward Snowden and Julian Assange of Wikileaks proves the point
 Whistle-blowers face legal action, criminal charges, social stigma, and termination from any
position, office, or job.
 Vindictive tactics to make the individual’s work more difficult and/or insignificant,
assassination of character, formal reprimand, and difficult court proceedings
Ethical perspective:
The ethics of whistleblowing is a tricky matter. Whistle-blowing brings two moral values, fairness
and loyalty, into conflict.

In the case where a company does serious harm through its service or product, the disclosure of
such information for the sake of public constitute the ground for an understanding that takes
whistleblowing as an ethical behaviour.
The situations where whistleblowing is morally justified:
 Whenever and wherever the product/service of the firm will cause considerable harm to the
public.
 Whenever an employee feels serious threat or harm to him or anybody he should report to
the firm.
 If an immediate boss does not care for report (whistle blowing) the employee should go up
to highest level to present his case.
Conclusion
A good civil servant would adhere to the foundational principles and fight against corrupt practices
in a pragmatic way as the situation demands.
Combating corruption requires comprehensive efforts, including robust legal

frameworks, effective enforcement mechanisms, and a commitment to promoting
transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct at all levels of society. Analyse. (150
words)
Why the question:
To write about the impact of corruption and measures needed to prevent it.
Directive word:
Introduction:
Begin by defining corruption.
Body:
First, write about the factors that aid corruption – opportunity costs, quid pro quo, acceptance of
corruption etc. Write about its impact on various dimensions. Substantiate with examples,
Next, suggest various measures to break the cycle of collusive corruption.
Conclusion:
Conclude by Summarising.
Introduction
Collusive Corruption is a form of corruption in which bribe giver and bribe taker together fleece
society for personal gains creating a win-win situation for themselves. There are two dimensions of
corruption. One is the exploitative corruption where the public servant exploits the helpless poor
citizen. The other is collusive corruption where the citizen corrupts the public servant by a bribe
because he gets financially better benefits.
Body
Factors that aid collusive corruption in India

 Collusive corruption depends on black money. There is more than 5 lakh crores of black
money in circulation in India even after demonetisation.
 There is a lot of discretionary powers to civil servants which lead to corruption. Even petty
corruption is aided by bribe givers.
 Due to non-transparency in working of a government office and non-implementation of

citizen charter, collusive corruption is rampant. This is especially true in RTO’s, check posts
etc where public interaction is high.
 Places of collusive corruption: Awarding of contracts for public works and procurement of
goods and services, recruitment of employees, evasion of taxes, substandard projects,
collusive violation of regulations, adulteration of foods and drugs, obstruction of justice and
concealing or doctoring evidence in investigation are all examples of such dangerous forms
of collusive corruption.
 As the economy is freed from state controls, extortionary corruption declines and collusive
corruption tends to increase.
 We need to fashion strong and effective instruments to deal with this growing menace of
collusive corruption, which is undermining the very foundations of our democracy and
endangering society.
Measures suggested by Second ARC to put an end to collusive corruption
 Collusive Bribery: Section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act needs to be amended to

provide for a special offence of ‘collusive bribery’.
o An Offence could be classified as ‘collusive bribery’ if the outcome or intended

outcome of the transaction leads to a loss to the state, public or public interest;
o In all such cases if it is established that the interest of the state or public has
suffered because of an act of a public servant, then the court shall presume that the
public servant and the beneficiary of the decision committed an offence of ‘collusive
bribery’;
 Punishment: The punishment for all such cases of collusive bribery should be double that of
other cases of bribery. The law may be suitably amended in this regard.
 Burden of Proof: The Commission is of the view that ‘collusive’ corruption needs to be dealt
with by effective legal measures so that both the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker do not
escape punishment.
 Sanction for Prosecution: Prior sanction should not be necessary for prosecuting a public
servant who has been trapped red-handed or in cases of possessing assets disproportionate
to the known sources of income.
o The Prevention of Corruption Act should be amended to ensure that sanctioning

authorities are not summoned and instead the documents can be obtained and
produced before the courts by the appropriate authority.
o The Presiding Officer of a House of Legislature should be designated as the

sanctioning authority for MPs and MLAs respectively.

o The requirement of prior sanction for prosecution now applicable to serving public
servants should also apply to retired public servants for acts performed while in
service.
 Speeding up Trials under the Prevention of Corruption Act: A legal provision needs to be
introduced fixing a time limit for various stages of trial. This could be done by amendments
to the CrPC.
 Confiscation of Properties Illegally Acquired by Corrupt Means: The Corrupt Public Servants
(Forfeiture of Property) Bill as suggested by the Law Commission should be enacted without
further delay.
 Protection to Whistle-blowers: Legislation should be enacted immediately to provide
protection to whistle-blowers on the following lines proposed by the Law Commission:
o Whistle-blowers exposing false claims, fraud or corruption should be protected by

ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, protection from victimization in career, and
other administrative measures to prevent bodily harm and harassment.
Conclusion
The Mahatma’s vision of a strong and prosperous India – Purna Swaraj – can never become a reality
if we do not address the issue of the stranglehold of corruption on our polity, economy and society
in general. Governance is admittedly the weak link in our quest for prosperity and equity.
Elimination of corruption is not only a moral imperative but an economic necessity for a nation
aspiring to catch up with the rest of the world.
Overcoming conflicts of interest in public service is essential for maintaining trust,

transparency, and the effective functioning of government institutions. Discuss. (150
words)
Why the question:
To write about the way to overcome conflict of interest.
Directive:
Introduction:
Write about how there is a conflict of interest between private and public relationships during day-
to-day administrative work.
Body:
Bring out the various facets of integrity, impartiality and nonpartisan ship, objectivity, dedication to
public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections that an
administrator must consider before taking any actions in case of conflict.
Mention certain principles, theories and benchmarks one can take the right decision especially when
faced with a conflict or dilemma.
Conclusion:
Complete by summarizing the need for doing the right thing especially for those who are in power.
Introduction
“conflict of interest” involves a conflict between the public duty and private interests of a p
ublic official, in which the public official has private-capacity interests which could improperly
influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities.
Body
In such a situation, judgement of an individual could be impaired. A conflict of interest can exist in
many different situations. Conflict of interest is seen as a moral issue and not strictly a legal one
accompanied by criminal culpability in India so it is hardly surprising that blatant violations are
virtually seen every day.
Example: a public official whose personal interests conflict with his/her professional position.
Instances of the largest shareholder appointing himself as CEO, deciding his salary and then
appointing his son to a key post and higher royalties to the parent company are some of the serious
conflict of interest issues in India which don’t receive necessary attention.
A judge giving judgement in a case involving his own family member is a case of conflict of interest.
Public servants faces Conflict of Interest due to the nature of their work-
 Personal vs Professional
o This is the most common type of conflict of interest arising due to the conflict
between personal and professional life.
o Say, if a public servant is in charge of giving out contracts for a certain project and
one of the applicant is relative or friend.
 Conflicting Responsibility
o Sometimes public servants are given additional charge, which might sometimes
create a conflict of interest with the original line of duty.
 Conflicting Organisations
o Sometimes public servants are part of two separate organisations with apparently
conflicting objectives and this might put them in certain conflict of interest.
o Many public servants also volunteer for NGOs during their service. NGOs and
governmental organisation sometimes come at odds with each other.
Getting into a situation of conflict of interest is sometimes unavoidable and not a crime in itself if
properly handled:
 Transparency
o Declaring one’s conflict of interest to the concerned authorities is the best way.
o It helps civil servant to come clean and concerned authorities can decide further.
 Assure integrity
o The concerned authority should be assured of integrity and willingness to serve no

matter what the decision is made on the declaration.
 Maintain objectivity

o If given the chance to continue working on that case, work with objectivity.
 Reduce discretion and codify procedure
o There is a need for legislation to make non-disclosure of a conflict of interest

punishable.
o A private member’s bill (The Prevention and Management of Conflict of Interest Bill,
introduced in 2012), the legislation ought to cover all arms of governance, including
the judiciary, the legislature and the executive.
o The recommendation of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Department

of Personnel and Training, calling for early retirement if interested in post-
retirement private service is established, needs to be implemented, besides
increasing the mandatory cooling period to five years so that no undue influence can
be exerted by the retired bureaucrat.
o Also, the reasons for declining their requests for joining such firms need to be laid
out clearly, to limit political concerns.
o An open, public data platform enlisting all post-retirement appointments of civil
servants will increase transparency
Conclusion
The priority must be to frame a modern law relating to conflict of interest, along the lines of what
exists in the statute of the other countries like the United States and also ensure them to their work
ensures ethical governance.
A moral compass plays a crucial role in promoting ethical behaviour, personal integrity,
and contributing to a more just and ethical society. Elaborate. (150 words)
Difficulty Level: Easy
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4 and part of ‘Philosophical
Mondays’ in Mission-2024 Secure.
Using the metaphor of the moral compass to describe conscience, our inner sense of right and wrong
offers a framework to guide our actions.
Directive:
facts.
Introduction:
Start by describing what you understand by moral compass (conscience) which governs the actions
you take in day-to-day life.
Body:
Elaborate on how the moral compass aids in deciding what right from is wrong. Use examples to
substantiate your points.
Conclusion:

Complete the answer by bring out how the moral compass prevents us acting purely from self-
interest and helps us live a life of integrity.
Introduction
Moral compass is a term used to describe our inner sense of right and wrong offers a framework to
guide our actions. Conscience is inner moral sense of a person which guides him/her to regulate
his behaviour. Voice of conscience corresponds to an inner voice that judges your behaviour. Voice
of conscience is the source of ethical decision making for many.
Body
Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is
wrong. Therefore, if one uses his/her conscience when making decisions it would be guided by what
is the right thing to do and what is wrong.
The traditional test is to apply ethical decision-making methods such as Rights Theory that obligates
us to respect the rights of others and live up to our obligations towards them. Another approach is
to evaluate the possible benefits and harms of alternative courses of action on stakeholders who
may be affected by our possible actions and choose the one that maximizes net benefits.
 Our conscience is our inner guide and it helps you figure out how to make good choices. As
we grow up, we learn right from wrong. Our conscience is the thought and feeling we have
that tells us whether something is a right or wrong thing to do or say. Thus voice of
Conscience is a consistent guide to ethical decision making.
 A person can prepare himself/herself to heed to the voice of conscience by:
 Pausing and thinking about the dimensions of issue.
 Practicing the power of silence.
 Meditating and prayer.
 Freeing oneself from external influences and selfish interests.
 A human being always comes across ethical dilemmas in the decision making the process.
Voice of Conscience acts as the guide for taking correct decisions when we have to choose
between competing sets of principles in a given, usually undesirable or perplexing, situation.
Example: Helping accident victim on your way to an interview.
 The voice of conscience of an individual help in analysing the situation from different
perspectives and help in taking the right decision.
 Voice of Conscience helps in avoiding Conflicts of interest for better decision making. It can
help in deciding between personal gains and public welfare.
 Voice of Conscience is our ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and
principles.
 Voice of Conscience is a person’s moral compass of right and wrong as well as the
consciousness of one’s actions. Expressions such as ‘gut feeling’ and ‘guilt’ are often applied
in conjunction with a conscience.

 The voice of conscience might suggest different principles and different behaviours to
different situations. But it for a moment help individual from not doing wrong based on
universal values.
Conclusion
Acting purely from self-interest, at best, keeps us parallel to the original position and can turn our
compass south if our actions do harm to others. We avoid going in that direction by living a life of
integrity. We also need to understand and appreciate why we should consider the needs of others
before acting. We could simply go back to The Golden Rule: Treat others the way you want to be
treated. None of us, presumably, wants to be disrespected so we should treat others respectfully.




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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics

White Lies are sometimes justified:

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o According to a study published by University of Massachusetts, most people cannot

White Lies are not justified:

Key Demand of the question:

Importance of environmental ethics in current times

 Global warming, global climate change, deforestation, pollution, resource degradation,

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How Environmental ethics helps in today’s times

 Strengthens Human-environment relationship:

o Environmental ethics focuses on questions concerning how we ought to inhabit the

 Environmental Justice to all:

o People living in the economically-advanced sections/ parts use greater amount of

o Likewise, there is a need for balance sharing of impacts of environmental

 Focuses on vulnerable sections:

o Consequences of environmental pollution do not respect national boundaries.

 Sustainable living and development:

o Environmental ethics helps provide better quality living to current generation

 Helps overcome Anthropocentric approach of development:

o Anthropocentrism refers to an ethical framework that grants “moral standing” solely

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 To tackle global issues:

Human values needed for better environmental ethics:

 Control over mining, deforestation in the name of “development”

 Minimalistic living: Sacrificing certain comforts for protecting environment. Example-

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Adversity can be defined as an unfavourable fortune, incident or fate; a condition marked by

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What do you understand by ‘environmental integrity? Discuss its importance. (250

“Environmental integrity” is often used in legal and philosophical writing to refer to an

Importance of Environmental integrity

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 Environmental integrity is essential for sustainable resource management, ensuring the

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Moral relativism can be captured in two following points

 No standpoint can be proved objectively superior to any other.

Various dimensions in which moralities differ

The question is part of the static syllabus of General Studies paper – 4.

Moral implications of dealing with

 Animal Welfare: Addressing the issue of stray animals demonstrates a commitment to

o Critical analysis: Implementing policies that disregard cultural or religious

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o Critical analysis: Implementing solutions solely driven by economic considerations,

 Responsibility and Accountability: Encouraging responsible pet ownership and holding

o Critical analysis: If solutions disproportionately impact marginalized communities or

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Vices that must not be present in a civil servant

o There must be fast-tracking the high pendency of cases related to corruption

Avoiding and eliminating vices

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Encouraging a culture of honesty, understanding, and constructive dialogue can help

In a culture grounded in honesty, understanding, and constructive dialogue, individuals feel

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