JHARKHAND

Jharkhand (the land of forests) is a state in eastern India. The state

shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh
to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and
Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th
largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state.The city
of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for
its waterfalls, hills and holy places.It has been reported that the
population in Jharkhand is about 32,988,134. Around two-fifths of
Jharkhand the population comprises various indigenous people
categorised as Scheduled Tribes and scheduled Castes. The majority of
the total tribal population includes some principal indigenous groups,
and these are Munda, Ho, Santhal, Kharia, and Oraon. The other three-
fifths of the Jharkhand population consists of the non-scheduled people
(Hindus, Christians, and Muslims) having a higher status in Indian society.
Formation of Jharkhand
Jharkhand comprising 18 districts of Southern Bihar was formed after
taking in 35% of Bihar's population. It draws 65% of state's revenue from
its coal mines and steel mills. The formation of Jharkhand was
supported by Rashtriya Janata, the state's ruling party for political
reasons.

The creation of Jharkhand was possible after a long period struggle by

the tribal state. The Jharkhand movement was based on economic and
social demands. The mal treatment of the civilians of the tribal states,
the grant of reservation rights by constitution only to some communities,
the growing number of industrial projects undertaken by the
government, etc triggered the Jharkhand movement. The civilians of the
tribal state suffered mal treatment for a long period of time. The desire
to break through the chains of deprivation and injustice, led to the
creation of movement which concluded by the formation of new state,
Jharkhand.

The Jharkhand movement depicted the pent- up anger of the tribal

people against the injustice suffered by them. The wrong doings against
the tribal people led to the creation of new state for them. The fifty year
long movement and efforts, which was initiated soon after
independence of the country, by the tribals did not go in vain, and a new
state was finally created in 2000.
 TELANGANA

Telangana is a landlocked state in India situated in Southern part of the

Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest
state and the twelfth-most populated state in India as per 2011
census.On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern
part of United Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state of Telangana,
with Hyderabad as its capital.Telangana has an area of 1,14,800 square
kilometres and it is drained by two major rivers, Krishna and Godavari.
The river Godavari flows on the north, whereas Krishna flows in the
south. Apart from these rivers, there are other small rivers such as Bhima,
Dindi, Manjeera, Manair, Kinnerasani, Moosi etc, which also flow through
Telangana.
Formation of Telangana
Telangana was formed after dividing and reconstituting Andhra Pradesh.
The demand for a separate Andhra was raised for the first time in 1955.
The Telangana movement was initiated when the people of Telangana
raised the voice against the leaders and people of Andhra for taking
away their jobs and land, and not promoting development and
infrastructure in the Telangana region. Telangana along with Andhra
formed Andhra Pradesh, when they were merged and combined on
November 1, 1956, to create one state for the population who spoke and
convelrsed in Telugu.

In 1969, Andhra Pradesh faced a violent movement for a divided Andhra,

for creating Telangana. Thereafter, the violent movement in Telangana
earned political interests. Following the political switch to fulfill the
demand for a new state a panel was established on February 3, 2010
which was chaired by Justice (Retd.) B.N. Srikrishna. The purpose of the
panel was to create a separate state without any further protests by the
people by holding interactions with various organizations and
implementing the efficient division and finding the solution for the new
statehood.

The A.P. Reorganization Bill was approved by the cabinet at the center in
December, 2013. The bill had the process of bifurcating the state and
each issue was broadly considered by the committee before passing the
bill. The Bill was finally passed in 2014, and the dream of separate
Telangana never saw the end since then.
 CULTURE OF JHARKHAND

Jharkhand, located in eastern India, is rich in cultural diversity. The state

is home to various tribal communities, each with its unique traditions
and customs. Dance forms like Chhau and Jhumair, along with folk
music, play a significant role in expressing the cultural vibrancy.

TRIBAL DIVERSITY
Jharkhand boasts a diverse tribal landscape with major communities
like Santhal, Munda, Oraon, Ho, Birhor, Kharia, and Asur. Each tribe
contributes unique languages, customs, and traditions, enriching the
state's cultural tapestry. From vibrant festivals like Sarhul and Karma to
distinctive music, dance forms, and indigenous art, Jharkhand's tribal
diversity reflects a harmonious coexistence with nature and a deep-
rooted cultural heritage.
FESTIVAL AND CELEBRATIONS
 Sarhul  Maghe Parab
 Karma  Hal Punhya
 Sohrai and Khovar  Rohini
 Tusu Parab

LANGUAGES
 Hindi: As the official language of the state, Hindi is widely spoken
and understood by the majority of the population.
 Santhali: Santhali is one of the major tribal languages spoken by
the Santhal community.
 Mundari: The Mundari language is spoken by the Munda tribe.
 Oraon (Kurukh): Oraon, also known as Kurukh, is spoken by the
Oraon tribe.
 Ho: The Ho language is primarily spoken by the Ho tribe,
particularly in the southeastern parts of Jharkhand.
 Kharia: Kharia is spoken by the Kharia tribe, contributing to the
linguistic diversity of the state.
 Bengali: In some areas with a significant Bengali-speaking
population, especially near the border regions, Bengali is also
spoken.

CUISINE
 Pakhala Bhath: Fermented rice dish
 Chhilka: Split black gram dal cooked with spices and usually
served with rice or roti.
 Chana Dal: Split chickpea lentils prepared in various ways,
commonly seasoned with local spices.
 Thekua: A popular sweet snack made from wheat flour, jaggery,
and ghee, often prepared during festivals.
  Anarsa: Sweet rice-based snacks
 Tilkut: A sweet made from sesame seeds and jaggery
 Handia: A fermented rice drink, known for its refreshing taste
 Pakhala Bhath: Fermented rice dish
 Litti Chokha: Litti, round wheat-flour balls, are served with chokha,
mashed vegetable dish.
 Mitha Khaja: A sweet dish made from refined wheat flour, sugar,
and ghee.

MUSIC AND DANCE

Jharkhand's music and dance traditions are deeply rooted in its tribal
heritage, reflecting the vibrant cultural tapestry of the state. Some
dances of jharkhand are -
-Birhor Dance
-Sohrai Dance
-Karma Dance
-Baha and Bihu
-Jhumair and Domkach
-Chaita
-Chhau Dance
 CULTURE OF TELANGANA

Telangana's culture is a fusion of South Indian traditions that

predominate as well as Persian traditions that were assimilated
throughout the Mughal and Nizam eras. As a result, it has a very diverse
culture that incorporates Telugu culture into its social structure.
Telangana is brilliant with colour and talent in all artistic mediums,
including literature, food, poetry, cinema, festivals, and dances.

TRIBAL DIVERSITY
Telangana, though primarily non-tribal, hosts diverse tribal communities,
contributing to the state's cultural tapestry. Telangana's tribal diversity
includes Gond, Kolam, Thoti, Yerukala, Chenchus, and Reddy
communities. Each has its own language, cultural practices, and
contributions to the state's cultural richness. From Gond paintings to
Chenchus' deep connection to nature, these tribes add unique flavors to
Telangana's diverse heritage.
FESTIVAL AND CELEBRATION
Telangana celebrates a diverse array of festivals, reflecting its rich
cultural heritage. Some of the key festivals in Telangana include:
-Ganesh Chaturthi
-Dasara
-Sankranti
-Bonalu
-Bathukamma

LANGUAGES
 Telangana is a linguistically diverse state with people speaking
various languages. The primary languages spoken in Telangana
include:
 Telugu: The official language of the state and widely spoken by the
majority of the population.
 Urdu: Widely used, especially in the old city areas of Hyderabad,
and spoken by a significant section of the population.
 Hindi: Spoken and understood by a large number of people,
particularly in urban areas and for official communication.
 Marathi: Spoken by the Marathi-speaking community, particularly
in regions bordering Maharashtra.
 Kannada: Spoken in some border areas that have a Kannada-
speaking population
.
CUISINE
Telangana Cuisine is typically spicy and ingredients such as tamarind,
sesame seeds, red chillies and asafoetida are widely used in a variety of
vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes.
So here is a list of some of the Telangana famous food:
-Sarva Pindi -Sakinalu
-Malidalu -Garijalu
 -Pachi Pulusu -Thunti Koora
-Golichina Mamsam -Potlakaya Pulusu
-Hyderabadi Biryani -Rail Palaram
-Chegodilu -Bachali Kura
-Polelu -Puntikura Chana Dal
-Qubani ka Meetha

MUSIC AND DANCES

Telangana, a state in southern India, has a rich cultural heritage
reflected in its traditional dances. Some notable dances include "Perini
Sivatandavam," a classical dance form depicting the cosmic dance of
Lord Shiva, and "Bonalu," a vibrant folk dance performed during the
Bonalu festival to honor the goddess Mahakali. These dances showcase
the state's diverse cultural tapestry.
 GEOGRAPHY OF JHARKHAND

TOPOGRAPHY:
Jharkhand is predominantly situated on the Chota Nagpur Plateau,
characterized by undulating topography and elevated terrain.
The plateau is interspersed with hills, valleys, and plateaus, creating a
diverse and rugged landscape.
HILLS AND PLATEAUS:
 The Chota Nagpur Plateau is further divided into various smaller
plateaus and hills, such as the Ranchi Plateau, Hazaribagh Plateau,
and Palamau Plateau.
 The Parasnath Hills in Giridih district are significant, both culturally
and ecologically, and they are a revered Jain pilgrimage site.
RIVERS:
Several rivers traverse the state, including the Damodar, Subarnarekha,
Koel, Brahmani, and Kharkai.
The Damodar River, known as the "Sorrow of Bengal,"flows through the
central part of the state and has played a crucial role in the development
of the region.

WATERFALLS:
Jharkhand boasts picturesque waterfalls, including Hundru Falls, Jonha
Falls, Dassam Falls, and Panchghagh Falls, which enhance the scenic
beauty of the state.
National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries:
Betla National Park, located in the Palamau district, is one of the first
national parks in India and is home to a variety of wildlife.
The Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, alongside the Dalma Wildlife
Sanctuary, play a pivotal role in preserving an array of flora and fauna
species.

MINERAL RESOURCES:
The state is rich in mineral resources, including coal, iron ore, mica,
bauxite, limestone, graphite, and uranium.
Jharkhand's mineral wealth has been a driving force behind its
industrialization.

CLIMATE:
Jharkhand experiences a subtropical climate with distinct seasons: hot
summers, a monsoon season, and cooler winters.
The climate varies based on the region, with the plateau having a milder
climate compared to the lowlands.
TRIBAL POPULATION:
Jharkhand has a significant tribal population, including communities
like Santhal, Munda, Oraon, and Ho.
The tribal communities contribute to the cultural diversity of the state,
with unique traditions, festivals, and art forms.

CULTURAL HERITAGE:
The state is known for its vibrant cultural heritage, including traditional
music, dance forms like Chhau, and festivals like Sarhul, Karma, and
Sohrai.
Handicrafts, such as tribal jewelry and paintings, are integral to the
cultural expression of Jharkhand.

URBAN CENTERS:
Ranchi, the capital city, is situated in the southern part of the state and
serves as a major urban center.
Other significant cities include Jamshedpur, known for its industrial
importance, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Hazaribagh.

TRANSPORTATION:
Jharkhand has a well-developed network of roads and railways
connecting different regions.
Ranchi is a key transportation hub, and the state is accessible by major
national highways and rail routes.

RESOURCES:
Minerals: Jharkhand is known for its abundant mineral wealth, with
significant deposits of coal, iron, copper, ore, mica, bauxite, and uranium.
The state is a major contributor to India's mineral production.
Coal Reserves: Jharkhand has extensive coal reserves, particularly in
regions like Jharia, Bokaro, and Karanpura.
Iron Ore: The state is a leading producer of iron ore, with major mines
located in areas like Singhbhum and Chaibasa.
Bauxite: Jharkhand has substantial bauxite reserves, essential for the
production of aluminum. The areas around Gumla and Lohardaga are
significant bauxite mining regions.
Copper Deposits: The Singhbhum region is known for copper deposits.
The Indian Copper Complex at Ghatsila is a major copper producer in the
state.
Mica Production: Jharkhand contributes significantly to India's mica
production. Koderma is a renowned mica-producing region.
Forest Resources: Jharkhand is endowed with rich forest cover,
providing timber, bamboo, and other forest products. The forests also
support diverse flora and fauna.

RIVERS:
North Koel River: Originating in the Chota Nagpur Plateau, it's a
tributary of the Son River. The North Koel Dam is built on this river in
Palamu district.
South Koel River: Flowing through the Chota Nagpur Plateau, it joins the
Sankh River to form the Brahmani River.
Sankh River: It merges with the South Koel River, forming the Brahmani
River. The Sankh River flows through the districts of Simdega and Gumla
in Jharkhand.
Barakar River: Another tributary of the Damodar River, the Barakar flows
through Hazaribagh, Bokaro, and Dhanbad districts.
Mayurakshi River: Though primarily flowing through West Bengal, it also
has a small catchment area in Jharkhand.
Subarnarekha River: Originating in Chota Nagpur Plateau, it flows
through Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha.
Damodar River: Often referred to as the "Sorrow of Bengal" due to its
historical floods, Damodar is an important river flowing through the
eastern part of Jharkhand.
Barakar River: A tributary of the Damodar River, Barakar also flows
through Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Aji River: Originating in the Netarhat Plateau, the Aji River is a tributary
of the South Koel River, which itself is a tributary of the Brahmani River.
 GEOGRAPHY OF TELANGANA

TOPOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY:
Telangana's topography includes a mix of elevated plateaus, low hills,
and river valleys. The Eastern Ghats in the east contribute to the region's
diverse landscape, creating scenic variations.

RIVER SYSTEMS:
The Godavari River, originating in Maharashtra, flows through Telangana,
influencing the fertile Godavari Basin. The Krishna River traverses the
western part, impacting agriculture in the region. The Musi River, a
tributary of the Krishna, flows through Hyderabad, playing a crucial role
in the city's history and development.
CLIMATIC ZONES:
Northern districts experience a tropical wet and dry climate,
characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The southern regions
have a tropical wet climate with more consistent rainfall. The northwest,
in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats, tends to be arid.

BIODIVERSITY:
Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, spanning five districts, hosts a
diverse range of flora and fauna. It's home to Bengal tigers, Indian
leopards, and various species of deer. The reserve contributes to the
conservation of endangered species.

NATURAL FEATURES:
The Deccan Traps, extensive basaltic rock formations, define the
landscape. The unique geological features contribute to the creation of
plateaus, hills, and basins, shaping the state's physical characteristics.

WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION:

Telangana's extensive network of tanks, reservoirs, and ancient
irrigation systems, dating back to the Kakatiya dynasty, showcases the
historical emphasis on water management. Projects like the
Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme aim to enhance water availability for
agriculture.

MINERAL WEALTH:
Singareni Collieries in northern Telangana is a major coal-producing
region, supporting energy needs. The state is rich in minerals such as
limestone, bauxite, and granite, contributing to industrial activities and
economic growth.
URBAN LANDSCAPE:

Hyderabad, the capital and a major IT hub, has witnessed rapid

urbanization. The city's landscape includes modern infrastructure, IT
parks, historical monuments like the Charminar, and cultural landmarks,
showcasing a blend of tradition and modernity.

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES:

Telangana practices a mix of rain-fed and irrigated agriculture.

Innovative irrigation projects, such as the Mission Kakatiya and Rythu
Bandhu, aim to improve water efficiency and support farmers through
financial incentives.

HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Historical structures like the Warangal Fort, Bhongir Fort, and the
Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda reflect the architectural and
cultural richness of the Kakatiya dynasty. The region's historical
significance is embedded in its monuments and archaeological sites.

RIVERS:
Telangana is traversed by several rivers, contributing to the state's
irrigation, agriculture, and overall geographical features. Here's a list of
major rivers in Telangana:

 Godavari River: Flows through the northern part of Telangana,

entering the state near Kaleshwaram.
 Krishna River: Forms the southern boundary of Telangana,
entering near Alampur.
 Manjeera River: Originates in Maharashtra and flows through the
Nizamabad district before joining the Godavari.
  Musi River: Flows through Hyderabad and is a tributary of the
Krishna.
 Bhima River: A tributary of the Krishna, flows through the northern
part of Telangana.
 Dindi River: Joins the Godavari River in the Adilabad district.
 Peddavagu: A tributary of the Godavari, originating in the Adilabad
district.
 Kadam River: Flows through Adilabad district and joins the
Godavari.

RESOURCES
Telangana is endowed with a variety of resources, contributing to its
economic and social development. Here are some key resources in
Telangana:

 Minerals: The state is rich in minerals, with significant deposits of

coal, limestone, granite, mica, and other minerals.

 Water Resources: Rivers like the Godavari and Krishna flow

through Telangana, providing crucial water resources for irrigation,
drinking water, and hydropower generation.

 Livestock and Fisheries: The state has a thriving livestock sector,

including dairy farming, poultry, and fisheries, contributing to the
agricultural economy.
 DIFFERENCE
JHARKHAND TELANGANA