sensors
Communication
A Compact Planar Monopole UWB MIMO Antenna for
Short-Range Indoor Applications
Shanmugam Kolangiammal 1,2 , Loganathan Balaji 1
Citation: Kolangiammal, S.; Balaji, L.;
Mahdal, M. A Compact Planar
Monopole UWB MIMO Antenna for
Short-Range Indoor Applications.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225. https://
doi.org/10.3390/s23094225
Academic Editor: Shah Nawaz
Burokur
Received: 28 February 2023
Revised: 11 April 2023
Accepted: 20 April 2023
Published: 23 April 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094225
and Miroslav Mahdal 3, *
1 Department of Electronics and Communication, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science
and Technology, Chennai 600062, India
2 Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Engineering and Technology,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
3 Department of Control Systems and Instrumentation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
* Correspondence: miroslav.mahdal@vsb.cz
Abstract: A compact, four-element planar MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) antenna that
operates in an ultra-wideband is presented for diversity application. The orthogonal position of
the unit cells replicates the single antenna thrice, thereby decreasing mutual coupling. A UWB
MIMO antenna measuring 35 × 35 × 1.6 mm3 is built using a microstrip line (50 Ω impedance)
on an FR4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm. The ground plane and radiator of this antenna
are adjusted in several ways to bring it within its operating constraints between the frequencies of
3.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz. This technique makes the antenna small and covers the entire ultra-wideband
(UWB) frequency range. The NI USRP was used to test the proposed MIMO antenna to determine
its real-time performance. Based on the computed results, we conclude that this proposed antenna
has outstanding characteristics in terms of performance and is suitable for wireless ultra-wideband
indoor communication and diversity utilization with a small size.
Keywords: directive gain; envelope correlation coefficient (ECC); monopole; multiple input multiple
output (MIMO); ultra-wideband antenna (UWB)
1. Introduction
UWB refers to an ultra-wideband with a frequency ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The
bandwidth of 7.5 GHz for UWB communications was authorized by the Federal Commu-
nications Commission (FCC) in 2002 for use in a variety of commercial applications [1].
MIMO technology is crucial to current 5G communications due to increased bandwidth
demands, faster data rates, and applications for smart homes and RFID. UWB systems are
created to improve short-range high-data-rate applications, radar imaging, automotive
transmission communications, and system channel capacity [2]. To achieve great isolation,
the two radiators’ radiation patterns are orthogonally polarized with respect to one another,
and the feeds of the two antennas are positioned similarly [3]. Two long ground stubs that
operate as parasitic monopoles and a short ground strip are utilized to increase isolation
and bandwidth [4]. The antenna comprises a radiation patch connected by a strip that is
positioned below the patch. The strip serves as an impedance transformer in addition to
offering a second communication path, resulting in effective isolation [5]. A brand-new
fence-type decoupling structure that offers excellent isolation in the UWB region has been
proposed [6]. The antenna’s impedance bandwidth at higher UWB bands is extended
by the parasitic resonance of a ground stub [7]. Mutual coupling between the radiating
patches is reduced using a neutralization line [8]. To keep the antenna’s size to a minimum,
side-by-side complementary split-ring elements are employed as the primary radiator [9].
Increased isolation is achieved by the presence of a T-shaped stub of the UWB MIMO
antenna between the element of the antenna and the surface [10]. The use of a symmetrical
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225

MIMO antenna between the element of the antenna and the surface [10]. The
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 symmetrical curved-I-shaped DGS has been shown to increase the 2bandwidth of 17

crease mutual coupling [11]. To obtain higher isolation, protruded ground and
elements are added [12]. The single antenna is a patch with a bow-tie slot in the ce
curved-I-shaped DGS has been shown to increase the bandwidth and decrease mutual
slits on[11].
coupling the To
sides,
obtainwhereas each MIMO
higher isolation, antenna
protruded ground is and
a two-element array
parasitic elements aresupplie
corporate
added feeding
[12]. The singlenetwork.
antenna is To enhance
a patch with athe performance
bow-tie of theand
slot in the center antenna,
slits on the ver
horizontal
the slotseach
sides, whereas areMIMO
integrated
antenna asisaa defected
two-element ground structure
array supplied with(DGS). To further
a corporate
the isolation, a slo ed zig-zag decoupling structure is etched from edge to edge o
feeding network. To enhance the performance of the antenna, the vertical and horizontal
slots are integrated as a defected ground structure (DGS). To further improve the isolation,
surface [13]. To a ain high gain and efficiency, a single-element antenna base
a slotted zig-zag decoupling structure is etched from edge to edge on the top surface [13].
Murkowski
To attain high gainfractal shape isaused
and efficiency, as a defected
single-element antennaground
based onstructure (DGS)
the Murkowski [14]. The u
fractal
floating
shape is usedparasitic element
as a defected groundenhances isolation
structure (DGS) at higher
[14]. The use of thefrequencies [15].
floating parasitic el-The us
sequential iterations of defected ground structure (DGS) reduces the mutual
ement enhances isolation at higher frequencies [15]. The use of two sequential iterations of cou
defected ground structure (DGS) reduces the mutual coupling between the closely spaced
tween the closely spaced antenna components [16]. The orthogonal polarization te
antenna components [16]. The orthogonal polarization technique is used to streamline
is design
the used to streamline
process the design
and minimize mutualprocess
couplings and minimize
[17]. mutual
A self-feeding Januscouplings
metasurface[17]. A s
ing Janus
SF-MS is used metasurface
to manipulateSF-MS is used
the incident to manipulate
EM waves the incident
and emit radiated EM waves and e
waves [18].
ated Thewaves [18].primary contribution of this paper is the thorough magnified presen-
main and
tation ofThe main and ultra-wide-bandwidth
four compact primary contribution of this
MIMO paperwith
antennas is the thorough
isolation betweenmagnified
ports having more than 35 dB that satisfy the criteria and operates well between 3.1 and
tation of four compact ultra-wide-bandwidth MIMO antennas with isolation
10.6 GHZ. The rest of this work is structured as follows. The design process for a single
ports having
antenna more than
and four-element MIMO35 dB that satisfy
antennas the criteria
are thoroughly andinoperates
described Section 2 well
of thisbetween
10.6 The
work. GHZ. The regarding
findings rest of this
the work
antenna’sis structured
measurements asare
follows.
presented The
anddesign
discussedprocess
in for
antenna and four-element MIMO antennas are thoroughly described in Section
Section 3. Section 4 describes an antenna test using USRP in an indoor environment for
MIMO applications. In Section 5, conclusions are provided.
work. The findings regarding the antenna’s measurements are presented and d
2.inProposed
SectionAntenna
3. Section 4 describes an antenna test using USRP in an indoor environ
Design
MIMO
2.1. applications.
Single-Cell Antenna DesignIn Section 5, conclusions are provided.
The proposed unit-cell antenna, based on an FR4 substrate, has a microstrip feed. The
2. Proposed
FR4 substrate hasAntenna Design
a 4.3 relative permittivity (ε r ) and a 0.025 loss tangent. The thickness
and the permittivity are the criteria that should be selected for the substrate; thus, these
2.1. Single-Cell
characteristics Antenna
clearly make an Design
impact on bandwidth. FR4 has advantages over having
The proposed unit-cell antenna,
electrical features, with prices being affordable based on an FR4
and reasonable, substrate,
provided there ishas a microstrip f
availability.
18 mm × 16 mm × 1.6 mm was the volume that the planned antenna occupied. Table 1
FR4 substrate has a 4.3 relative permi ivity (𝜀 ) and a 0.025 loss tangent. The t
shows the results of the measurements for various parameters. Figure 1 displays the back
andfront
and theviews
permi ivity
of the finalare the criteria
proposed that should be selected for the substrate; th
antenna.
characteristics clearly make an impact on bandwidth. FR4 has advantages ove
electrical
Table features,
1. Geometrical Valuewith pricesMonopole
of Proposed being affordable and
Ultra-Wideband reasonable,
Unit-Cell Antenna. provided there i

Parameters x1 y1 x2
bility.
y2
18 mm
r1 r2
× 16L
mml1
× 1.6
l2
mml wasl the volume
ls W
that
w1
thewplanned
w3
antenna
wg ws
occupi
3 g 2

Units
1 shows the results of the measurements for various parameters. Figure 1 disp
(mm)
7.5 1.4 7 back
1 and
2 front
1.5 views
18 9of the
2 final
15 proposed
7 1 antenna.
16 3 1 2 16 7

Figure
Figure 1. Unit-Cell
1. Unit-Cell Antenna,
Antenna, theand
the Front Front
Rearand
View.Rear View.

Table 1. Geometrical Value of Proposed Monopole Ultra-Wideband Unit-Cell Antenna

Parameters 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝑳 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟑 𝒍𝒈 𝒍𝐬 𝑾 𝒘𝟏 𝒘𝟐 𝒘𝟑 𝒘
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 3 of 17

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 3 of 17

The antenna is made up of a radiator at the front that combines two ellipses, two
hexagons, two rectangles, five circles, and a tapering microstrip feed, along with a defective
The antenna
rectangular ground is object
made atupthe
of back.
a radiator at the front
The novelty that combines
radiator’s geometrictwo
specsellipses, two
are as follows:
hexagons, two rectangles, five circles, and a tapering microstrip feed, along with
Atop an ellipse with a major axis x1 = 7 mm and minor axis y1 = 1 mm, which furthermore a defec-
tive rectangular ground object at the back. The novelty radiator’s geometric specs are as
is mounted on a different ellipse with major axis x2 = 7.5 mm and minor axis y2 = 1.4 mm,
follows: Atop an ellipse with a major axis 𝑥 = 7 mm and minor axis 𝑦 = 1 mm, which
are five neighboring tangential circles, each measuring 1.5 mm radius. Furthermore,
furthermore is mounted on a different ellipse with major axis 𝑥 = 7.5 mm and2 minor
2 hexagons with a 2 mm radius, positioned alongside the edges of a 3 × 6 mm rectangle,
axis 𝑦 = 1.4 mm, are five neighboring tangential circles, each measuring 1.5 mm radius.
are the setup of the entire arrangement. Moreover, to minimize mutual coupling as well as
Furthermore, 2 hexagons with a 2 mm radius, positioned alongside the edges of a 3 ×
improve impedance-matching potential, a 15 × 2 mm2 thin rectangle is employed while
6 mm rectangle, are the setup of the entire arrangement. Moreover, to minimize mutual
passing through the arrangement of 5 circles positioned on top.
coupling as well as improve impedance-matching potential, a 15 × 2 mm thin rectangle
Various stages of evolution or processing are carried out in order to arrive at the
is employed while passing through the arrangement of 5 circles positioned on top.
final stage of the product or design of the single-unit-cell antenna. At every stage, the
Various stages of evolution or processing are carried out in order to arrive at the final
S-parameter of the simulated antenna cell is evaluated, and suitable modifications are
stage of the product or design of the single-unit-cell antenna. At every stage, the S-param-
incorporated into the unit-cell design to improve the S-parameter. The final design of the
eter of the simulated antenna cell is evaluated, and suitable modifications are incorporated
unit-cell antenna is achieved over four stages of evolution, as shown in Figure 2. The
into the unit-cell design to improve the S-parameter. The final design of the unit-cell an-
simulated S parameter during evolution stages is displayed in Figure 3. The antenna
tenna is achieved over four stages of evolution, as shown in Figure 2. The simulated S
designed in Step 1 consists of a low-profile, compact-sized microstrip-line-fed ellipse-
parameter during evolution stages is displayed in Figure 3. The antenna designed in Step
shaped patch (refer to Step 1 in Figure 2); however, it has a poor impedance, which is the
1 consists of a low-profile, compact-sized microstrip-line-fed ellipse-shaped patch (refer
green curve shown on the graph in Figure 3. It only works when the conditions are satisfied
to Step 1 in Figure 2); however, it has a poor impedance, which is the green curve shown
and the ultra-wideband is at a frequency ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. In evolution Step 2,
on the graph in Figure 3. It only works when the conditions are satisfied and the ultra-
five circle-shaped radiators were integrated into a microstrip-fed elliptical-shaped radiator
wideband is at a frequency ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. In evolution Step 2, five circle-
to increase impedance bandwidth, as shown in Step 2 in Figure 2. In this modification,
shaped radiators were integrated into a microstrip-fed elliptical-shaped radiator to in-
lower UWB frequencies are well covered, but upper UWB frequencies are not covered
crease impedance bandwidth, as shown in Step 2 in Figure 2. In this modification, lower
well. In Step 3, we add a rectangular radiator to increase impedance bandwidth. The
UWB frequencies are well covered, but upper UWB frequencies are not covered well. In
resulting impedance-matching curve is shown in red color. It can be seen from the curve
Step 3, we add a rectangular radiator to increase impedance bandwidth. The resulting
that the impedance matching varies widely across the frequency range. The final evolution
impedance-matching curve is shown in red color. It can be seen from the curve that the
is carried out to confine the variations in the impedance matching by using a tapered feed
impedance matching varies widely across the frequency range. The final evolution is car-
and defected ground structure technique, as shown in Step 4 of Figure 2. The corresponding
ried out to confine the variations in the impedance matching by using a tapered feed and
curve is ground
defected shown in blue color
structure in Figure
technique, as 3. The following
shown equation
in Step 4 of shows
Figure 2. how the Q factor
The corresponding
curve is shown in blue color in Figure 3. The following equation shows how the Qhexagons,
rises, and a high-level inductive reactance results from the intersection of ellipses, factor
rectangles,
rises, and a and circles.inductive reactance results from the intersection of ellipses, hexa-
high-level
ωL X
gons, rectangles, and circles. Q= = L (1)
R R

Figure
Figure2.2.Evolution
Evolutionofofmonopole
monopoleUWB
UWBUnit-cell
Unit-cellAntenna.
Antenna.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 4 of 17
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 4 of 17

Figure 3. Simulated S-Parameter S11 during Evolution Stages.

⍵L X
Q= = (1)
R R
FigureThe groundS-Parameter
(surface) S11
plane is constructed with a rectangle-shaped slot that is 7 ×
Figure 3. Simulated S-Parameter S11 during Evolution Stages.
3. Simulated during Evolution Stages.
16 mm Thein size and
ground is utilized
(surface) plane isto increase with
constructed bandwidth and impedance
a rectangle-shaped slot thatmatching.
is 7 × 16 mm The
2 slot’s
inclusion led to a significant boost
in size and is utilized to increase bandwidth⍵L in bandwidth
X
and impedanceby reducing the capacitance
matching. The slot’s inclusion influence
between the surface plane and the radiator.
Q =To increase the current flooding (1) bring it
and
led to a significant boost in bandwidth by=reducing
R R the capacitance influence between the
close to
surface the
planeradiator
and theto permit
radiator. Tothe necessary
increase impedance
the current bandwidth,
flooding and bring the
The ground (surface) plane is constructed with a rectangle-shaped slot that is 7 ×
feed
it close toline,
the which
has dimensions
radiator
16 mm
to permitofthe
in size and is9 utilized
×necessary
3 mmto, impedance
is tapered.
increase Both theand
bandwidth,
bandwidth inductive reactance
the feed line,
impedance
which hasand
matching. theslot’s
The capacitance
dimensions
2 , is
reactance
of 9 × 3 mmwere canceled
tapered. out
Both by
the the change
inductive in the
reactanceother.
and The
the antenna
capacitance
inclusion led to a significant boost in bandwidth by reducing the capacitance influence then began
reactance to operate
were
canceled out by the change in the other. The antenna then began to operate like a totally
like a totally
between resistive
the surface planeload.
andA therevolutionary elliptical
radiator. To increase theradiator is a clever
current flooding and way
bringtoit create a
resistive load. A revolutionary elliptical radiator is a clever way to create a small-scale
small-scale UWB MIMO
close to the radiator to permitantenna. Figure impedance
the necessary 4 shows a fabricated
bandwidth,single
the feedUWBline,antenna.
which
UWB MIMO antenna. Figure 4 shows a fabricated single UWB antenna.
has dimensions of 9 × 3 mm , is tapered. Both the inductive reactance and the capacitance
reactance were canceled out by the change in the other. The antenna then began to operate
like a totally resistive load. A revolutionary elliptical radiator is a clever way to create a
small-scale UWB MIMO antenna. Figure 4 shows a fabricated single UWB antenna.

Figure 4. Fabricated Single UWB Antenna.

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225

Figure 4. Fabricated Single UWB Antenna.

Figure 4. Fabricated Single UWB Antenna.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 The sca ering characteristics (S11) of the antenna are shown in Figure 5 of517to be be

−10 dB for both simulated and measured results across the specified bandwidth.
The sca ering characteristics (S11) of the antenna are shown in Figure 5 to b
measured S-parameters differ from those simulated due to the fabrication tolerance
−10 dB scattering
for bothcharacteristics
simulated and (S11) measured results across the specified bandwid
otherThe
aspects of the SMA connector. of the antenna are shown in Figure 5 to be below
measured S-parameters
−10 dB for both differ
simulated and from those
measured resultssimulated due to the
across the specified fabrication
bandwidth. The tolera
other aspects of the SMA connector.
measured S-parameters differ from those simulated due to the fabrication tolerance and
other aspects of the SMA connector.

Figure 5. Simulated and Measured S11 Parameter of the Monopole UWB antenna.

2.2. MIMO
Figure
Antenna
Figure 5.5.Simulated
Simulated
Design
and and Measured
Measured S11 Parameter
S11 Parameter of the UWB
of the Monopole Monopole
antenna.UWB antenna.
To create a multi-port antenna with good isolation, the single-cell antenna is to
2.2. MIMO Antenna Design
duplicated
2.2. MIMOand arranged
Antenna Design such that it forms an orthogonal pa ern. On a single plane
To create a multi-port antenna with good isolation, the single-cell antenna is to be
radiating components are organized. The four-port antenna’s overall dimensions are
To create
duplicated a multi-port
and arranged antenna
such that it formswith good isolation,
an orthogonal pattern. the
On single-cell antenna
a single plane,
35
all × 1.6 mmcomponents
, where ℎarestands for the substrate’s height.overall
The simulated and fabrica
duplicated
radiating and arranged such thatThe
organized. it forms anantenna’s
four-port orthogonal padimensions
ern. On aare single p
UWB
35 × 35 MIMO antenna
× 1.6 mm is shown
3 , where hs standsinfor
Figures 6 and 7, respectively.
the substrate’s Figure 8a,b
height. The simulated show the m
and fabri-
radiating components are organized. The four-port antenna’s overall dimensions
urement
cated UWB setup
MIMO forantenna
the constructed
is shown inantenna
Figures 6in the7,vector
and network
respectively. analyzer
Figure and anech
8a,b show
35 ×measurement
1.6 mm , where ℎ thestands for the substrate’s height. The analyzer
simulated and fab
chamber.
the setup for constructed antenna in the vector network and
UWB
anechoic MIMO antenna is shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. Figure 8a,b show th
chamber.
urement setup for the constructed antenna in the vector network analyzer and a
chamber.

Figure 6.Sketch
Figure 6. Sketchofof
UWBUWB MIMO
MIMO Antenna,
Antenna, the and
the Front Front and
Rear Rear View.
View.

Figure 6. Sketch of UWB MIMO Antenna, the Front and Rear View.
 Sensors
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4225
Sensors 23,23,
2023, 4225
4225 of 1717 6 of 17
66 of

Figure
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Fabricated
7. Fabricated
Fabricated UWB MIMOUWB
UWB MIMO Antenna,
Antenna,
MIMO theand
the Front
Antenna, Front
the Front and
Rear
and Rear View.
View.
Rear View.

(a) (a) (b) (b)

Figure
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Measuring
8. Measuring
Measuring ProposedProposed
Proposed Ultra-Wideband
Ultra-Wideband MIMO
Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna
Antenna
MIMO Parameter
Parameter
Antenna inin(a)
Parameter in (a)Network
(a) Vector
Vector Vector Network
Network
Analyzer,
Analyzer, (b)Anechoic
(b) Anechoic
Analyzer, (b) Anechoic
Chamber.Chamber.
Chamber.

3. Results and Discussion

3. Results
3. Results and Discussion
and Discussion
By performing parametric analysis and optimization, the proposed antenna is struc-
Bytured By
andperforming
performingdeveloped parametric
parametric
using CST analysis
analysis and optimization,
and optimization,
Microwave Studio theThe
Software. the proposed
proposed
proposedantennaantenna is struc-
is struc-
MIMO/Diversity
tured
tured and and
developed
antenna developed
is measured using
usingusing
CST CST Microwave
Microwave
an Anritsu Studio
StudioVector
MS2703 Software.
Software. The proposed
The Analyzer.
Network proposed MIMO/Diver-
MIMO/Diver-
sity antenna
sity antenna is measured
is measured using anusing an Anritsu
Anritsu MS2703 MS2703
Vector Vector
Network Network Analyzer.
Analyzer.
3.1. Mutual Coupling
3.1. Mutual
3.1. Mutual Coupling
Coupling
Four antennas that appear to be quite close to one another are included in the monopole
ultra-wideband Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna. As a result, interference from one
Four antennas
Four antennas that appearthat appear to beclose
to be quite quitetoclose to one another
one another are included
are included in the mono-
in the mono-
antenna’s radiation with the others would occur.
pole By
ultra-wideband
pole ultra-wideband Multiple-In Multiple-In Multiple-Out
Multiple-Out antenna. antenna. As a interference
As a result, result, interference
building the redesigned ground structures, the mutual coupling is decreased, and
from onefrom one
antenna’s
antenna’s radiationradiation
with with
the the
others others
would would
occur. occur.
identical antennas are positioned orthogonally. For the full bandwidth range, this antenna
By building
Byisbuilding
designed the
such the it
redesigned
that redesigned
ground
decreases ground
mutual structures,
structures,
couplingthe to the mutual
mutual
lower coupling
than −35couplingTheisresults
decreased,
is decreased,
dB. and
of and
identical
identical antennasantennas
are are
positioned positioned orthogonally.
orthogonally. For theFor
full the full
bandwidth
the S-Parameter simulation and measurement for the monopole ultra-wideband MIMO bandwidth
range, range,
this this
antenna antenna
is designed
is designed such
antenna such
arethat that it decreases
it decreases
shown in Figure mutual
9. mutual
that coupling
coupling
It is clear theto lower
etched to lower
than
surface than
−35 dB.
plane −35
ThedB.
with slotThe
a results results
of the of the
provides
S-Parameter
S-Parameter
good isolation simulation
simulationand and andmatching.
measurement
measurement
impedance for
Asthe for thethemonopole
monopole
a result, ultra-wideband
ultra-wideband
desired outcome was MIMO MIMO
attained.an- an-
tenna
tenna are are shown
shown in Figure in Figure
9. It is 9. It isthat
clear clear
thethat the etched
etched surfacesurface planea with
plane with a slot provides
slot provides
good isolation and impedance matching. As a result, the
good isolation and impedance matching. As a result, the desired outcome was a ained. desired outcome was a ained.
Sensors 2023,
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Figure 9. 9.
Figure Simulated and
Simulated Measured
and S-Parameter
Measured Isolation
S-Parameter IsolationofofMonopole
MonopoleUltra-Wideband
Ultra-WidebandMIMO
MIMOAn-
Antenna.
tenna.
3.2. Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
3.2. Envelope Correlationthat
Four antennas Coefficient
appear(ECC)
to be quite close to one another are included in the cor-
Four antennas
relation that exists that appear the
between to be quite close
radiating to oneThis
objects. another are included
correlation is theinmost
the corre-
significant
lation that exists between the radiating objects. This correlation is the most significant di-
diversity characteristic of the Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna. The degree of indepen-
versity characteristic of the Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna. The degree of independ-
dence relating to the radiation patterns of two antennas is described with the help of ECC.
ence relating to the radiation pa erns of two antennas is described with the help of ECC. each
Usually, the radiation patterns of the two antennas are completely not dependent on
Usually, the radiation
other. The value of ECC pa erns
mustof be
the0;two antennas
however, itsare
realcompletely
value must not dependent
not be more on thaneach
0.5. The
other. The value
calculation of theof envelope
ECC mustcorrelation
be 0; however, its real
coefficient is value
carriedmust
out not be more than
by substituting the0.5. The
S-Parameter
calculation
in Equationof (2)
the[19,20].
envelope correlation
Through Figurecoefficient is carried
10, it is evident outthe
that byvalue
substituting
of ECCthe S-Pa- 0.001.
is below
rameter in Equation
Furthermore, (2) [19,20].
this value can beThrough
consideredFigure
a good10, it is evident
envelope that the value
correlation of ECC is
coefficient.
below 0.001. Furthermore, this value can be considered a good envelope correlation coef-
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 ficient. ∗ S + S∗ S 2
S11 8 of 17
12 21 22
ECC =    (2)
2 ∗ 𝑆 +2𝑆 ∗ 𝑆 |
1 − |S11 ||𝑆− |S21 | 1 − |S22 |2 − |S12 |2
𝐸𝐶𝐶 = (2)
(1 − |𝑆 | − |𝑆 | )(1 − |𝑆 | − |𝑆 | )

Figure 10. Simulated and Measured ECC of Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.
Figure 10. Simulated and Measured ECC of Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.

3.3. Diversity Gain (DG)

In order to retain the dependency of the wireless communication system along with
 Figure 10. Simulated and Measured ECC of Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 8 of 17

3.3. Diversity Gain (DG)

In order to retain the dependency of the wireless communication system along with
3.3. Diversity Gain (DG)
high-quality output, it is necessary to maintain the diversity gain of the monopole ultra-
In order to retain the dependency of the wireless communication system along with
wideband Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna at its maximum. Ideally, 10 dB is the best
high-quality output, it is necessary to maintain the diversity gain of the monopole ultra-
value. TheMultiple-In
wideband diversity gain value for the
Multiple-Out suggested
antenna antenna can
at its maximum. be derived
Ideally, 10 dB using the formula
is the best
in Equation (3) [21]. We can see from Figure 11 that the greatest diversity gain
value. The diversity gain value for the suggested antenna can be derived using the formulaincrease is
9.999 dB. (3) [21]. We can see from Figure 11 that the greatest diversity gain increase is
in Equation
9.999 dB.
𝐷𝐺 = 10 1 −2 𝐸𝐶𝐶 (3)
q
DG = 10 1 − ECC (3)

Figure 11.Simulated
Figure 11. Simulated and
and Measured
Measured Diversity
Diversity GainGain of Monopole
of Monopole Ultra-Wideband
Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.
MIMO Antenna.

3.4. TARC
3.4. TARC
TARC represents the ratio of the incident power to the squared value of the reflected
TARC
power. represents
Equation the ratio
(4) represents theof the incident
TRAC power
ratio of the toantenna.
N port the squared value of the reflected
power. Equation (4) represents the TRAC
q ratio of the N port antenna.
2
∑iN=1 |yi |
Γta = q ∑ . |𝑦 | (4)
Γ =N | x |2 . (4)
∑i=1 ∑i |𝑥 |
where
where xxi idenotes
denotesincident
incident signals;
signals; yi denotes
yi denotes reflected
reflected signals.
signals.
The scattering matrix pattern of a 2 × 2 arrangement of the antenna is shown in
Equation (5).     
y1 s11 s12 x1
= . (5)
y2 s21 s22 x2
Every excitation signal’s phase in the Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna is arbitrary.
Before a signal reaches a receiver, the propagation environment helps to randomize the
signal phases further. As a result, the MIMO channel signal is regarded as having an
independent, identical distribution with a random phase. Equations (6) and (7) can be
used to express reflected signals. The sum or difference of the Gaussian random variables
produces the Gaussian values [21].
 
y1 = S11 x1 + S12 x2 = S11 x0 e jθ1 + S12 x0 e jθ2 = x1 S11 + S12 x0 e jθ . (6)

 
y2 = S21 x1 + S22 x2 = S21 x0 e jθ1 + S22 x0 e jθ2 = x1 S21 + S22 x0 e jθ (7)
 duces the Gaussian values [21].
𝑦 = 𝑆 𝑥 +𝑆 𝑥 = 𝑆 𝑥 𝑒 +𝑆 𝑥 𝑒 =𝑥 𝑆 +𝑆 𝑥 𝑒 .

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 𝑦 = 𝑆 𝑥 +𝑆 𝑥 = 𝑆 𝑥 𝑒 +𝑆 𝑥 𝑒 =𝑥 𝑆 + 𝑆9 of 17

𝑥 𝑒
Thus, TARC is explained in the following Equation (9).
Thus, TARC is explained in the following Equation (9).
(|𝑥 (𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑒 )| + |𝑥 (𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑒 )|
rΓ = ,
   2  2|𝑥 |  2
x1 S11 + S12 e jθ + x1 S21 + S22 e jθ
Γta = q , (8)
(|(𝑆 2| x𝑆1 |2 𝑒
+ )| + |(𝑆 + 𝑆 𝑒 )|
Γ = .
r
  2  √2  2
S11 + S12 e jθ + S + S e jθ
The return loss Γta =of the entire proposed √ MIMO
21 22
antenna. is known as TARC. (9) TA
first proposed to assess a multiport radiator’s performance. Because it takes into
2
mutual coupling,
The return loss ofport matching,
the entire andMIMO
proposed the impact
antennaofis the random
known as TARC.phases
TARCof wasincoming
first proposed to assess a multiport radiator’s performance. Because it takes into account
into each antenna element, TARC has recently been found to be useful as a MIMO
mutual coupling, port matching, and the impact of the random phases of incoming signals
for each
into antenna systems.
antenna element,This
TARCishas
because
recently it describes
been found to the performance
be useful as a MIMO in a more
metric for realis
ation ofsystems.
antenna a communications
This is because it channel.
describes theTARC is the insole
performance MIMO
a more parameter
realistic situation of that ta
aaccount the unpredictable
communications channel. TARC phases of incoming
is the sole signals,
MIMO parameter which
that takes can
into have
accounta significan
the
on MIMO array behavior in certain circumstances. Over the whole working fre
unpredictable phases of incoming signals, which can have a significant impact on MIMO
array behavior in certain circumstances. Over the whole working frequency band, TARC is
band, TARC is less than −10 dB. The obtained TARC is shown in Figure 12.
less than −10 dB. The obtained TARC is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Simulated and Measured TARC of the Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.

3.5. MEG
The definition of MEG is the segregation of power received by an isotropic an-
tenna with power obtained from a diversity antenna [22,23]. The MEG value for the
Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna system is obtained through the relationships given
below. Equation (10) can be used to calculate MEG1 and MEG2.
!
N
MEGi = 0.5 1 − ∑ Sij 2 i = 1, 2 (10)
j =1
 Multiple-Out antenna system is obtained through the relationships given below. E
(10) can be used to calculate MEG1 and MEG2.

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225

𝑀𝐸𝐺 = 0.5 1 − 𝑆 𝑖 = 1,2 10 of 17

Figure 13 closely reveals that MEG-1 and MEG-2 are identical due to the en
Figure 13 closely reveals that MEG-1 and MEG-2 are identical due to the enhanced
total performing capacity of the proposed radiator.
total performing capacity of the proposed radiator.

Figure 13. Simulated and Measured MEG of Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.

3.6. CCL
Figure 13. Simulated and Measured MEG of Monopole Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna.
The highest message rate at which a message may be sent across a communica-
tion channel without experiencing any losses is referred to as channel capacity loss.
3.6. CCL(11) [24] can be used to express it, and the following components can be used to
Equation
The
estimate it. highest message rate at which a message   may be sent across a communicati
nel without experiencing anyLossC = −
losses is referred
log 2 det Ψ R to
, as channel capacity loss.(11)
Equation
can be used to express it, and the following
 components
 can be used to estimate it.
ψ11 ψ12
ψR = , (12)
𝐶ψ21 =
ψ22− log 𝑑𝑒𝑡(Ψ ),
where  
Ψ11 = 1 − |S11 |2 + |S12ψ|2 , ψ
ψ = ,
ψ ψ
 
where Ψ21 = 1 − |S22 |2 + |S21 |2 ,

Ψ12 = −(Ψ
S∗ 11 S= 1 −∗ (|S | + |S | ),
12 + S 21 S22 ),

Ψ21 = −(Ψ
S∗ 22 S= 1 −∗ (|S | + |S | ),
21 + S 12 S11 ).

The value of CCL value must be less than 0.4 bits/S/Hz in general. Figure 14 clearly ex-
Ψ = −(𝑆 ∗ S + 𝑆 ∗ S ),
plains the CCL value of the designed MIMO antenna in relation to the operating frequency
limit until acceptable CCL values are reached.
Ψ = −(𝑆 ∗ S + 𝑆 ∗ S ).
 The value of CCL value must be less than 0.4 bits/S/Hz in general. Figure 14
Sensors2023,
Sensors 23,4225
2023,23, 4225 explains the CCL value of the designed MIMO antenna in relation to 1111the 17operati
ofof17
quency limit until acceptable CCL values are reached.

The value of CCL value must be less than 0.4 bits/S/Hz in general. Figure 14 clearly
explains the CCL value of the designed MIMO antenna in relation to the operating fre-
quency limit until acceptable CCL values are reached.

Figure
Figure 14.Simulated
Figure14.
14. Simulated
Simulated andand
and Measured
Measured
Measured CCL
CCLofCCL
of the of the Monopole
theMonopole
Monopole Ultra-Wideband
Ultra-Wideband
Ultra-Wideband MIMO MIMO Antenna
MIMO Antenna.
Antenna.

3.7.
3.7.Radiation
RadiationPa erns
Patterns
3.7. Radiation Pa erns
Theproposed
The proposedantenna’s
antenna’s simulated
simulated andand measured
measured E-plane
E-plane and and H-plane
H-plane radiation
radiation pat-
The
patterns proposed
at 3.8 GHz antenna’s
frequency are simulated
illustrated inand measured
Figure
terns at 3.8 GHz frequency are illustrated in Figure 15a,b.15a,b. E-plane and H-plane radiatio
terns at 3.8 GHz frequency are illustrated in Figure 15a,b.

Figure 15. Cont.

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 12 of 17
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 12 of 17

(a)

(b)

Figure 15. (a) H-Plane Pattern of Port 1, Port 2, Port 3, and Port 4 of designed Ultra-Wide band MIMO
Antenna at 3.8 GHz. (b) E-Plane Pattern of Port 1, Port 2, Port 3 and Port 4 of designed UWB MIMO
at 3.8 GHz.
 Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 13 of 17

With the help of this pattern, it is possible to demonstrate how the designed MIMO
antenna exemplifies pattern variety in the 3.8 GHz frequency range. The Port 1 and Port
3 patterns are moved 180 degrees in relation to one another, and Ports 2 and 4 are turned
180 degrees in relation to one another. The proposed antenna’s E-plane radiation pattern is
shaped like a dumbbell, while the H-plane radiation pattern is omnidirectional [25,26]. A
stable radiation performance is indicated by low cross-polarizations in both planes and a
difference between co-polar and cross-polar radiation patterns higher than 15 dB.
Table 2 presents the quantitative comparison of the proposed antenna design with
the antenna designs reported in the literature. The proposed antenna is believed to have
acquired significant results with respect to CCL below 0.4 bits/s/Hz, 0.001 ECC, TARC
below −10 dB, 9.999 dB DG, and MEG less than 3 dB.

Table 2. Comparison with designs in existing literature.

Isolation TARC CCL

Ref Ports Size (mm2 ) ECC GHz
(dB) (dB) (Bits/Sec/Hz)
[12] 4 45 × 45 >17 - <0.02 - 3.1–13.1
[27] 4 40 × 40 >17 - <0.03 - 2.94–14
[28] 4 39 × 39 >22 <−20 <0.02 <0.2 2.3–13.7
[29] 4 70 × 41 17 <−9 <0.012 <0.4 3.1–12
[30] 4 45 × 45 >16 - <0.02 - 3.1–11
Prop 4 35 × 35 >35 <−10 <0.001 <0.4 3.1–11

4. Antenna Test Using USRP at an Indoor Environment for MIMO Applications

Sensors 2023, 23, 4225
The investigation of the designed ultra-wideband MIMO compact antenna utilized
the NI 2943R (USRP) and NI 802.11 framework in an indoor setting to confirm the pro-
posed MIMO antenna’s real-time transmitting and receiving capabilities. The National
Instruments (NI) Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) is a technology-driven RF
transceiver operated for software-defined radio R&D (SDR). For communications purposes,
USRP NI transceivers are capable of transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals
in a number of bands. The indoor setting is composed of an antenna feed system, two NI
USRPs, and a received power monitor. For verification of real-time measurements, consid-
eration should be given to signal reception power (RSRP) parameters [31,32]. The average
received power of a single RS resource element is called the RSRP. The proposed MIMO
antenna consists of two compact four-port UWB MIMO antennas that are coupled to USRP
and broadcast signals in a variety of states. A block presentation of the proposed MIMO
antenna using the internal transmission and receipt of NI USRP is shown in Figure 16. The
Indoor Base station setting with the proposed MIMO antenna is shown in Figure 17.

Figure 16.Block
Figure 16. Block Diagram
Diagram of Indoor
of Indoor Antenna
Antenna Test withTest withofthe
the Help Help of USRP.
USRP.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 14 of 17

Figure 16. Block Diagram of Indoor Antenna Test with the Help of USRP.

Figure 17.
Figure 17. Image
Image of
of Real-time
Real-time Indoor
Indoor Base
Base Station
Station Setting
Se ing with
with the
the Proposed
Proposed MIMO
MIMO Antenna.
Antenna.

To test
To test thethe MIMO
MIMO antenna’s
antenna’sreal-time
real-timeperformance,
performance,three threealternative
alternativestates
statesare
areused.
used.
State 1:
State 1: Radiators
Radiators W, W, X,X, Y,
Y, and
and ZZ are
are considered
considered to to be
be the
the receivers,
receivers, whereas
whereas radiators
radiators
P,Q,
P, Q,R,R,and
andSSare areconsidered
consideredto tobebethe
thetransmitters.
transmi ers.
State 2:
State 2: Antenna
Antenna radiators
radiators P, P, Q,
Q, W,
W,andandXXare areconsidered
consideredtransmitters,
transmi ers,whereas
whereasradia-
radi-
atorsR,R,S,S,Y,Y,and
tors andZZare
areconsidered
considered receivers.
receivers.
State 3:3:The
State Theantenna
antenna radiators
radiators W,Y,X,
W, X, andY, Zand Z are considered
are considered to be transmi
to be transmitters, whereasers,
whereas
P, Q, R, andP, Q, R, and
S are S are considered
considered to be receivers.
to be receivers.
Using the
Using the USRP
USRP 2943R,
2943R,Figures
Figures1818and and1919 show
show thethe
real-time
real-timemeasured
measured values of the
values of
ultra-wideband
the ultra-wideband MIMOMIMO antenna
antenna offered
offeredin in
ananindoor
indoorsesetting.
ing. InInaddition,
addition, the received
the received
power was
power wasevaluated
evaluatedatatdifferent
different distances
distances from
from USRPUSRP 1 together
1 together withwith the MIMO
the MIMO 1 an-
1 antenna
tenna to USRP 2 together with the MIMO 2 antenna. The distances between each of the
to USRP 2 together with the MIMO 2 antenna. The distances between each of the antennas
antennas
were were maintained
maintained at 0.5, 0.7 atand0.5,
1.00.7m,and
and1.0them,same
and the
were same were
chosen tochosen to avoid cou-
avoid coupling and
pling and interference.
interference. USRPs hadUSRPs varying had varying separations
separations (0.5 mm, 0.7 (0.5mm,
mm,and 0.71mm,
mm)andfor 1allmm)
4 GHz for
all 4 GHz
states. Table states. Tablethat
3 shows 3 shows thatfor
all states allthese
statesdistances
for these have
distances haveofanbetween
an RSRP RSRP of−between
30 dBm
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 −30 dBm
and −40 anddBm.−40 dBm.
The The proposed
proposed MIMO MIMO antenna antenna can behave
can behave as a transmi
as a transmitter as er
wellas of
15 well
as a
17
as a receiver because of the eight radiators’ similar behavior. This makes the designed
receiver because of the eight radiators’ similar behavior. This makes the designed UWB
UWB MIMO
MIMO antenna antenna
suitablesuitable for indoor
for indoor MIMOMIMO applications.
applications.

Table 3. RSRP in 802.11 Framework Se ing.

Mode TxR RxR Distance (m) Received Power (dBm)

P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 0.5 −30
State 1 P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 0.7 −35
P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 1 −40
State 2 P, Q, W, X R, S, Y, Z 1 −40
State 3 W, X, Y, Z P, Q, R, S 1 −40

Figure 18. RSRP Measurement against RX and TX Streaming Lab View.

Figure 18. RSRP Measurement against RX and TX Streaming Lab View.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 15 of 17

Figure 18. RSRP Measurement against RX and TX Streaming Lab View.

Figure19.
Figure 19.RSRP
RSRPMeasurement
Measurementagainst
againstRX
RXand
andTX
TXStreaming
StreamingLab
LabView
View(zoomed
(zoomedview).
view).

Table 3. RSRP in 802.11 Framework Setting.

Mode TxR RxR Distance (m) Received Power (dBm)

P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 0.5 −30
State 1 P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 0.7 −35
P, Q, R, S W, X, Y, Z 1 −40
State 2 P, Q, W, X R, S, Y, Z 1 −40
State 3 W, X, Y, Z P, Q, R, S 1 −40

5. Conclusions
The orthogonal array of the antenna elements seems to be the most practical way
to reduce mutual interaction between ultra-wideband MIMO antennas, thus achieving
compact dimensions. Successfully achieved mutual coupling of the suggested antenna has
been below −35 dB. The 1.6 mm thick substrate was utilized to create a radiating antenna
with a small footprint that is suited for diversity applications. The antenna’s dimensions
are 35 × 35 mm2 . The proposed MIMO antenna’s real-time short-range transmission and
reception were tested in an indoor setting utilizing the NI 802.11 framework. With NI USRP,
the proposed compact UWB MIMO antenna’s real-time performance was experimentally
tested in a closed environment.
Sensors 2023, 23, 4225 16 of 17

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.K., L.B. and M.M.; data curation, S.K.; formal analysis,
S.K.; investigation, S.K.; methodology, S.K., L.B. and M.M.; software, S.K., L.B. and M.M.; supervision,
L.B.; writing—original draft, S.K.; writing—review and editing, L.B. and M.M. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This article was supported by the European Regional Development Fund in the Research
Centre of Advanced Mechatronic Systems project, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000867, within the
Operational Programme for Research, Development, and Education and the project SP2023/074,
Application of Machine and Process Control Advanced Methods, supported by the Ministry of
Education, Youth and Sports, Czech Republic.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available through email upon
request to the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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