A STUDY OF BACK END CONDITION OF STREET FOOD VENDORS ‘Thesis submitted to National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Technology (Food Supply Chain Management) By H Avinash 513006 Under the supervision of Dr. Neeraj Assistant Professor Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Haryana dune 2015Declaration Thereby declare that the thesis entitled, “A STUDY ON BACK END CONDITION OF STREET FOOD VENDORS’ submitted by me to National Institute of Food ‘Technology Entreprencurship and Management, Kundli — Haryana in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the program of the degree of M. Tech. (Food Supply Chain Management) is a record of bonatide research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. NEERAJ (Assistant Prof., NIFTEM) at NIFTEM, Kundli, Sonepat, Haryana, India. I, further declare that the work reported in this report has not been submitted, and will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma of this University or of any other institute or university, 20 June 2015 Place: Kundli H Avinash Reg. No. 513006 M. Tech, (Food Supply Chain Management)It is certified that the work contained in the Research Project entitled, “A STUDY ON BACK END CONDITION OF STREET FOOD VENDORS" has been carried out by Mr. H AVINASH (513006) as a part of the requirements for the award of the Degree ofMaster of Technology (Food Supply Chain Managementjin the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences at the National Institute of Food Technology Entreprencurship and Managentent, ‘The work has been carried out undér my supervision and guidance, ‘To the best of my knowledge and belief, no part of the Work has been submitted earlier for a degree at NIFTEM or any other place, Date: Place: Research Guide (Name and Signatures) Head of the Department (Name and Signatures) External Examiner (Name and Signatures)Acknowledgement | am indebted to many individuals for their help and encouragement rendered while conducting this research, Firstly, 1 would like to express my gratitude to the NIFTEM, Kundli, Haryana for giving me the opportunity to work on this major project during final semester of M. Tech. in Food supply chain Management. It also helped me to get interest in the technical aspects of, Agribusiness Supply Chain and to have new plans for my future career. | express my profound thanks to Dr. Neeraj my project guide for his valuable comments, guidance and encouragement starting from synopsis preparation, questionnaire development up-to submission of the final thesis, Jam also thankful to Dr, Jay G Varshney, (HeD, AES, NIFTEM) for his kind support throughout my project term, without him | would be unable to do this. Furthermore, I want to thanks all my friends who helped me at different places for doing this research work and also given valuable suggestion during project work. 1 experienced wonderful times with friends | wauld also like tw extend my gratitude to my family for the moral support and reassurance to encaurage me during the tough time. At last, | would like to thank Honourable Vice Chancellor, NIFTEM for extending thorough support and financing money for conducting the research wairk Thanking You. H Avinash wSTUDY OF BACK END CONDITION OF STREET FOOD VENDORS HanuinakoridaAviniash M.tech (FSCM) National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat ABSTRACT. Indian economy is growing at a fast rate leading to migration of huge population from rural to urban areas, Due to this change over there is great effect on the food habits of the people, The charige in food habits are leading to ineteased interest of people towards healthier Ready: To-Eat Convenience Food a it saves one’s time and energy. Among various types of convenience food available in the market, Ready-To-Eat rect Food” is very popular amongst different genera of people. Considering the high deniand of the healthier and safe street food present study was undertaken to aassess the Back-End condition of the street food vendors in Vijayawada, The Vijayawada city was chosen for the study as it is newly formed capital city of Andhra Pradesh and the municipal corporation of Vijayawada (i.e. VMC) is also for aiming a ‘lean city thus can consider the findings of the current useful far the welfare of the street food vendors and consumers, The 100 street food vendors of 10 different areas were surveyed by using a questionnaire Which inchided six different parameters (1. raw material procurement, storage and transportation; 2. health status of the street food ventiors; 3. pest and animal control; 4. hygiene training and awareness of the veridor; 5, location and desigh of the vending stall and premises; 6. petsorial hygiene and behavior). The results of the study reveal that'71 per cent of the vendors procure from the government market yard and 95 per cent of the vendors use two wheelers or by-cycle for transporting the raw material. As far ax the storage of raw material is concemed 69 per cont of the vendors prefer to store at home, ‘The information compiled on health status indicates that 65 per cent of the responding vendors did ot sited doctors for last six months, whereas 75 per cent vendors has not attended any vkind of hygiene awareness training programs. Most of responding vendors (85 per cent) cleaned their vending stalls and premises twice a day i.e. while starting the day aand ending the operations. 74 per cent of vendors doesn’t take any practical measures to get rid of harboring pests to prevent re-infestation. Waste management practices of the vendors reveals that about 69 per cent of vendors dispose their food waste in dumping yards whereas 24 per cent prefers to dispose through municipal waste eollection vebicle, As faras the personal hygiene of the vendors are coneemed 76 per cent-doesn't was hands »with soup after handling the foed, afier visiting toilet, after handling unsanitary articles, before and handling money. The other results of the study also shows thatmajority of the vendors are registered through Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) and they are not having any idea of the FSSAL and existing street vendor'spolicy, majarity of the vendars are lacking proper electricity, water supply and drainage systems at the vending locations and do not follow the Good Handling Practices and Goad Manufacturing Practices at the vending site and even at their house. There is huge need of hygiene training and awareness programs 10 build the cépakity of the street food vendors to ensure safe street fied to the consumers. VMC make take appropriate measures to secure proper sites for strect food vending and initiate awareness cum training, programs for street food vendors in the region. viI. INTRODUCTION. TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. OBJECTIVES... eb isccnabbdscitcisveniabelsctsnestessaistsan insti 3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 3.1 SINGAPORE . 3.2 33 34 3.5 3.6 37 38 4 METHODOLOGY 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...............- 5.1 52 53 54 35 5.6 6 SUGGESTED RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES .. ANNEXURE...... ANNEXURE No, 1 ANNEXURE No. 2 . THAILAND & BANGKOK BHUTAN... CHINA wa INDONESIA BANGLADESH. SSRYLAADUC Assists nasasns abundancia) BO INDIA... Raw Material Procurement, Transportation and storag Health Status of the Street Food Vendors ...cccnscienseennnnnnanaiennnie dD Hygiene (raining and awareness of the vendor ,. Location and Design of the vending stall and premises. Personal Hygiene and Behavior... House Condition of the street food vendors vuLIST OF TABLES: Table 1: Area wise study of samples 27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Procurement of Fresh produce followed by VendOrs......e0e.esenenesnie BR Figure 2: Procurement Pattem of FMOG raw materi 29 igure 3: Observations while procuring Raw Maw Figure 4: Transportation of Raw material Figure 5: Storage of Raw material... Figure 6: Health Status of street food vendors I... Figure 7: Health Status of the street food vendors LL Figure &: Hygiene Training and Awareness of the vendor... Figure 9: Usage of the Rubbish bins and location of the stalls Figute 1 : Disposal of the collected waste Figure 11: Source of Water for cleaning and drinking Figure 12: Material used for the stalls and combainets ...sc:c:sinetinenaeansonsece ST Figure 13: Surroundings of the stall... Figure 14: Pest andl animal controt Figure 15: Personal hygiene and behavior vill1. INTRODUCTION India is emerging as a fast growing economy, Therefore it faces an obstacle of migration of huge population from rural to urban areas, Due to this change over there is great effect on the food habits of the peaple. To overcome this problent the people are showing great interest towards Ready-To Eat Street food as it saves one’s time and energy and moreover it is not that eost effective, According 10 National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2004, a Street Vendor is broadly defined as « petscn who offers woods for sale to the public without having a permanent built up structure but with a temporary static structure or mobile statl (or head load), Street vendors may be stationary by occupying space on the pavements or other pull tivate areas, oF tay be mobile in the sense that they move from place to place carrying their wares on push carts or in cycles or baskets on their heads, or may sell their wares in moving trains, bus ete. (National policy on urban street vendars, 2004). The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines Street Foods as Ready to eat Foods and beverages prepared and/or sold by vendors and hawkers especially in streets and other similar public places (FAO, 1988). Street Food Vendors play an important role in the “Informal Sector*. Informal sector may be defined as economy that is not taxed, monitored by Government oF included in any gross national product, unlike formal sector. Some studies prove that 25% of the workers globally operate in the informal sector and due to constant influx of the people from rural areas; the informal economic activities mobilize 30% to 80% of the work force especially in the urban regions of the developing countries (Sekar, 2008). ‘The Street Food Vendors eam their livelihood through vending but in the historical context they are viewed as a suspicion and who are considered as a prime reason for ition of garbage, dint and environment, hedilth hazards and the blockage of the pedestrians, pavements, accumu unwarited waste products whieh leads to uthygigeneral deterioration and ditapidation of important areas of the city (Sekar, 2008).The street food is consumed by an estimated population of 2.5 billion each day worldwide. In developing countries the street food trade has evolved into a large food sector Which is the means of earning livelihood for the vendors and as well as providing employment opportunity to many people. They provide food at reasonable prices to thousunds of individuals, Street food vendors provide on an average 40 % of the total nutrient daily intake at very low prices. The populace enjoys the good food due to the traditional taste but in many cases the food is of not that good quality which raises serious health risks, Basically the street food vendors are lacking proper water supply and sanitation facilities hence they would cook and handle food with contaminated hands. The street food vendors are’ poor at proper knowledge on food safety and personal hygiene. Street food in India showcases the cultural diversity prevalent in the country; hundreds of street food with their diverse ingredients and aroma across different states and regions open a window into the world of people and gives us a perspecti around one crore and the Indian street food constitutes approximately about 2% of the ‘of their lives and more. The total number of street vendors in India is Metropolis population, The safety and hygiene depencls upon the knowledge, attitude and beliefs of the street food vendors. There is a need of trained street food vendors for supplying safe street food. World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) report siates that one in every ten diseases, and six per cent of deaths globally are due to lack of sanitation, If the world were to go in far a clean-up act, it would mean a total productivity gain of a whopping $9.9 bn per year. Sanitation, or the lack of it, is only the tip of the iceberg, There is need, therefore, for 2 move ta ensure safe, healthy and sustainable food supply, and bring awareness among consumers to demand safe and quality food. Almost simultaneously, the practice of good hygiene among consumers, producers and food processors has to be promoted, {tis with this in mind that the government declared 2008-09 as ‘Food Safety and Quality Year’ The government is implementing various schemes, including the establishment of Mega Food Parks with integrated value chain t facilitate linkage of the farmers to the 2processors, industry and the market. Besides establishing integrated cold chain facilities to eithadee shelf-life of perishable products sind link them to the market, the scientific and hygienic ility of quality meat to industry and consumers, The goverhiment also wants to modernize abattoirs, incl sliughtering practices, and avail Ministry of Food Processing industries initiated the Scheme for upgrading the Quality of Street Food in 2006 which include Food Street and Safe Food Town, The existing food stalls will be removed by upgrading the infrastructure through electrifying and installing the equipment of the stall. The water Supply and the drainage system, Public utility, seating arrangements with proper lighting are some of the interventions will be taken under the Food Street , Whereas under “Safe Food town’ trainings to be provided to the Street food vendors to improve the quality of the street food and registering, regulating and monitoring of the vending practices to be carried by creating vending spaces in the vending zones by the municipal authorities. Regular healih checkups of vendors to be corkducted to improve the immunization program ‘and subsidies and microfinances will be granted to the scientifically designed food atts. The aim towards these schemes is to promote the convept of ‘Clean and Tasty’ street food through awards for the best vendors and Municipalities, The Ministry has decided to identify & Profile 10,000 street food vendors across the nation. The measure has been taken to upgrade the saféty and quality quotient of the food and hence, if the set standards (by the ministry) are obeyed proper certificates will be warded, The Minisiry also aims to identify 10 food streets, providing their stakeholders at support, training, assisting them in up gradation of quality and hygiene of the food. It also aims to provide creation of infrasiructuire such as proper drainage, water supply, and fighting etc, so that these efforts result in more hygienic and safe conititions for food preparations, At present in India there is very less: reliable data availible on street food and its consumption patiéms and on the back end condition of the sireet food vending, Chininelizing proper resources and policies aimed at organizing this blooming sector will be of great assistance. The research on back end condition of street food vendors has a great scope of earning in the food industry. One will get to know many facts about street food vendors, The Present Study aims to provide the facts about the street 3food vendor regarding the socio économie behavior, Vendor Practices, and the total back end condition. By using these facts the administration can advise the town planning committees to decide what kind of assistance should be given to a street Food Vendor in terms of structure, design, power source, water supply etc. and will also get to know the consumer behavior and preforences for the street food, The street food vendors can be considered as the primary processors of the food sector as they mostly procufe the fresh food cook it and distribute, They also contribute a major part in minimizing the food tosses. The good quality traditional variety of foods will be ize these traditional consumed by more people and act as a first step to stand: varieties and increase the business activity. Entreprencurship in the field of food processing will be increased by the poor classes of the society. The state selected for the study is Andhra Pradesh, At present the united state of Andhra Pradesh has been diviced into two different states as Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, The Honorable Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh declared Vijayawada in and around surroundings as a new Capital on September 1" 2014, The area declared 448 the capital covers around 3-mega cities and 14 smart cities. According to the new census 2011 the population of Vijayawada city alone is around 10,48,240 whieh is more than one million. The populace of the street food vendors will be increased ies have been invelved in the compared with the previous censiss as more 3- big newly formed capital region. Thus as it is a newly formed capital so there is a great scope of leaming regarding the vending practices followed by the street food vendors, Vijayawada is considered to be the Industrial Hub of the Andiira Pradesh State. According to the report by National Association of Street Food Vendors of India (NASVI (2012). the Vijayawada Municipal Corporation constitutes about 3.9% of the total urban papulation of the state. The Census survey in 2012 states that are about 7729 street Vendors with the total population of 8.45,217 as per censys 2001. The town planning conimiltee hits atithérized street food vendors who are registered with the corporation to carry on their businesses in the designated loeutions. Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC) has taken various initiatives to provide help to vendors as SwarnaJayanthiShahariRozgaryojana (SISRY) has been made available to the street food vendors-Provision of INR. 20,000 loan (5000 subsidy, 14000 with 8.5 % 4interest rate & 1000 beneficiary contribution). Under the program Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWACUA) financial support is provided to Women street vendor, Municipality is acting as a mediator between the vendors and the banks for having legal credit and to mitigate the risk involved in taking illegal loans, There is huge need of these kinds of research projects as there will be a great scope of learning in mutual basis, The municipal corporation of Vijayawada can use this real time data for the welfare of the street food vendors whose number is more than 15000 (As Per records of the Municipal Corporation), The Key findings of this Real me Research will be useful for the Town Planning committee of Vijayawada to decide what kind of assistance should be given to the street Food vendors in terms Elcetricity, Water Souree, Structure and design of the stall etc., for protecting the livelihood of the vendors. They will also have the reliable data on consumer preference and behavior for the Street Food.2. OBJECTIVES The Present Study on Back-End Condition of street food vendors basically focuses on the following. To analyze the vendor on six different parameters: © Raw Material Procurement, Transportation and Storage. + Hygiene training and awareness of the vendor. © Health status of the vendor * Location and design of the vending premises and the stall. * Pestand Animal control * Personal hygiene and behavior. + To find out the Good Hygienic/Handling practices (GHP) followed by the Street Food.3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE All most all the developed regions over the world are having their own cuisine touch in which Street Food plays @ maior vole, Iii this regard the Asia's stieet food considered to be the world’s best, The Time magazine survey (2004) and CNN report of March 2012 identifies the 10 greatest street food cities and the report also states how the street food makes those cities economically strong and socially charming. The Street Food of Asia is having great Economical importance; there: are some countries which are being totally depended on Street Food Business at the time of recession. As the sireet food is casily available, low cost and there are of many varieties mote than half of the population of the riation will be opting for street foods, The vendor ean easily enter into the street fiiod business as it is not that cost effective, As there is a question of Food Safety it should be stressed more im all the developing countriés in Asia, The practices followed by the developed countries can be viewed aaid considered in taking vital decisions while regulating and monitoring the Street in countries in Street Food Business. Here with we can discuss status of various A: Food Business. 3.1 SINGAPORE Singapore is a city-state with a population of 5 million living on a land mass of just over 700 square kilometers. It is multicultural, conéisting primatily of Chinese, Malay and Indiaw ethnic groups and growing number of nationalities from various parts of the world. Yet despite the broadening of the tastes and preferences of the Singaporean, the core of the diet remains the: traditional Chinese, Malay or Indian fare. ( Challenge: rising obesity in a food-loving country). As Singapore was modified iio a biisy port-city: by the British, the street hawking has been growh quickly due to Which there was a huge increase in the job opportunities available in the port, so many migrants have been attracted towards the Singapore. The street hawkers used to provide cheap and convenient aecess to goads and services (Ghani, 2011). The 1950's is the era of first generation hawkers in which most of them are the immigrants ofChina, India and Malay Archipelago. In 1950 for the first time the Singaporean government orders a commission on street hawking, The hawker inquiry commission reported that “There is undeniably disposition among, officials to regard the hawkers as primarily a public nuisance to be removed from the streets “It described the disorderly sprawl of hawkers blocking up entire sireets with a jumble of goods in defiance of all order and reason” (Ghani, 2011). ‘The situation in the 1950's continued to early 1970's, the economic viabil yy of the sireet hawking was preity good as the entrepreneurs enter into this business through tow investments, little education, le technical knowledge and earn their livelihood. During the post war years the street hawking was the major activity which increased the general productivity by recruiting the un-employed.(Hawker Policy in Singapore, 2013) The negative effect of the Singapore officials was due to poor hygienic practices of the street hawkers. Due whieh it arise 1) Serious Health Hazards 2) Poor water supply and waste disposal 3) Streets filled with disposed wastes and it becomes very hard to clean, 4) ‘Traffic nuisance and Public nuisance. 5) Food is getting contaminated due to flies, insects and mosquitoes, Singapore as it is surrounded by the ocean waters; Singapore River was the only means of fresh water to the citizens. The hawkers and the houscholds used to dispose the waste into the river which contains feathers, unwanted meat, rotten fruits: and vegetables, household waste ete, The government has considered this as a serious ue and tried to put a pull stop to the pollution caused by the hawkers and house hold activities. The mentioned prime reason has given rise to National Environment Agency which is the statutory body under the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources that oversees hawking activities to this present day, They have initiated a program of relocating the street hawkers from sireets to new places 8Hawker centers etc. “The main reason was to keep Singapore clean but the hawkers already polluted the drains and you got the rats, making the city resemble squatters, Hence it was decided that the government would build up hawker ceaters” (Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, 2014) In 1968-1969 the government started Licensing’ registration in which 18000 hawkers legalized issuing hawking licenses, From 1971-1986 the government had concentrated in 5 ing up: infrastructure for the hawkers to carry their business in a safe and hygienic manner, the government provides infrastructure which includes stall facility, Water supply, electricity, Proper drainage facility ete (Year Book of Statisties Singapore, 2013), The government has assigned a task of regulating and managing the hawker centers to NEA, The hawker department of NEA plays a key role in policy formulation, implementation and administration. Each and every hawker center has its own association. Licensing: The“ public place and itinerant hawkers are required to hold a hawker ficense, The National Environment Agency (NEA) is whole and soul responsible for issuing @ license. According to the 2012 census there are about 14,226 licensed hawkers of which 95% vironmental Public Health Act” of Singapore states that the stalls in an street, ie, 13,471 operate in hawker centers remaining 5% are the street hawkers. Huge fines will be imposed on the illegal hawking activities by the government (Environmental Public Health Act, 2012) Rent Policy: There are two different categories of stalls subsidized and non-subsidized. Subsidized stalls will be allocated to the hawkers who have been relocated from other places. The non-subsidized stalls are operated by stall holders who pay rent determined by the authority. Approximately out of 15000 stalls 42 % stalls were the subsidized stalls and $2 % of them are non-subsidized stalls. The rent charged by the NEA is different for 9both the stalls. In case of any vacant stalls they will be issued through tenders (Hawker Policy in Singapore, 2013), The NEA has designed and issued Information, Education, and communication material in the form of food handlers hand book to educate licensees and food handlers on good hygiene practices. Ih 1997 the government has i iated a grading system and pointer demerit system, The hawkers are assessed on a yearly basis based on over all hygiene, cleantiness and housekeeping standards of the premises. The sialls are given grades A, B, C, D based on the performance respectively so that they can display in the vicinity of the operation to enhance the business activity of the vendor. In 2001 it initiated a hawker center up gradation program wi invalved a total of S$ 420 Million, over 13 years improving the structure of 106, hawker centers. Afier 1986 no new hawker centers were built. Recently in 2011 the government again started to have new hawker centers of more modem technology and enhanced capacity. The plan includes 10 new hawker centers to add 600. stalls. NEA concentrates more on educating the street food vendors (or) Hawkers in terms of food safely and personal hygiene(National Environment Agency Annual Report 2012-13, 2013), In an official website of NEA they have furni for free so that a street food vendor can be easily accessed to the materials. Their ed all the educating materials capacity building programs involves many aspects like Food hygiene, Hawker centers, Vector control, Public toilets, Cleanliness, Potable water management etc. 1 information on Regulatory requirements, and registration of food vendors was also ing courses have been designed by the NEA for all the food handlers, included in the official website. The NEA has designed educational posters so that an illiterate person can also be educated easily. All the information will be displayed in three different languages based on the majority of the population (Fact sheet on Hawker Centre Policies, 2013), They have clearly stated the guidelines for handling wide varieties of products without being contaminated. 3.2 THAILAND & BANGKOK. Many would argue that vending in public places, especially of food, is traditional in Southeast Asia (Esterik, 1992) and deeply rooted in the local culture. However, most 10scholars argue that a tuming point in the region, including and especially in Thailand, Was the arrival of migrants from China, particularly in the 19th century, concomitant With the growth in urbanization, This demographic change accelerated after World War Il (Skinner 1957).Thais were not so keen in up street vending. but due to economic recession in Thailand the Government supported people who took street vending. Before World War I Street vendors are largely occupied by China. In 2000, the number of “hawkers, peddlers and newsboys” increased to 390,600 from 310,500 in 1997 (National Statistical Office, 1997 and 2000), With 45.6% of Bangkok's ty, (Kusukabe 2006,) street vending of food has been an integral part of the economy drawn from informal acti is natural that informal y since its inception in 1782, Largely dominated by cthnic Chinese, informal sireet vending of food has traditionally been perceived as a means of reaching higher income levels. (Nirathron 2006,)As one of the worst hit economies during the 1997 Asian financial erisis, the central and municipal governments of Thailand and Bangkok respectively encouraged ethnic Thais 10 take on informal street vending of food as well (Kusakabe 2006,). Grants in the amount of 4,000 Bhat (oughly USS 100 dollars) we money, occupational groups were established with World Bank funds, and. skills ued as seed training programs were promoted in an effort to promote informal street vending of food as a means to combat poverty food has come to fulfill two different purposes for different classes along the Thai ince the late 1990s, informal street vending of social spectrum, as Vehicle towards upwatd mobility of the poor with some capital (and not the poorest of the poor) and Social safety net to fall back on for the newly unemployed urban middle class. (Tinker 2003) The food vending practice requires relatively low entry costs and is based in a commodity and skill familiar to many women (who dominate the trade), informal street vending of food proliferated in Bangkok and even as the Thai economy has stabilized and Bangkok"s economy booms, informal street vending of food has continued to remain a vibrant practice and continues to grow. Many of the studies on street vending in Thailand are focused on food vending, given the importance of eating out in Thailand, a phenomenon that Gisele Yasmeen (1996) calls “public ". Patrons of street food are from all walks of life, an not limited to the urban uu eatingpoor. ‘The ratio of monthly food expenditures allocated to food prepared at home in Thailand decreased from 76 percent to 50 percent from 1990 to 1998, while that of prepared food takelt home and food euten away from home increased (Nirathron, 2006). Nirathron's study showed that over half of the buyers interviewed baught strect food at least once per day, and dinner was the most frequently purchased meal, Sevent percent of the buyers cited convenience and time-saving as the advantages of buying sireet food. Yasmeon and Nirathron (2014) noted that in Thailand and Bangkok the informal Street vendors are of twa type mobile vendors and fixed vendors, Those who move from one location to another and carry the advantage of being able to locate themselves in proximity 16 consumers are the mobile vendors They also include semi-static vendors Who set up for a day, and remove necessary equipment ahd products at the end of the day, Mobile vendors are overwhelmingly rufal-to-urban migrants (88%), 35% of who came to Bangkok during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Fixed vendors are permanently located, while lacking the advantage of greater ed vendors enjoy greater stability and are able to have ace ¥y to consumers: higher volumes of sale, Fixed vendors, however, are overwhelmingly from Bangkok With 70% of fixed vendors hoting their previous éccupation as mobile vendors. The majority of fixed vendors aperate as family enterprises with both husband and wife working together. Thus, fixed vending can be noted as an economic activity of great importance as a number of households depend on fixed vending as a family’s sole source of income and these vendors are richer than mobile veridors, However, despite the critical role informal street vending of food plays in the Bangkok food chain and as a source of income for many Bangkok residents, the proliferation of informal street vending of food has produced a number of challenges for Bangkok particularly with regards to hygiehe and space congestion 22Challenges Faced By Food Vendors in Thailand and Bangkok: As highlighted the informal street food vendors in Bangkok faced major two challenges: Hygiene and Space congestion 1) Hygiene: While informal street vendors of food tend to place a premium on maintaining a certains quality of food to develop a regular clientele, is Uiffieult for stkeet vendors to ensufe a high quality when lacking certain facilities on the strect. To address sich issues of hygiene, a number of successful and unsuccessful efforts have been made on the part of various governments of the Bangkok municipality as Prohibiting the selling of street food at certain time, on certain days was \insuceessfill and eventually overtumied given the importance of street vendors as an integril sotiree of food for many Bangkok residents. The ‘Sanitary Office was established in 1992 to ménitor vendors and help ensure consumer safety und street food vendors are registered under The Act of Maintaining Public Cleanliness and Public Order B.E. 2535 (1992). After registration vendors were given vendor identification which enables public authorities ta monitar and hold vertors accotintable for unsanitary actions, Registration also carries the advantage of providing social insutanee, as registration papers céit he used by vendors as collateral “asset” in securing loans. Certain rules are established for the surroundings of strect vending sites, the Regulation of Bangkok Metropolis on Selling in Public Spaces B.E 2545 (2002) provides specific guidelines surrounding dtess code, personal hygiene land care for cobking utensils for the vendors that need to be Followed (Ching er al, 2010), 2) Space Congestion: The competition in location and proximity w customers, has led to ble congestion of wellrafficked thorough fares, Fixed vendors place a premium on establishing themselves around food market entrances, transportation hubs, and major pedestrian, thoroughfares. While already heavily congested, the problem is only 13further intensified as mobile vendors assemble in crowded places to access the greatest number of consumers (MeGee, 1977).To address such issues of space congestion, & number of successful and unsuccessful efforts have been made on the part of various governments of the Bungkok municipality, Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the Bangkok municipality introduced measures prohibiting street vending near bus stops and pavements narrower than two meters. Such measures have proven suceessfil in lim ng fixed and mobile vendors from obstructing already congested spaces. In 1992, the Bangkok municipality attempted to inyplement an even more ambitious Public Health Act BE, 2535 which prohibited all street vending along footpaths, publie roads and. public pathways. Only with permission trom authorized authorities would vendors be allowed to sell within certain days, times, and spaces determined by authorities. Such a far-reaching measure, however, madle the practice very susceptible to comuption and kept informal strect vendors of food ina sense of great uncertainty as regulations constantly changed. The Act of Maintaining Public Cleanliness sid Publi¢ Onder BLE, 2535 was established in 1992, authorizing the Bangkok Meiropolitan Administration, in conjunction with the Bangkok Traffic Police Division, to assign designated areas for sireet vendors, Designated areas were cityowned property, and helped contain congestion. Throughout the 1990s, businesses and households were. prohibited from. renting sidewalk space and fequired that vendors register and rent space from the municipality (Chung er ai, 2010). Regulation and Managernent of Street Vending In Bangkok: The Public Health Act 1992 regulates Street vending in Bangkok, under this Act, no person is allowed to carry out street vending act Footpaths unless authorized by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The jes along public roads and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration’ is the local government of Bangkok established under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Act 1985 to be responsible for the management of the city. It is responsible for, among other things, out rules goverting street vending in Bangkok and issuing personal hygiene guidelines for the compliance of street food vendors (Nirathron, 2006) “4Registration of street vendars: In Bangkok, street vendors are required to register with the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in order to carry out their street vending activities legally. Registered Street vendors are issued with a license cand with a term of one year stibject to Bangkok, Registered street vendors are required to pay a monthly fee tw the Bangkok Metropolitan Adi them, While registration is required for street vending, there are also a number of renewal. In 2013, there were over 20,000 registered street vendors ration for the cleaning and maintenance of streets occupied by luiregistered street vendors in Bangkok (Hawkers policy in Thailand), Vending cones and time: The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration is empowered to designate public areas for the local traffic street vendors to carry out their selling activity after consulting police division. In Bangkok, there are hundreds of street vending areas across the 50 districts of the city, Yet many street vendors are still found to operate in public spaces not authorized for trading activities. in this connection, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has announced to step up the enforcement action against these unauthorized street vendors, particularly those selling at bus stops, crosswalks and pedestrian bridges. Within the authorized areas, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration specifies the trading hours for the operation of vending business. The trading hours vary among different areas. In many areas, vending on streets is permitted anly after tush hours, For example, vendors on Ratchadanri Road and in the ThaPhrachan arca are required to vacate their respective sidewalks (from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm each day in order to ensure that the sidewalks are free for use by pedestrians.) No-vending day fir cleaning streets is one of the most commendable decisions of BMA, but requires a little organization. Under the new arrangement, street venders are allowed to conduct their business on altemate Mondays when street cleaning d s not take place (Yaseen and Nirathron, 2014) Street vendors can only operate their business in the designated areas, Some vending activities are conducted along the streets ("on-street vending”) whereas others take 15place on a vacant land or in a covered complex ("off-street vending"). These designated arvas bring together a number of vendors to form what is commonly known as markets. In Bangkok, selling in designated! vending sites has been a major means of living for many Thai people. However, there is a growing. trend for the government and land developers to redevelop these sites, especially those located in prime areas, for more lucrative business uses such as malls and hotels (Chung er al 2010) For example:- ‘The closure of the renowned SuanLum Night Bazaar in central Bangkok in 2011, the market, together with the adjacent site areas, was redeveloped into higli-class shopping fucilities, commercial buildings and a hotel. Policies on Street Vending In Bangkok: Several acts. have been put in place to regulate street vendors. The first was the Cleanliness and Order of the City Act issued in 1992 (Kusakabe 2006). 1) This-act prohibited juals from cooking and selling things on public roads and public areas. It also prohibited the use of cars and carts for cooking food for economic purposes in public roads and areas, as well as selling merchandise in cars OF carts, 2) Vendors ate allowed to sell products in certain zones and at particular times ahd days 3) Should have vending identification, and dress appropriately and they are also sesponsible for cleaning their work areas 4). The Public Health Act of 1992 forbade anyone froni selliig things on footpaths, public roads, and public pathways. Vendors are allowed to sell om the streets only when they receive permission from authorized officials, 5) Monitoring cleanliness of operator was important 6) The Traffic and Land Transportation Act of 1992 and the Highway Act 1993 prohibit any activity that obstructs traffic and pedestrian paths, This law empowers both police officers and local officers to punish food verstors not obeying the law. 16Problems Identified: 1) The problem for vendors is that policies on vending change with each governor and his/her response to national and local politics, There is no concrete direetion for vending management, and vendors are often caught off-guard, For example, BMA suddenly changed the no-vending day from Wednesday to Monday, and vendors were not informed, Such confusing policies on street vendors result in street vendors being harassed by state offici .-although the marginality of their nature provides reason for leniency towards them. 2) Regulations were not so tight in implementation, at the earliest, And included lot of fluctuations in policy. 3) Vendors reluctant to relocate, slowly they looked to the avenues of organized street food vending, 3.3 BHUTAN The definition of the street food is not yet established by the Bhutan. The number of existing street food vendors is very less, iL around 100 nationwide, The food act of Bhutan 2005 and the Food Rules and Regulations Act of 2007 include the Food i is much aware of the Legislation aspects. The street food vendor has a mandate following the Dress Code and use of proper equipment for safe food handing. The man power and lab facilities to conduct the microbiological analysis of foods are insufficient (Regional consultation on safe street foods, 2011). 3.4 CHINA The Chinese government are not having any separate legislation for regulation and monitoring the street food vendors. The Food Safety Law (FSL) of the People’s Republic in China of 2009 includes all the stake holders of Production, Processing and Distribution and catering services which leads to arise a concept of Farm to Fork Model. WwAccording to the FSL Article 29 all the stake holders should meet the food safety requirements. The authorities have stringent regulating and monitoring mechanisms. Technical monk ring and proper supervision are some of the challenges face by the Chinese Government. Their capacity building programs are for vendors, regulators and as well as consumers. They have prevailing food 1 8 facilities to analyze the food both biologically and chemically (Regional consuliation on safe street foods, 2011), 3.5 INDONESIA “Street foods" in Indonesia is “ready-to-eat foods and beverages prepared and/or sold by vendors on the street using pushearts, balance poles, baskets, small tables, or temporary st Foods Law number 7/1996 on Food; Govemment Regulation number 28/2004 on Food Safety, Quality, and Nutrition; Health Minister's Decree Number 942/2003 on lation Number 8/1999 on Consumer Protection (Regional consultation on safe street foods, 2011), ~The existing food safety legislation and standards include Street Street Fond Hygiene and Sanitation Standards; and Government Reg 3.6 BANGLADESH. The number of street vendors in Bangladesh is large. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and also its largest city. According to the Dhaka City Corporation there are around 90,000 street vendors in the city. They operate mainly in Motijheel, BaitulMukarram, Gulistan, Shahbagh and New Market Areas. Street vending is considered an illegal trade and the street vendors face constant harassment from the authorities, The vendors have to pay a sizeable part of their income as bribes in order to keep plying their trade. Street vendors of Bangladesh are more vulnerable than those in the neighbouring countries due to poverty, lack of space for vending and lack of awareness about their rights (Report of the Asian Regional Workshop on Street Vendors, 20002). The positive aspect is that there is a fair level of unionisation among them, There are several unions working among street Vendors, The most important is the Bangladesh Hawkers’ Federation as it is linked to the trade union federation of the ruling Bangladesh National Party. The federation has been negotiating with the 18government for a policy on street vendors. The first step towards this direction is of forging alliances with other trade unions of street vendors so that a national alliance emerges whicli can pressurise the government to take Up the issue of a national policy for street vendors. However till such a consensus emerges, the strect vendors: in Bangladesh will continue to be regarded as illegal traders and will continue to be harassed ‘by the authorities. Political parties in’ Bangladesh continue to render lip service to street Vendors, without doing anything concrete to improve their insecurity (Bhowmik, 2005). Food vendors are ait important feature in the cities of Bangladesh, Ahmad, 2002 noted that the street food industry provides employment to women and migeanes with low educational background. The prices of street food are low and the urban poor benefit from this, Bay labourers, rickshaw pullers, migrants from rural areas and the homeless depend on street food vendors for their nutrition. However, beeause of poor hygiene people often fall ill after eating street Tood!, They are mainly vietims of water bore diseases. It has been concluded that there must be cooperation between the ilies and the police for proper management of street food vending and municipalities should formulate rules and regul food vending enforced. jons for the management of street ‘Tedd et af, conducted a study on food vendors in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It has; been observed that as street vendors are in the informal sector, there is no systematic documentation of the nuinber of street food veridors and there ate a substantive number of food vendors in the urban areas of age group between 25 and 60 years with a majority being in the age group of 30-40 years, The study recorded the employment history of the food vendors and found that their previous involvement in several urban-based, irregular and low-paid activities that required hard manual labour pushed their into the street food business. These veridors do fot always make much profit and they tend to move from one place to another to wet better markets. The coniribution of women to this trade significant. Though women do not constimute a major section of food vendors in Dhaka, the male vendors depend on the women in their household for preparing the items for sale, The study notes that street food ot)effectively meets the requirements of a large section of the economically active urban, population. At the same time the vendors are frequently vietimised by the police, public health institutions, local goverment authorities ete, They are also denied institutional credit faeibitic :s that could help them increase their income. They have to rely exclusively on social networks for running their business. 3.7 SRELANKA Street vendors in Sri Lanka appear to be in a slightly better position than their counterparts in Bangladesh and India, Street vending in nist urban areas is not totally illegal anc vendors can ply their trade on the pavements: by paying a daily tax to the municipal council, There are around $,000. to 10,000 street vendors in Colombo and most of them are located in the formal city centres. They are from urban poor settlements and street vending is the only source of employment for these families. Womien and children play active roles in this profession. Despite gaining some legal recognition, vendors are evicted if the municipal council feeis that they cause problems to the general public, In order to keep city cleaned Colombo city Planners threatens the livelihood of the street hawkers-of jombe by making the pavements lear for the pedestrians but some cities city planners provide space to hawkers and maintain lively inner city culture. ‘Trade unions of street vendors can influence government agencies, by pressurizing the government to gecommodate street vendors in the World Market: Day and Night Bazaar, These vendors pay taxes to the hniunicipallity. The goods sold by street vendors are Cheapet than those offered by the big stores, The above figures on street vendors div not include street food vendors, who form a large and significant part of the urban population (Bhowmiik, 2005). Teddet al., conducted a study on food vendors in Bangladesh and Sti Lanka and noted that the number of food vendors in Colombo is fairly large and increasing because of the needs of the customers. The food is relatively cheap and readily available, It is sometimes brought to the doorstep of the customers and sold on eredit as dane by the veridors operating at Manning Market in Colombo, The income of food vendors is higher than that of other vendors. According to a report, “the average daily income of astret food vendor is around Sri Lankan (SL) Rs 1,250 while the average daily profit 20generaied is approximatcly SL Rs $75. Most sireet food vendors operate for an average of 25 days a month, This means that they are able to generate a monthly average income of SL Rs 31,250 and an average profit of SL Rs 14,375, In comparison, the monthly income in urban Sri Lanka is SL Rs 23,436 and the national monthly houschold income is SL Rs 13,036" This indicates that the contribution of street food vendors to the country's economy is si iificant though they face similar problems as other street vendors, namely, ek of security and lack of institutional facilities, The Colombo Municipality has tried (© set up a model for street food vendors (Summary Findings, Houschold and Expenditure Survey, 2002). A.B IN Since ancient times the street vendors are in existence. From early civilizations the street vendors used to sold their wares through guerilla marketing ie. going from house to house and carrying on their business, some of them used to conimotion trade with neighboring countries. As these traders were being tolerant to the evolutions and have been succeeded, The street vendors in the modem times are treated in the same way of pride and lenience (Bhowmik 2003). The street food vendors are being harassed by the municipal authorities and police officials as these vendors are considered as illegal vendors in urban areas. Most of the residents of the urban-middle class make grievances about the vendors that they will be blocking the pavements, creating congestion of waffic and involvement in anti-social activities. In spite of these grievances the residents of these street vendors due to the food which they are getting is cheaper and gives more middle class will prefer to purchase goods from satisfaction rather than a restaurant.The number of strect vendors in Indian cities has increased sharply during the past few years, especially after 1991 when the policies relating to structural adjustment and liberalisation were introduced. It is now estimated that around 2.5 per cent of the urban population is engaged in this occupation. Studies on street vendors/hawkers are few and are focused mainly on some cities (Bhowmik, 2005). In 2000, the National Association of Stréet Vendors in India (NASVI) organised a study on hawkers in seven cities which included Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, aBhubaneswar, Patna, Ahmedabad and Imphal. This could be taken as one of the more comprehensive studies on street vending (Bhowmik and Saha, 2000), In 1998, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) commissioned Tata Institute of Secial Sciences (TISS) and Youth for Volumary. Action and Unity (YUVA) to conduct a census of hawkers on municipal lands (Sharma 1991). in 2001, SNDT Women’s University, in collaboration with International Labour Organisation conducted a study on street vendors, An interesting aspect of these studies is that they all find common. features among street vendors. Their eamings vary between Rs 50 and Rs 80) per day, Women earn between Rs 40 und Rs 60 per day. They work under gruelling oo for long hours and are frequently harassed by the municipal authorities and the police, ions, ‘The NASVI study found that around 20 percent of their earnings are taken as rent by the authorities. In Mumbai the annual collection of rent is around Rs 400 crore. A study by Manushi (2001 )ia Delhi shows that the authorities rake in Rs 50 crore a day from street vendors and cyele rickshaw drivers. Study of street vendors in Mumbai (2001) fotund that around 85 per cent of the street vendors complained of stress related diseases — migraitie, liyper atidity, hyper tensio ahd high blood pressure. A faitly high proportion of vendors were once workers in the formal sector and they had taken to street vending afier they lost their jabs. This proportion is higher in cities like Kolkata (50 per cent), Mums centres of industry but during the past decade or two, the large industries have shut down. A stidy by SEWA itt Ahmedobad notes that half the laid-off textile workers in Ahmedabad haye taken to street ven nd Ahmedabad (30 per cent). These cities were once s. The other vendors are mainly migrants from to find employment. They couild not find regular jabs so they took to street vending. In Delhi, Manusti (2001) rural areas or from small towns who came te these conducted a study on street vendors which showed the stark reality of how these people are exploited and harassed by the authorities. This study provoked the prime minister to write to the Lieutenant Governor of the union territory of Delhi to change the administration’s oppressive policies on street vendors, The prime minister's office ilso issued a concept Hote on this subject which corttained iniportant guidelines. ‘There are some resting studies from town planners. Tiwari and Dinesh (2008), both of Indian institute of Technology, Delhi, have made significant contributions to 22research on use of pavement space, pollution control and use of road space with regard to street vending. They have shown that having street vendors near housing complexes reduces pollution levels as residents do not need to use cars or two wheelers to buy their requirements as these are available literally at their door steps, The NASVI study found that the income of women vendors is lower than the men because mainly of two reasons. Most of the women belonged to families that were poorer than those of male street vendors so they had less capital to invest in their business. Secondly, they could not spend as much time on their work as the males because they had to take care of the home as well (Bhowmik and Saha, 2000), Moreover in cities like Kolkata and Patna, women vendors were harassed by the male vendors and were not allowed to sit on the pavements. In cities where they are unionised, as in Ahmedabad, their problems are not as acute. In Mumbai, the studies show that most of the women street Vendors belong to families in which the male members were once employed in better paid, secure jobs in the formal sector. They \were unemployed when their enterprises closed. Their wives took to street vending to make ends meet. There is no clear picture of the number of women vendors, except in Ahmedabad where around 40 per cent of the 80,000 street vendors are women. In othe ities they are an invisible category. The male vendors are more vi ms etc. Most of the food ‘ible as they sell greater varictics of goods — clothes, fruits, household vendors are males, The level of unionisation is higher among them and they are thus able to protect themselves better than the women vendors. There is therefore a need to make a proper assessment of women vendors. At a rough guess, they should constitute 30 per cent of the total population. They are mainly small vendors and they are hardly unionised (except in Aledabad). These factors add to their invisibility (Bhowmik 2003). Studies of food vendors have been conducted by the FAO in some of the cities. These include Pune, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Kolkata, The Kolkata study, conducted by the National Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, was the most important one conducted to date. It looked into all aspects of street food vending 23