Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements of
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements of
DIPLOMA IN
By
2022-23
TRANSMISSION CORPORATION OF TELANGANA LIMITED
CERTIFICATE
Who carried out the industrial training under my supervision as partial fulfillment
for the award of diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Government
Polytechnic Masab Tank. Affiliated to SBTET, Hyderabad
During the industrial training , the candidates has shown keen interest and
commitment towards learning and their performance was satisfactory.
Mr.G.DHEERAJ
Assistant Engineer,
132/33 KV Substation,
GUNROCK,
TSTRANSCO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our
Industrial Training guide Mr. G.DHEERAJ, Assistant Engineer, for his valuable guidance,
untiring cooperation at each and every phase of this Industrial Training and suggestions all
the way throughout the Training and for providing exceptional facilities for successful
completion of the Training.
We would like to express our thanks to all the faculty members & supporting staff
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department and we also place on the record, the
assistance by our friends during the course of Industrial Training.
Finally, we would like to lend our special thanks to all the persons, who we
We
Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and
provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching stations different
connections between various transmission lines are made, others are converting sub-stations
which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or
vice-versa.
The various circuits are joined together through these components to a bus-
bar at substation. Basically, Sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers,
relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, synchronous
condensers/ Capacitor banks etc.
This report covers the important equipments & their function in a Sub-
Station. And also an attempt is made to cover the general maintenance of Substation. As a
part of case study we are going to visit a 132/33 KV.
CONTETNTS
CHAPTER PAGE No
7. Relays 27-32
7.1 What is Relay
7.2 Types
7.2.1
Over current Relay
7.2.2
Induction disc cover over current relay
7.2.3
Distance Relay
7.2.4
Current differential protection
7.2.5
Static relay
7.2.6
Digital protection relay
7.3 Power line carrier communication (PLCC)
7.4 Equipment
7.4.1
Line trap unit
7.4.2
Coupling capacitor
7.4.3
Tuning Unit
7.4.4
Over current relay
8. Control and Relay panel 33-35
8.1 Control and relay panel product range
8.2 Multi circuit panels
8.3 Applications of control & relay panel
9. Batteries 36-38
9.1 Battery room
9.2 Battery charger
10. Earthing system 39-40
10.1 Earth switch
10.2 Equipment Earthing
10.3 Neutral point earthing
10.4 Advantages of Earthing
11. Operation and Maintenance of the Substation 41-43
11.1 CT tests
11.2 M.R.T test
12. Description of Substation 44-45
13. Ratings of Equipment 46-49
14. Single Line Diagram 50
Conclusion 51
LIST OF ABREVATIONS
Transmission and distribution systems are combine known as Electrical Power System.
Transmission system transfer bulk power from the power stations to load centres and industrial
consumers. The distribution system transfer power from substations to consumers.
As the load increases, current increases. Hence, the copper loss (PR) along the
transmission line increases and the efficiency reduces. So, in order to increase efficiency of the
line voltage generated at the generating station is to be stepped up to higher values such as
132KV or 220KV or 400KV or 760KV depending on the following aspects:
Distance of generating stations to consumers
Load consumed
As the distance and load consumed increases from power station to load centre, High
voltage is used to transfer the power. As the voltage is having higher value, the current is low
and the transmission losses are less. As the current is low, the area of cross sections is minimum,
so the cost of conductor utilized is decreased. It also improves voltage regulation and the voltage
drop(IR) across the line is less. Hence the efficiency of the transmission is high in high voltage
conditions for longer distances.
1.2 The main functions of Substation in transmission and distribution are:
The step up substations increase the voltage level to higher value and the step down substation
decrease the voltage level to a lower value
1.4 Parts and equipment of a substation
- Communication system
- Station earthing system
- Overhead Earth wire shielding from lightening strokes.
- Cables
- Control and relay panel
- Office building - DC battery system - DCDB and ACDB
- Fire fighting system
CHAPTER – 2
LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
Lighting is the occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and
high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud. This violent and sudden
electrostatic discharge generates a bright flash and thunder
Whenever high voltages enter the substation, All the equipment gets damaged and the
power supply to the consumers get interrupted. So we need a special type of device to protect the
substation and its equipment from sudden high voltage surges. This special device is known as a
Lightning arrestor.
Definition:
The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against
surges and lightning is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other words, lightning
arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting the continuity of
supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be
protected at the substation
The lightning arrestor is installed at the beginning of a substation and close to the more
valuable equipment like a power transformer. Lightning arresters contain semiconductor blocks,
which limit the magnitude of high-surge voltages, permit the large-surge currents to pass
harmlessly to the ground, and interrupt the power-follow current after the surge is eliminated.
When a high voltage begins to build up across the semiconductor blocks, they provide a
low-impedance path to ground, which permits the surge current to flow to ground, limiting the
voltage build up and preventing the equipment from being damaged. The semiconductor blocks
in the arresters are manufactured using zinc oxide material.
To know the number of surges, occur at lightning arrestor, there is a surge monitor. LA is
connected to the ground through the surge monitors
Different types of LA’S are:
Electrolytic Arrester
The below figure shows the Surge arrestor and a corona ring of a lightning arrestor
In our substation, we use corona discharge technology at the lightning arrestors. Corona
ring is placed at the top of LA. Corona Discharge Technology uses the mechanism of discharge
of
high voltage in a short period by ionization of nearby air ions. A typical lightning arrester consists
of a high-voltage terminal at the top, followed by a low-voltage terminal at the ground.
(a) IR test
MAIN COIL:
The main coil is the outer part of the line trap which is made from stranded aluminium
cable. The reactor coil, depending on the device, can be made up of several aluminium wires,
allowing equal distribution amongst the parallel wires. The stranded aluminium coil is wound in
one layer. However, when the application of more than one layer is necessary, separation
between layers is required to provide a cooling duct between them to avoid overheating. The
cooling duct is created with spacer bars made out of epoxy resin and fiberglass. The coil carries
rated continuous power frequency currents, therefore this is the power inductor in this system. It
provides a low impedance path for the electricity flow Since the power flow is rather large at
times, the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size. Hence, a line trap unit is
inserted between the busbar and connection of coupling capacitor to the line.
It provides a low impedance path for the electricity flow.
The total current carrying capacity of the transmission system will be calculated, and the
trap coil is designed according to that.
That’s why the coil becomes a bigger size as you can see in High voltage transmission.
The next major component is the tuning device. This device is securely installed inside
the main coil. It adjusts blocking frequency or bandwidth, and consists of coils, capacitors, and
resistors. This smaller coil is attached to both ends of the main coil. Its purpose is to create a
blocking circuit which provides high impedance. There are three types of tuning devices:
wideband tuning, single frequency tuning, and double frequency tuning. The tuned circuit is
usually a dual- circuit broadband type. If the traps are self tuned, they do not require the use of
any tuning devices. With the use of a tuning device, a line trap can be tuned to a frequency of
1000 Hz.
Last main component is the protective device, which is parallel with the main coil and the
tuning device. It protects the main coil and the tuning device by lowering the voltage levels. The
bandwidth of a line trap is the frequency range over which the line trap can provide a certain
specified minimum blocking impedance or resistance.
Traps are connected in series with power line and thus their coils are rated to carry the
full line current. The impedance of a line trap is very low at the power frequency and will not
cause any significant voltage drop.
USES:
Power line carrier communication (PLCC) technology has been frequently used since
1950 by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed. Transmitting information along
high-voltage lines, at high frequency, has been one of the main means of communication in
electric power for over fifty years. The data collected from different sensors is transmitted on
power lines thereby reducing the maintenance cost of the additional wiring. In some countries,
this technology is also used to provide Internet connection. In order to communicate, high-
frequency line traps are used as they allow substations to communicate with each other through
the power lines at the same time as they transmit electrical power. In order to separate power
from messages being sent, different frequencies are used. Electrical power has a frequency of 50
Hz or 60 Hz in most places, and the communication waves use frequencies such as 150 kHz and
200 kHz. Line traps consist of filter circuits that allow only power frequency waves to travel to
that of electrical equipment. They also stop communication waves from traveling to equipment
The primary winding of potential transformer is connected directly to the power circuits
either between a phase and ground depending on the rating of the transformer. Various indicating
and metering instruments and relays are connected.
The primary winding has a large number of turns and the secondary winding which has a
small number of turns is coupled magnetically through the magnetic circuit to the primary
winding. The primaries of PT are rated from 400 V to several thousand volts and secondary
always for 110V. The ratio of primary voltages to secondary rated voltage is known as
transformer ratio or turns ratio.
The principle of operation of PT and PTR is essentially same. The main deference
between a PT and transformer is due to the fact that the load current of PT is of the order of its
exciting current and secondary impedance of the PT is mostly resistive being made up of the
potential circuit of the instrument. The PT is rated in terms of the maximum burden (volt-ampere
output) it delivers without exceeding temperature rise. The output of PT 's is usually limited to
few hundred volt-amperes while the output of the power transformer may be of the order of
several MVA.
4.2 Capacitor Voltage Transformer:
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer
(CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and
provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic
form the device consists of three parts; two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is
split and an inductive element to tune the device to line frequency, a transformer to isolate and
further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least
four terminals: a terminal for connection to high voltage signal, a ground terminal, two secondary
terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVT's are typically single-
phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilo volts where the use of
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor Cl is often constructed as a
stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across Cl and a
relatively small voltage drop across C2
The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVT's in combination with wave traps
are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This forms a
carrier communication network throughout the transmission.
MEASURING DEVICE FOR THE OVERVOLTAGE MONITORING IN A SUBSTATION
The proposed solution is based on a modification of existing CVT's shown in above diagram.
Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winging, a magnetic core,
and a secondary winging. The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic
field in the core, which then induces a current in the secondary winding circuit. A primary
transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so
that the secondary current bears and accurate relationship to the primary current.
The CT's of primary circuit therefore consists of a single turns of conductor, with a
secondary of many hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be a permanent part of the
current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the magnetic core.
Window-type current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through
the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. When conductors
passing through a CT are not centred in the circular (or oval) opening, slight inaccuracies may
occur
Shapes and sizes can vary depending on the end user or switchgear manufacture.
Typically examples of low voltage transformers are either ring type or plastic moulded case.
High voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain bushings to insulate them from
ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high voltage transformer or circuit
breaker, which automatically centres the conductor inside the CT window
The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. The rated secondary
current is commonly standardized at I or 5 amperes. The secondary winding can have single ratio
or multi ratio, with 5 taps being common for multi ratio CT's. The load, or burden, of the CT
should be of low resistance. If the voltage time integral area is higher than the core's design
rating, the core goes into saturation towards the end of each cycle, distorting the waveform and
affecting the accuracy.
CHAPTER-5
CIRCUIT BREAKERS & ISOLATORS
Circuit breaker is device which makes or breaks a circuit. A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit damage caused
by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect fault condition, to immediately
replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an
individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits
Operation:
The breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this is usually
done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually
arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip opening mechanism.
The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some
high- voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protection relays self
— continued with current transformers, protection relays, and an internal control power source
Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit;
some of the mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air)
contained with the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required
may be obtained from the fault current itself.
Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating and
must also withstand the heat of the produced when interrupting the circuit. Contacts are made of
copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other materials. Service life of the contacts is limited
by the erosion due to interrupting the arc. Miniature and moulded case circuit breakers are
usually
discarded when the contacts are worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit
breakers have replicable contacts.
When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled and
extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the
voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the
medium in which the arc forms. Different techniques used to extinguish the arc including:
Arc interruption:
Miniature low-voltage circuit breakers use air alone to extinguish the arc. Larger ratings
will have metal plates or non-metallic arc chutes to divide and cool the arc. Magnetic blowout
coils deflect the arc into the arc chute in larger ratings, oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization
of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil through the arc
Gas (usually Sulphur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic
field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) to quench the
stretched arc. Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other
than the contact material), so the arc quenching when it is stretched a very small amount (2-3
mm). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to
35,000 volts
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to terminate all current very quickly:
typically, the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms after the mechanism has been
tripped, depending upon age and construction of the device
Short-circuit current:
Circuit breakers are rated both by the normal current that they are expected to carry, and
the maximum short-circuit current that they can safely interrupt. Under short-circuit conditions, a
current many times greater than normal current exist. When electrical contacts open to interrupt a
large current, there is a tendency for an arc to form between the opened contacts, which would
allow the current to continue. This condition can create conductive ionized gasses and molten or
vaporized metal which can cause further continuation of the arc, or creation of additional short
circuits, potentially resulting in the explosion of the circuit breaker and the equipment that it is
installed in. Therefore, circuit breakers must incorporate various features to divide and extinguish
the arc.
In air-insulated and miniature breakers an arc chute structure consisting of metal plates or
ceramic ridges cools the arc, and magnetic blowout coils deflect the arc into arc chute. Larger
circuit breakers such as those used in electrical power distribution may use vacuum, an inert gas
such as sulphur hexafluoride or have contacts immersed in oil to suppress the arc.
The maximum short-circuit current that a breaker can interrupt is determined by testing.
Application of a breaker in a circuit with a prospective short-circuit current higher than the
breaker's interrupting capacity rating may result in failure of the breaker to safely interrupt a
fault. In a worst-case scenario the breaker may successfully interrupt the fault, only to explode
when reset
Miniature circuit breakers used to protect control circuits or small appliances may not
have sufficient interrupting capacity to use at a panel board; these circuit breakers are called
"supplemental circuit protectors" to distinguish them from distribution-type circuit breakers.
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage power
applications. It has been used extensively in high voltage circuit breakers and other switchgears
employed by the power industry. Applications for SF6 include gas insulated transmission lines
and gas insulated power distributions.
The combined electrical, Physical, chemical and thermal properties offer many advantages when
used in power switchgears.
Some the outstanding properties of SF6 making it desirable to use in power applications are:
In case of a fault, the relay signal actuates the opening coil and circuit breaker opens.
(This is mechanically a primary protection system). In general, the circuit breakers consist two
main parts, the poles and the mechanism is the part to open or close the contacts in the poles at
the same time instantaneously (with max. 5 millisec. Tolerance). The closing and opening
procedures are performed through springs which are performed through springs which are
charged by a servomotor and a driving lever. In the system, the closing springs are first charged
If "close" button is pressed the opening springs get charged while the contacts get closed.
Thus, circuit breaker will be ready for opening. The mechanical operating cycle of the circuit
breaker is (OPEN-3Min CLOSE/OPEN3 Min- CLOSE/OPEN) or (OPEN-0.3 sec
CLOSE/OPEN-
3 Min CLOSE/OPEN). The second cycle is valid when the circuit breaker is used with re-closing
relay. In that case, after the closing operation, the closing springs are charged by the driving lever
or by driving motor. Thus, the circuit breaker will be ready for opening and reclosing Auxiliary
Switch
The auxiliary switch mounted on the circuit breaker has 12 contacts. One of them is for
anti-pumping circuit; four of them are allocated for opening and closing coils. The remaining 7
coils are spare. Three of them are normally opened and four are normally closed. When it is
necessary, the number of the contacts can be increased.
The circuit breaker which opens due to short circuit failure, can be reclosed automatically after a
preselected time by arc closing relay, assuming the fault is temporary. Thus we avoid long time
power loss in case of temporary short circuits. But, if the fault lasts re-closure, the protection
relay will trip to open the circuit breaker again.
Normally at least once a year of after every 500 operations, the circuit breaker must be
maintained. During maintenance, the moving parts of the mechanism must be lubricated
carefully. The insulating parts are wiped out by clean and dry cloth. When maintain, the circuit
breaker should be open and high voltage sides must b grounded. Auxiliary power supply should
also be disconnected. On saline areas near seaside, the insulating parts of the circuit breaker must
be carefully cleaned, at least once every two months. If not, the microscopic salt particles drawn
by wind from the sea will create conductive layers on the insulating surfaces and may cause
surface flashover. Before maintenance, first circuit breaker, then isolator should be opened and
grounded carefully.
Isolator switch is used for completely de-energized for service or maintenance. They
do not have specific current breaking capacity or current making capacity.
Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High voltage
isolation switches are used in electrical substation to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit
breakers and transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. Often the isolation switch is
not intended for normal control of the circuit and is only used for isolation.
Isolator switch have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible.
In high voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped key interlock
system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs the isolator switch has the
additional ability to earth the isolated circuit there by the providing additional safety. Such an
arrangement would apply to circuits which inter connect power distribution systems where both
end of the circuit need to be isolated.
The major difference between and a circuit breaker is that an isolator is an off-load device
intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device.
Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it
supplies a current.
The post insulators rotation stacks in reverse to each other which makes to shut the
isolator by shutting the arm contact. Post insulators counter-rotation stacks to open the arm
contact as well as isolator, rotate into an off condition. Generally, the motor operated isolator is
used however an emergency manual operated isolator is also offered.
Two isolators are provided on either side for the maintenance of the circuit breaker and
current transformer. While opening the circuit, the isolator is closed first then circuit breaker.
While opening carelessly when carrying a heavy current, the resultant is could easily cause flash
over to ground
The conducting part of conducting copper or aluminium rods have fixed and moving contacts.
During the opening operation the conducting rod swings apart and isolation is obtained.
Electric motor mechanism
Pneumatic mechanism
To prevent the mall operation, the isolators are providing with the following interlock
Interlock between three of simultaneous operation
Interlocking with the circuit breaker
CHAPTER 6
POWER
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit
to another circuit, or multiple circuits A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred
between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits.
According to Faraday's law of induction, the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing
magnetic flux encircled by the coil
Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels; such transformers being termed step-up or
step down to increase or decrease the voltage levels, respectively.
Working principle:
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in
the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux at the
secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force or voltage in the secondary.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all
of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage
source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magneto motive force cancels
to zero.
According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding
proportional to its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is equal to the
winding turns ratio
Energy losses :
Transformer energy losses are dominated by winding and core losses.
Transformers' efficiency tends to improve with increasing transformer capacity. The efficiency of
typical distribution transformers is between about 98 and 99 percent.
As transformer losses vary with load, it is often useful to tabulate no load loss, full-load loss,
half- load loss, and so on. Hysteresis and eddy current losses are constant at all load levels and
dominate at no load, while winding loss increases as load increases. The no-load loss can be
significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on the electrical supply. Designing
energy efficient transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or
even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost. The choice of
construction represents a trade-off between initial cost and operating cost.
Magnetostriction related transformer hum Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the
core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field,
an effect known as magnetostriction, the frictional energy of which produces an audible noise
known as mains hum or "transformer hum". This transformer hum is especially objectionable in
transform supplied at power frequencies and in high-frequency fly back transformer associated
with television CRTs.
iii) Stray losses:
Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is
returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby
conductive materials such as the transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents
and be converted to heat.
iv) Radiative losses:
There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field but these are usually small.
Mechanical vibration and audible noise transmission. In addition to Magnetostriction, the
alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary windings.
This energy incites vibration transmission in interconnected metalwork, thus amplifying audible
transformer hum.
6.1 Transformer Types based on Voltage Level:
A Transformer can have multiple types of construction. Transformer does not have any electrical
connection from one side to another; still, the two electrically independent coils can conduct the
electricity by electromagnetic flux. A transformer can have multiple coils or windings on the
primary side as well as on the secondary side. In several cases, multiple primary sides, where two
coils are connected in series, often called as a centre tapped. This centre tapped condition can
also be seen on the secondary side.
Transformers can be constructed in a way that it can convert the voltage level of the primary side
to the secondary side. Depending on the voltage level, the transformer has three categories. Step
Down, Step Up and Isolation Transformer. For the Isolation transformer, the voltage level is the
same for both sides.
1. Step-Down Transformer:
Step down Transformer is used in both Electronics and Electrical domain. A step-down
transformer converts the primary voltage level to a lower voltage across the secondary output.
This is achieved by the ratio of primary and secondary windings. For step-down transformers the
number of windings is higher across the primary side than the secondary side. Therefore, the
overall winding ratio of primary and secondary always remains more than 1.
In electrical, step down transformers are used in electrical distribution system which works on
very high voltage to ensure low loss and cost effective solution for long distance power delivery
requirements. To convert the high voltage to a low voltage supply line, step down transformer is
used.
2. Step- up Transformer:
Step Up transformer is exactly opposite of the step-down transformer. Step up transformer
increase the low primary voltage to a high secondary voltage. Again it is achieved by the ratio of
primary and secondary winding ratio. For the Step Up transformer, the ratio of the primary
winding and the Secondary winding remains less than 1. That means the number turns in
secondary winding is higher than the primary winding. A step-up transformer is also used in
Electrical power distribution. High voltage is required for power distribution related application.
3. Isolation Transformer:
Isolation transformer does not convert any voltage levels. The Primary voltage and the secondary
voltage of an isolation transformer always remain the same. This is because the primary and the
secondary winding ratio is always equal to the 1. That means the number of turns in primary and
secondary winding is same in isolation transformer
3. Core Transformer:
Toroidal core transformer uses toroid shaped core material, such as iron core or ferrite core.
Toroid’s are ring or donut shaped core material and widely used for superior electrical
performance. Due to the ring shape, the leakage inductance is very low and offers very high
inductance and Q factors. The windings are relatively short and weight is much less than
traditional, same rating transformers.
4. Air core transformer:
Air Core transformer does not use any physical magnetic core as the core material. The flux
linkage of the air-core transformer is made entirely using the air.
In air core transformer, the primary coil is supplied with alternating current which produces an
electromagnetic field around it. When a secondary coil is placed inside the magnetic field, as per
the Faraday law of induction, the secondary coil is induced with a magnetic field which further is
used to power the load.
However, air core transformer produces low mutual inductance compared to physical core
material such as iron or ferrite core.
1. Core
2. Windings
3. Tank
4. Transformer Oil
5. Conservator
6. Breather
7. Terminal Bushings
8. Explosion Vent
9. Oil Gauge
10. Bucholz Relay
1. CORE : The purpose of core is to provide a path of low reluctance for the magnetic flux. Core
is made up of laminated stampings to reduce Eddy current losses. In building the core, high
pressure is used to minimize air gap between Plates to avoid losses and also to minimize noise
during operation
2.WINDING : Windings are made up of copper conductors and are placed on the core. The
windings which it's connected to the supply is known as primary winding and the winding which
as connected to load is known as secondary winding.
3.TANK : The transformer with core and windings is housed in proper container contains
transformer oil is called tank.
4.TRANSFORMER OIL : The transformer oil which as used in the tank of a transformer is
called transformer oil. It proves three functions:
i. It carries away the heat produced in the core and windings
ii. Additional insulation for the windings and
iii. protects the insulation from dirt and moisture
5.CONSERVATOR: It is an auxiliary tank mounted above the transformer and connected to the
main tank by a pipe.
When transformer is on load, the oil in the main tank gets heated up due to winding temperature,
so the volume of the oil increases. When the oil is cooled, the volume of the oil decreases. And it
reduces the rate of oxidation of oil because it ensures surface of the oil is less exposed to air.
6.BREATHER: The function of the breather is to prevent entry of moisture in the air and allows
dry air into the transformer. Moisture reduces the dielectric strength of oil. It mainly consists of
silica gel which absorbs the moisture.
Specifications
KVA : 50 mVA
Volts at NOLOAD on HV side : 132000 Volts
Volts at LOAD on HV side : 33000 Volts
Amperes on HV side : 164/218.7
Amperes on LV side : 656.1/874.8
Frequency : 50 Hz
Phases : 3/3
Type of cooling : ONAN/ONAF
CHAPTER-7
RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a
single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have
any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts
The first relay was used in long distance telegraph circuits; repeating the signal coming
from one circuit and retransmitting to another. Relays were extensively used in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the
high power required to directly control an electric motor is called a contractor. Solid state relays
control power circuits with no moving part; instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating
coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overloads and faults, in modern electrical power
systems these functions are performed by digital instruments called "protective relays".
Several operating coils can be used to provide "bias" to the relay, allowing the sensitivity
of response in one circuit to be controlled by another. Various combinations of "operating
torque" can be produced in the relay.
7.2 Types :
7.2.1 Over current relay :
An "over current relay" is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current
exceeds a present value. The ANSI device number is 50 for an instantaneous over current (IOC),
51 for a time over current (TOC). In a typical application the over current relay is connected to a
current transformer and calibrated to operate at or above specific current level. When the relay
operates; one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker.
Providing the relay free from dirt; the metal disc and the spindle with its contact will
reach the fixed contact; thus sending a signal to trip and isolate the circuit; within its designed
time and current specifications. Drop off current the relay is much lower than its operating value,
and once reached the relay will be reset in a reverse motion by the pressure of the control spring
governed by braking magnet.
7.2.3 Distance relay :
The most common form of protection on high voltage transmission systems is distance
relay protection. Power lines have set impedance per kilometre and using this value and
comparing voltage and current the distance to a fault can be determined. The ANSI standard
device number for a distance relay is 21
7.2.4 Current differential protection :
Another common form of protection for high voltage apparatus such as transformers and
power lines is current differential.
This type of protection works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff's law which states that the
sum of the currents entering the node will be equal to zero. It is important to note the direction of
the currents as well as the magnitude as they are vectors. It requires a set of current transformers
(smaller transformers that transform current down to a level which can be measured) at each end
of the power line or each side of the transformer. The current protection relay then compares the
currents and calculates the difference between the two. As an example power line from one
substation to another will have a current differential relay at both substations will communicate
with each other. In a healthy condition relay at substation A may read 500 amps (power
exporting) and substation B will read 599 amps (power importing). If a path to earth or ground
develops there will be a surge of current. As supply grids are generally well interconnected the
fault in the previous will be fed from both ends of the power line. The relay at the substation A
will see a massive increase in current and will continue to export. Substation B will also see a
massive increase in a current however it will now start to export as well. In turn protection relay
will see the currents travelling in opposite direction (180 degrees phase shift) and instead of
cancelling each other out to give a summation of zero it will see a large value of current. The
relay will trip the associated circuit breakers. This type of protection is called unit protection as it
only protects what is between the current transformers.
It is important to note that generally the higher the currents in the lines the larger the
differential current required for the relay to see it as fault. This is basically done due to small
mismatches in current transformers, small errors will increase as current increases to the point
where the error could cause a false trip if the current differential relay only had an upper limit
instead of raising differential characteristic. It is also important to note that CTS have a point
where the core saturates and the current in the CT is no longer proportional to the current in the
line. A CT can become inaccurate or even saturate because of fault outside protected zone
(through fault) where the CT's see a large magnitude but still in the same direction.
A very common example of a differential current relay is the ground fault current interrupter
(GFCI), or residual-current device
7.2.5 Static relays :
Static relays with no or few moving parts became practical with the introduction of the
transistor. Static relays offer the advantage of higher sensitivity than purely electromechanical
relays; because power to operate output contacts is derived from a separate supply, not from the
signal circuits. Static relays eliminated or reduced contact bounce could provide fast operation;
long life and low maintenance.
7.2.6 Digital Protective Relays
The functions of electromechanical protection systems are now being replaced by
microprocessor-based digital protective relays, sometimes called "numeric relays".
7.3 Power line carrier communication (PI-CC)
The communication and data transmission from one substation to another substation
carried out by means of power line carrier communication (PI-CC) system. PLCC utilizes high
frequency data transmitted through the power line conductors.
PLCC is also used for protection in case of long lines. The PLCC equipment comprises the
following:
1. Line trap
2. Coupling capacitor
3. Tuning unit
4. Transmitter, receiver and other electronic equipment
PLCC is used for voice telecommunication control, network monitoring, supervisory control
and data acquisition. Identical PI-CC equipment is installed in substation at each of the
transmission line.
7.4 Equipment
7.4.1 Line Trap Unit
Line trap is inserted in bus bars and connection of coupling of the line. It has low
impedance less than 0.1 ohms to 50HZ and high impedance to carrier frequency. This unit
prevents this high frequency signals from entering the neighbouring line, and the carries current
flow only in the protected line.
1. Single wave
2. Doubling wave
3. Wide band
4. Adjustable tuning
7.4.4 Over voltage arrestor
It is located inside the main coil and it protects the unit from implies voltage.
Advantages of PLCC
The transmission reliability of PLCC is high as that of power lines themselves, whereas
telephone lines much weak mechanically and always fails under difficult condition long before
the power overhead lines. As channels are solely used by power utilities only and not by general
public; there will not be any traffic problem in communication. Carrier current transmission is
not subjected to any variation from atmospheric or ionosphere coilcitions as is the case with VHF
(very high frequency) and microwave system.
Disadvantages of PLCC
The cost of insulation of communication equipment on transmission lines is very high.
Noise will be so high due to interference of corona. High speed data transfer is not possible of
band width limitations.
Applications of PLCC
PLCC will be widely used for the following applications
1. Voice communication
2. Facsimile transmission
3. Tele protection
4. Tele g
Following coupling equipment are used for coupling voice, fax, tele protection and tele metering
signals to the transmission media i.e.; transmitting signals.
Based on construction:
1. Electromechanical relay
2. Solid state relay
3. Microprocessor relay
4. Numerical relay
Based on function:
AC Control & Relay Panel (CRP) solution is designed to control several feeders, through
medium voltage indoor and outdoor switchgear in a primary distribution substation. It is typically
deployed when associated switchgear does not have space to accommodate the protection,
control, and monitoring needs of a substation.
The CRP can also be extended to incorporate substation HMI, time synchronization,
metering and networking functionality in the substation and thereby avoid requirement of a
separate control room. By deploying CRP also enhances the safety to the substation engineer, as
exposure to a live switchgear is mitigated.
A control & relay panel is designed to provide to control the associated line or
transformer through outdoor switchgear at various 11 KV and 33KV zonal substations. The
control & Relay panels are complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary relays,
annunciation relay, fuses, links, switches, wiring, labels, terminal blocks, earthing terminals, base
frame, foundation bolts, illumination, cable glands etc. These panels are used for the control &
monitoring of electrical equipment such as transformers, generators and circuit breakers. Indoor
Control panel for Outdoor VCB includes IDMT
Numerical relay, Master Trip Relay, Trip circuit Supervision Relay, Indications & meters
etc. These control & Relays panels are available in various combinations as single circuit or
multi- circuit depending upon the customer requirements.
Complete protection of transformer or feeder
Feeder Panels: A feeder panel scheme consists of feeder circuits for either
11 KV or 33KV switchgear. Single point annunciator is provided for generating the alarm during
fault condition as well as annunciation to indicate the type of faults and breaker status indication.
Transformer Panels: A transformer panel scheme consists of transformer circuits for either 11
KV or 33KV switchgear. Single point annunciator is provided for generating the alarm during
various types of transformer fault condition as well as annunciation to indicate the type of faults
and breaker status indication.
The storage battery gives the necessary operative DC power for the tripping mechanism
of the circuit breaker in good condition.
In due course of operation each cell undergoes a certain drop in voltage. At the end of
discharge, when prettily every cell in the battery reaches minimum permissible al voltage to open
the circuit and isolate the fault. The much needed communication either by power line carrier or
the magneto carrier during emergencies may not work if this station battery is not maintained.
The charger is connected to the battery to charge the cells and simultaneously feed DC
loads. The charger voltage is maintained such that the recommended starting current flows
through the battery. After the charging is completed specific gravity and the voltage of all the
cells are checked and the charger is disconnected. Now the battery is ready for discharge.
The general practices to install the rectifier charging equipment: Two separate chargers,
one worth smaller capacity for trickle or float charging and the other of larger capacity for boost
charging function can be combined in one charger by suitable cutting out resistors.
For the DC needs of GUNROCK substation there are two types of batteries one is of the UPST
100 AH and other is of 2V200 AH. There are 104 number of cells in Lead Acid battery
and
the Tubular batteries with a count of 110 cells.
The impedance to the ground should be as low as possible and should not exceed 1 ohm
in large sub-station and 2 ohms’ small sub-station and 0.5 ohm in power station. In distribution
transformer station it could be 5 ohms.
There is also safety equipment with the Fire Extinguishers being placed to the next of the
batteries in the battery room which is manufactured by an Indian Industry "The Exide Industries
limited. It is suitable for B and C category fires with a weight of 6.8kg and 250kgf/cm 2
• Protection Relay
• Isolator control circuit
• Indication lamp, Alarm
• PLCC panel
Emergency lamps in Control room
All of the above are minimum requirements and supply to the above circuits should be available
in any condition
SAFETY MEASURES
Minimum requirements to be fulfilled in the battery room:
1.The walls and the ceiling of the battery room should be well painted with acid resistant paints.
The flouring of the room shall be of acid resistant tiles and materials
2The battery room should have good ventilation. There should be no direct light on the cells.
3. Exhaust fans are to be fixed to provide a minimum of six air changers per hour. Blowers are to
be provided to maintain sufficient air inlet into the room. Entrance door should be kept open
always in order to avoid development of negative pressure
4. Smoking or use of a naked flame in the battery room should be strictly prohibited. Ensure
correct polarity between adjacent cells and the battery and the charging source. Charging the cell
in the wrong direction will ruin it.
Earthing system comprises of an earth mat (having the dimensions 100mmx10gm) which
is spread over the substation. Each equipment in the substation is surrounded by earth pits. Earth
pit is of 12 it in depth and is composed of alternate layers of charcoal and salt. Charcoal acts as
insulating material and salt is used to absorb moisture content. Every earth pit is provided with
running water supply in order to reduce the earth resistance. Every equipment is connected to the
earth pit which is connected to the earth mat on both sides. Earth mat is made of Galvanized Iron
which is anti-corrosive in nature.
1. Insulation test
2. Polarity test
3. Ratio test by primary injection test
4. Test for checking magnetization curve test
For 132kV protection, one impedance relay for primary protection is provided. Three overcurrent
and one earth fault relays are provided for back-up protection. Impedance relays are distance
relays and back-up relays are numerical type. For distance relays, the area to be protected is
divided into different zones i.e. zonal zone2, zone3, zone4.
For 220kV feeder relay, time of operation of zonal fault-20ms. For 132kV feeder relay, time of
operation of zonal fault-50ms.
For 33KV feeder relay, time of operation of zonal fault-100ms.
It has 50 MVA and 2x 80 MVA 132/33kV power transformers feeding power to the
feeders. Two 50 MVA Transformer (Current rating: 37500/50000amps)
5. Malkajgiri
6. R.P nilayam
7. Marredpally
8. Gymkhana
9. Machabollaram
10. James street
11. Airport
12. Thokatta
13. Bhudevinagar
14. Nehru nagar
15. Kims
16. Hakimpet
17. New Bowenpally
18. Hakimpet Cable-I
19. Thirumalgiri
20. New marredpally
SALIENT FEATURES OF 132/33 KV SS GUN ROCK
50 MVA PTR :
03. Amperes
a) HV side 164.0 / 218.7
b) LV side 656.1 / 874.8
04. Frequency 50 Hz
03. Amperes
a) HV side 262.4 / 349.9
b) LV side 1049.7 / 1399.6
04. Frequency
10. Phases HV / LV 3 /3
2. Current Transformer
a) 132KV PTR-HV-2 CT s
b) 132 KV PTR-HV-3 CT s
4. Batteries :
Characteristic Rating
S.No.
01. Type Lead acid
The study of 132KV sub-station GUNROCK has given knowledge about the transmission
system prevailed in the state and the various equipment used in the 132/33 kV substations
acquainted with Lighting Arrestors, CT’s, CVT’s, Isolators, Power transformer, Power
transformer accessories, protection system adopted for HV transmission lines, power
transformers and feeders.
Maintenance of the substations are critical in ensuring reliable, continuous, efficient and
resilient to transient over-voltages in power distribution.
Battery system and protection system, PLC’s, communication system are studied.
Earthing system, earth pits, earthing wires, control panels, SCADA communication, alarms
are studied.