2.

Language is an open system, as it continuously incorporates new elements, ensuring its ability
to remain communicatively useful in various periods of historical and economic development of
the language community. Language does not exist in isolation from society but develops
concurrently with society and thought. This distinguishes the language system from biological,
cybernetic, and other systems. It is open to thought. When discussing the openness of the
language system, it is important to remember that the phonological, grammatical, and lexical-
semantic systems have different degrees of openness. While the phonological system tends to be
closed (Ukrainian language, for example, has not added any phonemes since the 12th century nor
lost any), the morphological system is relatively less open, and the lexical-semantic system is the
most open (with new words being added daily, and outdated, functionally irrelevant words being
lost from time to time).

The openness of the language system is associated with its dynamism, expressed in its constant
change, continuous development, and adaptation to existing conditions. In the dynamism and
openness of the language system, its potentiality is revealed, which lies not only in what the
language currently contains but also in what it could contain. If language were to exhaust all its
possibilities, it would cease to satisfy society, could not express new phenomena, and would no
longer be a means of communication. Some linguists even argue that language has the ability to
self-regulate.

The heterogeneity of language lies in its composition of heterogeneous units, which break down
into subsystems and form structure. Thus, language is an open, dynamic, heterogeneous,
material-functional system.

4. The level comprises a set of relatively homogeneous units, or in other words, units of the same
level of complexity that can enter into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships with each
other but cannot exist in hierarchical relationships (phonemes cannot be composed of phonemes,
morphemes of morphemes, etc.). Units of a different level of the language only enter into
hierarchical relationships such as "composed of ..." or "included in ..." (morphemes are
composed of phonemes, phonemes are included in morphemes, etc.). Therefore, units belonging
to the same level of the language are those that are subject to the rules of level-based
combinability. The main difference between units of different levels of language is their
qualitative distinctiveness, which is manifested in the peculiarities of their combinations, i.e.,
syntax.

To distinguish levels of language, the following principles are used:

1. Each level must have its own unit; units of the same level must be homogeneous.
2. Units of any level are distinguished by segmenting more complex formations.
3. Units of a lower level enter into units of a higher level, meaning there are hierarchical
relationships between them.

The relationship between levels of language in an upward direction is a "means-function"

relationship, meaning the function of units at a lower level is to serve as a means for constructing
units at a higher level.

The peculiarity of intermediate levels is that they do not have their own units. Their units arise at one
level and function as units at another.

SECONDARY The morphophonological level arises at the intersection of phonemes and

morphemes. Morphophonology, as considered by its founder M. S. Trubetzkoy, studies the
morphological use of phonological tools in language. Morphophonology investigates the
alternation of vowels and consonants, stress, and the combination of phonemes within
morphemes and words: "рука" (hand) - "ручка" (pen), "села" (village) - "села" (sat), English
"foot" - "feet", German "Vogel" - "Vögel", and so on.

The derivational level is intermediate between the morphological and the lexical-semantic. Its
subject is the creation of words based on morphemes, derivational bases, and word-formational
models.

The phraseological level, as an intermediate level, arises at the intersection of lexical-semantic

and syntactic levels. The subject of phraseology is the study of the formation of nominative units
based on the combination of two or more words (to beat around the bush, to take part, Black Sea,
etc.).