Bl

ock2Uni
t1:SOFTWAREEVOLUTI
ON

St
ruct
ure

1.
0Int
roduct
ion
1.
1Obj
ect
ives
1.
2Whati
sSof
twar
e?
1.
3Sof
twar
eEv
olut
ion
1.
3.1Ev
olut
ionofSof
twar
eAr
chi
tect
ure
1.
3.1.
1Mai
nfr
ameAr
chi
tect
ure
1.
3.1.
2Fi
leShar
ingAr
chi
tect
ure
1.
3.1.
3Cl
ient/Ser
verAr
chi
tect
ure
1.
3.1.
4Cl
oudComput
ing
1.
3.2Ev
olut
ionofSof
twar
eDesi
gnPar
adi
gm
1.
3.2.
1Non-
str
uct
uredDesi
gnPar
adi
gm
1.
3.2.
2St
ruct
uredandModul
arDesi
gnPar
adi
gm
1.
3.2.
3Obj
ectOr
ient
edDesi
gnPar
adi
gm
1.
3.2.
4ComponentBasedPar
adi
gm
1.
3.2.
5Ser
viceOr
ient
edPar
adi
gm
1.
3.3Ev
olut
ionofPr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguages
1.
3.3.
1Pr
ocedur
alLanguage
1.
3.3.
2Obj
ectOr
ient
edLanguage
1.
3.4Ev
olut
ionofSof
twar
eLi
censi
ng
1.
3.4.
1Int
roduct
iont
oSof
twar
eLi
censi
ng
1.
3.4.
2Ty
pesofSof
twar
eLi
censi
ng
1.
4Ty
pesofSof
twar
e
1.
4.1Sy
stem Sof
twar
e
1.
4.2Pr
ogr
ammi
ngSof
twar
e
1.
4.3Appl
icat
ionSof
twar
e
1.
5Ut
il
it
ySof
twar
e
1.
6Per
ver
seSof
twar
e
1.
6.1Way
stoCount
erPer
ver
seSof
twar
e
1.
7OpenSour
ceSof
twar
e
1.
8Summar
y
1.
1Int
roduct
ion

w ecanuseacr
aneonl
ytomov
eloads–i
tsusagei
squi
tel
imi
ted,
butacomput
er
canbeusedt
ocr
eat
eadocument
,docal
cul
ati
ons,
giv
epr
esent
ati
ons,
bookmov
ie
t
icket
s,pl
aymov
ies,
musi
corgamesandaccompl
ishmuchmor
e.

Whatmakescomput
ert
hev
ersat
il
emachi
nest
hatt
heyar
e?I
tist
hesof
twar
ethat
enabl
esacomput
ert
oper
for
m al
ltheusef
ulanddesi
redf
unct
ions.Di
ff
erentt
ypes
ofsof
twar
ehel
pacomput
ert
obeusedf
ormul
ti
pleandv
ari
edpur
poses,
int
otal
ly
di
ff
erentar
easofwor
k.Wewi
llst
udyaboutt
hesof
twar
easpectofcomput
ersi
n
det
aili
nthi
suni
t.

1.
2Obj
ect
ives

Aftergoingthroughthisunit,youwillbeableto:
 def
inewhati
ssof
twar
e;
 di
scussdi
ff
erentaspect
sofsof
twar
eev
olut
ion;
and
 di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weent
ypesofsof
twar
e.

1.
3Whati
sSof
twar
e?

Acomputersystem consistsoftwoparts–hardwareandsoftware.Thefirstpart
comput
erhar
dwar
e,r
efer
stoal
lthev
isi
blecomponent
soft
hecomput
ersy
stem:
key
boar
d,moni
tor
,har
ddi
sc,
pri
nter
,scanner
,pr
ocessi
nguni
t,memor
y,el
ect
ri
cal
connect
ions,
etc.

I
tdoesal
loft
hephy
sicalwor
kacomput
eri
sknownf
or.Thesecondpar
tisasetof
si
mpl
eandst
ep-
by-
stepsequenceofi
nst
ruct
ionst
hatt
ellt
hehar
dwar
ewhatt
odo
andhowt
odoi
t.

Thi
sor
gani
zedsetofi
nst
ruct
ionswr
it
teni
nadef
inedor
derandt
oaccompl
isha
speci
fi
ctaski
scal
ledcomput
ersof
twar
eorcomput
erpr
ogr
am.Hence,
acomput
er
sof
twar
epr
ovi
desi
ntel
li
gencet
othehar
dwar
e,whi
chot
her
wisei
sjustacol
lect
ion
ofci
rcui
tsandpi
ecesofpl
ast
icandmet
al.

Acomput
erpr
ogr
ammerwr
it
est
hesof
twar
ethatgi
vesacomput
ert
heabi
li
tyt
o
sol
veanybusi
nessorsci
ent
if
icpr
obl
em.
 Sof
twar
e
Sof
twar
e I
nst
ruct Har
dwar
e
Pr
ogr
ammer

Codes AComput
erSy
stem

Fi
gur
e1.
1Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenHar
dwar
eandSof
twar
e

Hence,t
hei
nst
ruct
ionst
oper
for
m at
askmustbewr
it
teni
naser
iesofbi
nar
y1‘
s
and0‘
s.apr
ogr
ammercodest
hepr
ogr
am i
ntheEngl
ishl
ikepr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage
whi
chi
seasi
ert
ounder
stand.Thi
spr
ogr
am i
sthent
ransl
atedi
ntomachi
necodeby
anot
hercomput
erpr
ogr
am.Thi
str
ansl
ated pr
ogr
am,cal
led t
he sof
twar
eis
ev
ent
ual
lyexecut
edt
oachi
evet
hedesi
redgoal
.

1.
3Sof
twar
eEv
olut
ion

Di
ff
erentAspect
sofSof
twar
eEv
olut
ion

Sof
twar
e Sof
twar
eDesi
g
Pr
ogr
ammi
ng Sof
twar
e
Ar
chi
tect
ure Desi
gnPar
adedi
gm
LanguageAspect Li
censi
ngAspect
Aspect Aspect

Mai
nfr
ame. NonSt
ruct
ured. Pr
ocedur
alLanguage. Tr
adi
ti
onal
(
exsi e/
ngl mul
t )
iuser

Fi
leSer
ver
. St
ruct
ured& Obj
ectOr
ient
ed. Tr
ansact
ion
Modul
ar. Language. Based

Cl
ientSer
ver
. Obj
ectOr
ient
ed. Rent
al(
expay

Peruse,
permont
h)

I
nter
netBased. ComponentBased Technol
ogy
Par
tner
Shi
p
Ser
viceOr
ient
ed

Fi
gur
e1.
2:Di
ff
erentAspect
sofSof
twar
eEv
olut
ion
Asy
ouknow t
hati
nacomput
ersy
stem bot
hhar
dwar
eandsof
twar
ecompl
ement
eachot
her– onei
sofhar
dlyanyusewi
thoutt
heot
her
.Hence,si
ncet
hev
ery
begi
nni
ngofcomput
erhi
stor
y,sof
twar
eev
olut
ionhasbeencl
osel
yti
edt
othe
adv
ancesmadei
nhar
dwar
e.Ashar
dwar
ebecamef
ast
er,cheaperandwi
thbet
ter
capaci
tyofst
orage,
sof
twar
ebecamemor
ecompl
exandsophi
sti
cat
ed.

Thesof
twar
ear
chi
tect
ure,
itsdesi
gnpar
adi
gms,
progr
ammi
ngl
anguages,
itsusage,
cost
ingandl
icensi
nghav
eal
lchangedandev
olv
edov
ert
hey
ear
s.

1.
3.1Ev
olut
ionOfSof
twar
eAr
chi
tect
ures

The software architecture has always moved in unison with the hardware
adv
ancement
.

1.
3.1.
1Mai
nfr
ameAr
chi
tect
ure

Tilla few decades back,allcomputing was controlled through the central

mai
nfr
amesser
ver
.Mul
ti
pleuser
scoul
dconnectt
othecent
ralhost
.
Busi
nesst
askssuch asaccount
srecei
vabl
e,account
spay
abl
e,gener
all
edger
,
cr
edi
taccountmanagementandpay
rol
lthatwer
erepet
it
iveandcoul
dber
unas
bat
chj
obswer
eaut
omat
ed.

I
nthesecent
ral
izedcomput
ingmodel
s,t
hehostpr
ovi
dedbot
hthedat
ast
orageand
pr
ocessi
ngpowerf
ort
hecl
ientsy
stems.Ther
ewasnosuppor
tforgr
aphi
caluser
i
nter
faceoraccesst
omul
ti
pledat
abasesf
rom geogr
aphi
cal
lydi
sper
sedsi
tes.

Cent
ralHost(Appl
i
cati
on
UserTer
minal
1 andDatabaseon UserTer
minal
3
Mai
nframeMachine)

UserTer
minal
2

Fi
gur
e1.
3:Mai
nfr
ameAr
chi
tect
ure
1.
3.1.
2Fi
leShar
ingAr
chi
tect
ure

Thedevelopmentofmicroprocessor,PCandLANtransformeddumbterminals
i
nto“
smar
t”cl
ient
s.The cl
ientwor
kst
ati
onsordeskt
ops,wi
tht
her
eenhanced
capabi
li
ti
eswer
e now r
esponsi
blef
ort
he useri
nter
face and execut
ion oft
he
appl
icat
ionl
ogi
c.
I
nthi
sar
chi
tect
ure,r
esour
cescoul
dbeaddedasandwhennecessar
yordesi
red.
Thus,i
tpr
ovi
dedal
ow costent
rypoi
ntwi
thf
lexi
blear
rangement
.Thedr
awback
wast
hatappl
icat
ionl
ogi
cwasexecut
edont
hecl
ientandser
vert
ypi
cal
lypr
ovi
ded
Sof
twar
eEv
olut
ionf
il
est
ost
oredat
a.

Workst
ati
on1
(
Appli
cati
onLogi
c) Shar
edResour
ce1
(
Dat
abase)
Workst
ati
on2 Cent
ral
i
zed
(
Appli
cati
onLogi
c)
Fi
l
eSer
ver
Shar
edResource2
Workst
ati
on3
(Pr
int
er)
(
Appli
cati
onLogi
c)

Fi
gur
e1.
4:Fi
l
eShar
ingAr
chi
tect
ure

1.
3.1.
3Cl
ient
/Ser
verAr
chi
tect
ure

Asthecapacityandpowerofpersonalcomputersimproved,theneedtosharethe
pr
ocessi
ngdemandsbet
weent
hehostser
verandt
hecl
ientwor
kst
ati
oni
ncr
eased.
Thi
sneedf
orgr
eat
ercomput
ingcont
rolandmor
ecomput
ingv
aluel
edt
othe
ev
olut
ionofcl
ient
/ser
vert
echnol
ogy
.

I
ncl
ient
/ser
verar
chi
tect
ure,
thet
asksorwor
kloadsar
epar
ti
ti
onedas:
ser
verpr
ogr
ams–pr
ovi
der
sofar
esour
ceorser
vice
cl
ientpr
ogr
ams–r
equest
erofr
esour
ceorser
vice

Cl
ient
sandser
ver
smayr
esi
dei
nthesamemachi
neort
heyt
ypi
cal
lyr
esi
dei
n
separ
atepi
ecesofhar
dwar
eandcommuni
cat
eov
eracomput
ernet
wor
k.
Thecl
ient
/ser
versy
stem maybet
wo-
ti
ered,
thr
ee-
ti
eredorn-
ti
ered.
@Two-
ti
eredar
chi
tect
ure:
Thi
sappr
oach basi
cal
lyi
ntr
oduced a dat
abase ser
vert
o
r
epl
acet
hef
il
eser
ver
.Thecl
ient
squer
ythedat
abaseov
ert
henet
wor
kandonl
ythe
r
elev
antdat
aissuppl
iedt
othecl
ient
,thenet
wor
ktr
aff
ici
sgr
eat
lyr
educedi
n
compar
isont
othef
il
eser
versy
stem.

Theappl
icat
ionorbusi
nessl
ogi
cincl
ientser
verappl
icat
ionsmayr
esi
deont
he
ser
ver(
fatser
ver–t
hincl
ient
)oront
hecl
ient(
fatcl
ient–t
hinser
ver
).Si
nce,
cli
ent
s
andser
veri
nter
actov
ert
henet
wor
k,i
ncr
easesi
nthenumberofuser
sof
tenl
eadt
o
net
wor
kcongest
ion.Al
so,mai
ntenanceoft
heappl
icat
ionbecomesdi
ff
icul
twi
th
mor
e user
s.Thi
slackofscal
abi
li
ty(
Abi
li
tyofa sy
stem t
o suppor
tincr
eased
demandsofwor
k,usageorser
vicel
evel
sal
mosti
nst
ant
ly,wi
thoutanychangeand
wi
thnosi
gni
fi
cantdr
opi
ncostef
fect
ivenessorqual
it
yofser
vice)andf
lexi
bil
it
y
gav
eri
set
o3-
ti
eredandn-
ti
eredar
chi
tect
ures.

Fi
gur
e1.
5:TwoTi
erCl
ientSer
verAr
chi
tect
ure

@Thr
ee-
ti
eredar
chi
tect
ure:
Anewgener
ati
onofcl
ient
/ser
veri
mpl
ement
ati
on
t
akesast
epf
urt
herandaddsami
ddl
eti
eri
nbet
weencl
ientandser
vert
oachi
eve
3-
ti
erar
chi
tect
ure.The 3-
ti
erar
chi
tect
ure at
tempt
sto ov
ercome some oft
he
l
imi
tat
ionsof2-
ti
erschemesbysepar
ati
ngpr
esent
ati
on(
useri
nter
face)
,pr
ocessi
ng
(
busi
ness f
unct
ional
it
y)and dat
aint
o separ
ate di
sti
nctent
it
ies.Thi
sleads t
o
enhancednet
wor
kper
for
manceandi
mpr
ovedex
tensi
bil
it
yofbusi
nesssy
stems.

St
il
l,i
thasbeenf
oundt
hatt
hree-
ti
ermet
hodol
ogyl
ackssomecr
it
icalf
eat
uressuch
asr
eusabi
li
ty(
Abi
li
tyofacomput
erpr
ogr
am t
obeusedr
epeat
edl
ywi
thl
it
tl
eorno
modi
fi
cat
ions i
n many di
ff
erentappl
icat
ions) of appl
icat
ion l
ogi
c code and
scal
abi
li
ty.
@N-
ti
eredar
chi
tect
ure:
The3-
ti
erar
chi
tect
urecanbeext
endedt
oN-
ti
erswhen
t
hemi
ddl
eti
erpr
ovi
desconnect
ionst
ovar
ioust
ypesofser
vices,i
ntegr
ati
ngand
coupl
ingt
hem t
othecl
ient
,andt
oeachot
her
.Par
ti
ti
oni
ngt
heappl
icat
ionl
ogi
c
among v
ari
ous host
s can al
so cr
eat
e an N-
ti
ered sy
stem.Encapsul
ati
on of
di
str
ibut
edf
unct
ional
it
yinsuchamannerpr
ovi
dessi
gni
fi
cantadv
ant
agessuchas
r
eusabi
li
ty,and t
hus r
eli
abi
li
ty(
Abi
li
ty ofa comput
erpr
ogr
am t
o per
for
m i
ts
i
ntendedf
unct
ionsandoper
ati
onsf
ort
hespeci
fi
edper
iodoft
ime,i
nthespeci
fi
ed
sy
stem‘
senv
ironment
,wi
thoutexper
ienci
nganyf
ail
ure)
.

Fi
gur
e1.
7:N-
Tier
edCl
ientSer
verAr
chi
tect
ure
@I
nter
net
-basedar
chi
tect
ure:
I
nthel
ate1990‘
s,t
hecl
ient
/ser
vert
rendwasaugment
ed
byt
hei
nter
net
.Theuser
saccesst
hewebser
ver
sthr
ought
hewebbr
owser
sont
he
cl
ientmachi
nesandov
ert
hei
nter
net
.Thi
sledt
over
ythi
ncl
ientbasedappl
icat
ions,
whi
chr
esi
deoncor
por
atewebser
ver
s.

Theadv
ant
ageofwebbasedappl
icat
ionsi
sthatt
heydonothav
etobet
ail
oredt
o
r
unonspeci
fi
cpl
atf
orms.Butsi
ncet
hewebappl
icat
ionscannotper
for
m cl
ient
-si
de
pr
ocessi
ng,
theyl
imi
ttheuserexper
iencebyt
urni
ngt
hecl
ientcomput
ersi
ntodumb
t
ermi
nal
s.Webmai
ls,
onl
inet
ransact
ionsar
eexampl
esofwebappl
icat
ions.

1.
3.1.
4Cl
oudComput
ing

Cl
oud-
basedsof
twar
eser
vicest
ypi
cal
lymeant
hatt
heconsumerdoesnotownt
he
har
dwar
eandsof
twar
e,butst
il
lget
sthedesi
redser
vice.I
tisanI
Tdel
iver
ymodel
t
hatof
fer
slar
ge-
scal
e,shar
edi
nfr
ast
ruct
ureandcomput
ingr
esour
cesasaser
vice
t
hroughsel
f-
ser
vicepay
-peruseaccess.Al
thoughi
tlev
eragesr
ecent
lydev
eloped
t
echnol
ogy
,cl
oudcomput
ingi
sabusi
ness,
notat
echni
calt
rend.
Anear
lyexampl
eofcl
oudbasedcomput
ingi
sweb-
basedemai
ls(
hot
mai
l,y
ahoo,
gmai
let
c),
Chat(
AOL,
MSNet
c).

Keyf
eat
uresofcl
oudcomput
ingar
e:

I
nfr
ast
ruct
ureshar
ing:Cl
oudcomput
ingenabl
esdy
nami
cshar
ingofr
esour
cesso
t
hatdemandscanbemetcostef
fect
ivel
y.

Scal
abi
li
ty:Tohandl
eev
eri
ncr
easi
ngwor
kloaddemandsandsuppor
tthe
ent
ir
eent
erpr
ise,cl
oudcomput
ingmusthav
ethef
lexi
bil
it
ytosi
gni
fi
cant
lyscal
eIT
r
esour
ces.

Sel
fser
vice:Cl
oudcomput
ingpr
ovi
descust
omer
swi
thaccesst
oITr
esour
ces
t
hroughser
vice-
basedof
fer
ings.Thedet
ail
sofI
Tresour
cesandt
hei
rset
upar
e
t
ranspar
entt
otheuser
s.

Pay
-per
-use:Becausecl
oudr
esour
cescanbeaddedandr
emov
edaccor
dingt
o
wor
kloaddemand,user
spayf
oronl
ywhatt
heyuseandar
enotchar
gedwhent
hei
r
ser
vicedemandsdecr
ease.

Ther
eisanot
hert
ermt
hati
sassoci
atedwi
thcl
oudcomput
ing:

 Sof
twar
e-as-
a-Ser
vice(
SaaS)
,Pl
atf
orm-
as-
a-Ser
vice(
PaaS)–al
sor
efer
redt
oas
OnDemandsof
twar
e.Thi
sisasof
twar
esol
uti
ondel
iver
ymodelwher
ethe
sof
twar
eandt
heassoci
ateddat
aar
ehost
edcent
ral
ly(
int
hecl
oud)andar
e
accessed byt
he consumert
hrough a t
hin cl
ientsuch as a web br
owser
.
Commonappl
icat
ionsf
ort
hisar
ebusi
nessappl
icat
ionssuchas–Account
ing,
Col
labor
ati
on (
Emai
l,Messenger
,Web meet
ing et
c),Cust
omerRel
ati
onshi
p
Management(
CRM)
,Ent
erpr
ise Resour
ce Pl
anni
ng (
ERP)
,Human Resour
ce
Managementet
c.

Keybenef
it
sofCl
oud-
basedsol
uti
onsar
e:

 Lowerupf
rontcostt
ogetst
art
ed,l
owert
ime-
to-
mar
ket(
asi
ttakesl
esst
imet
o
getacust
omergoi
ngonacl
oudsol
uti
on)
,al
lowst
hecompanyt
ofocusont
he
cor
ebusi
nessandnotwor
ryabouthi
ri
ngandconst
ant
lyt
rai
ningi
tsst
affont
he
newt
echnol
ogyet
c.
 Ont
hef
li
psi
def
oraCl
oud-
basedsol
uti
on,cer
tai
nsegmentofcust
omer
ssuch
as l
arge Banks and Fi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons,I
nsur
ance compani
es may hav
e
secur
it
yconst
rai
ntsi
nlet
ti
ngt
hei
rdat
aresi
deout
sidei
tspr
emi
ses(
int
hei
rown
dat
acent
ers)
.