Project Report

A
Project Report
On
“Biometric Voting Machine Using Fingerprint Sensor”
Submitted by
Mr. More Rushikesh Ravsaheb B192114623
Mr. Jadhav Rohit Rajendra B190114612
Miss. Bhalerao Anushka Rajendra B190114602
Submitted to
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for degree of
Bachelor of Engineering In
Instrumentation and Control Engineering
Under the guidance of
Mr. V. K. Jadhav
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

PRAVARA RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, LONI, 413736
Tal-Rahata, Dist.: AhmednagarAcademic Year: 2023-24
I
PRAVARA RURAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE , LONI
DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ,

Mr. More Rushikesh Ravsaheb B192114623
Mr. Jadhav Rohit Rajendra B190114612

Miss. Bhalerao Anushka Rajendra B190114602
have satisfactorily carried out the B.E. Project work entitled “Biometric Voting Machine Using
Fingerprint Sensor”. This work is being submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Instrumentation & control Engineering. It is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the prescribed
syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune for the academic year 2023 – 2024.
Mr. V. K. Jadhav Mr. N. N. Lokhande Prof.(Dr.) C. B. Kadu

Project Guide Project Coordinator H.O.D
II
QUALITY POLICY
Institute Vision
Enrich the youth with skills and values to enable them to contribute in the development of
society: nationally and globally.
Institute Mission
To provide quality technical education through effective teaching-learning and research to

foster youth with skills and values to make them capable of delivering significant contribution
in local to global development.
Department Vision
Develop skillful graduate engineers in the field of Instrumentation and Control Engineering for
the benefit of society and industry globally.
Department Mission
To offer a well-composed course of instructions, learning environment, hands on experience

and problem-solving skills for developing professionals to provide safe and efficient solutions
in the field of Instrumentation, Control, Automation and allied sectors.
III
Program Outcomes
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
IV
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation,make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
Graduates would demonstrate ability to,
PEO1: Actively participate in designing, calibration and testing, operating and maintaining
systems in the field of Instrumentation & Control engineering and allied industry.
PEO2: Solve problems in the field of commercial, residential and industrial automation by
applying knowledge of Instrumentation & Control Engineering.
PEO3: Work as an individual and as a team member/leader in multidisciplinary projects

effectively and ethically.
PEO4: Provide innovative, feasible, economical and socially relevant solutions to

engineering problems, based on analysis, design and development using software and
hardware platforms.
V
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO1: Analyze dynamics of process control systems, select sensors/transducers and

controllers to ensure the performance, safety and quality of the processes through measuring,
monitoring and designing ofautomated systems.
PSO2: Develop mathematical model, validation of model, design and tuning of the controller
for process control systems and its realization using DCS, PLC, SCADA and MATLAB.
Course Outcome (COs)

After completion of this course students are able to,
Course Statements Bloom’s Taxonomy

Outcomes
Code Level Descriptor
C472.1 Identify the problem that deals with
society, industry or research needs based 3 Apply
on investigated literature survey to explore
recent technical trends.
C472.2 Analyze identified problem and suggest 4 Analyze
appropriate solution to solve the problem.
C472.3 Design an appropriate solution to ensure 5 Evaluate
performance, safety and quality.
C472.4 Implementation of solution using modern 6 Create
tools and development of prototype
systems.
C472.5 Work as an individual and contribute as a 3 Apply
team member with effective management
skills to achieve a desired objective.
C472.6 Present their work in written and oral form 3 Apply
with ethical values.
VI
Declaration
This report has been prepared on the basis of our own work. Where other published and
unpublished source materials have been used, these have been acknowledged.
Student Name:
1.Mr. More Rushikesh Ravsaheb B192114623
2.Mr. Jadhav Rohit Rajendra B190114612
3.Miss. Bhalerao Anushka Rajendra B190114602
Date of Submission:
Place:
Signature of students:
VII
Acknowledgment
It gives us immense pleasure to express our sincere and heartiest gratitude towards our
guide Mr. V.K. Jadhav for his guidance, encouragement, moral support, and affection during
our work. He has proven to be an excellent mentor and teacher.
Greatest importance, we are also extremely grateful to Dr. C. B. Kadu, Head of the
department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, for his motivation and support during
the work from time to time. We are also thankful to our Principal Dr. S. M. Gulhane for his
inspiration and motivation. This work is also the outcome of the blessings, guidance and support
of Mr. N. N. Lokhande Project Coordinator and our friends.
Lastly, our cordial thanks to all who have contributed indirectly and materially in words
and deeds for completion of this work.
Mr. More Rushikesh Ravsaheb

Mr. Jadhav Rohit Rajendra
Miss. Bhalerao Anushka Rajendra
(BE Instrumentation and Control)
VIII
Abstract
Our project, the Biometric Voting Machine, seeks to modernize and secure the voting
process by employing fingerprint sensor technology. Traditional voting systems often face
challenges such as voter fraud, misidentification, and inefficiencies, which undermine the
integrity and smooth operation of elections. By integrating biometric fingerprint sensors, we aim
to address these issues comprehensively.
The Biometric Voting Machine ensures that each voter is uniquely identified through their
fingerprint, eliminating the possibility of duplicate voting and unauthorized access. This method
enhances the accuracy of voter verification, significantly reducing the risk of fraud and ensuring
that only eligible voters participate in the electoral process. Moreover, the use of biometric
technology streamlines the voting procedure, making it more efficient and user-friendly. Voters
can quickly and easily authenticate their identity, cast their ballots, and receive immediate
confirmation of their vote. This reduces waiting times and increases the overall efficiency of the
voting process, making it more accessible to a larger population.
In addition to security and efficiency, the Biometric Voting Machine also prioritizes voter
privacy. The system is designed to verify voter identity without storing sensitive personal
information, thus protecting individuals' privacy and data security. This approach fosters greater
trust and confidence in the electoral system.
Overall, the Biometric Voting Machine project aims to deliver a secure, reliable, and
efficient voting system that enhances the integrity of elections. By leveraging advanced
biometric technology, we strive to create a more transparent and trustworthy electoral process
that can be adopted widely to improve democratic practices globally.
Keywords: Advanced voting system, Hybrid EVM solution, Fingerprint recognition
IX
“Biometric Voting Machine Using Fingerprint”
Sensor”
INDEX
SR.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

TITLE I
CERTIFICATE II
DECLARATION VII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VIII
ABSTRACT IX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background 2
1.2 Project Overview 4
1.3 Problem Statements 4
1.4 Objective of The Project 4
1.5 Scope of The Project 4
2.. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Literature Review 5
3. SYSTEM DETAILS 7
3.1 Component Selection 7
3.1.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller 7
3.1.2 R307 Optical Fingerprint Sensor 7
3.1.3 16 X 2 LCD 8
3.1.4 Push Button 8
3.1.5 Buzzer 8
3.2 Hardware Details and Specification 9
3.2.1 Arduino Uno 9
3.2.2 R307 Fingerprint Sensor 12
3.2.3 16X2 LCD Display 14
3.2.4 Buzzer 16
3.2.5 Push Button 18
3.3 Software Description 19
3.3.1 Arduino IDE 19
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Sensor”
3.4 Hardware Interfacing 20
3.4.1 6 X 2 LCD Interfacing with Arduino Uno 20
3.4.2 R307 Fingerprint Sensor Interfacing with Arduino Uno 22

3.5 Algorithm and Flowcharts 24
3.5.1 Algorithm 24
3.5.2 Flowcharts 25
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 26
4.1 Result 26
4.2 Discussion 27
CONCLUSION 28
REFERENCES 29
PAPER PUBLICATION / PARTICIPATION 31
CERTIFICATE

Sensor”
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No Figure No. Name Of Figure Page No.
1 1.1 System Architecture 2

2 3.1 Arduino Uno 9
3 3.2 R307 Fingerprint Scanner 12
4 3.3 R307 Fingerprint Scanner Pinout 13
5 3.4 16 X 2 LCD Display 14
6 3.5 Buzzer 16
7 3.6 Push Button 17
9 3.7 Interfacing of 16 X 2 LCD Display with Arduino Uno 20
10 3.8 Program for 16 X 2 LCD Display 22
10 3.9 R307 Interfacing with Arduino Uno 22
12 3.10 Program for R307 Sensor 23
11 4.1 System Flowchart 26

Sensor”
LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No Table No. Table Name Page No.
1 3.1 Specification Of Arduino Uno 11
2 3.2 Arduino Uno Testing 12
3 3.3 Specifications of R307 Fingerprint Scanner 13
4 3.4 R307 Sensor Testing 14
5 3.5 Pinout Details of 16 X 2 LCD Display 15
6 3.6 16X2 LCD Testing 16
7 3.7 Specifications of Buzzer 17
8 3.8 Specifications of Push Button 18
9 3.9 Cost of Component 24

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In the realm of democracy, the integrity of the electoral process stands as the
cornerstone of a fair and representative government. However, traditional voting systems often
encounter challenges that undermine this integrity, ranging from instances of voter fraud to
logistical inefficiencies. These issues not only jeopardize the legitimacy of election outcomes
but also erode public trust in democratic institutions. Recognizing the imperative for
innovation in electoral technology, our project, the Biometric Voting Machine Using
Fingerprint Sensor, emerges as a pioneering solution to revolutionize the voting landscape. By
harnessing the power of biometric fingerprint sensors, we embark on a journey to modernize
and fortify the voting process against prevalent vulnerabilities. At its core, the Biometric
Voting Machine endeavors to address key shortcomings inherent in conventional voting
systems. By integrating biometric technology, we aim to provide a robust framework that
ensures the authentication of voters' identities with unparalleled accuracy and security. This
transformative approach mitigates the risks associated with voter fraud and identity
misrepresentation, safeguarding the sanctity of each ballot cast.
Moreover, our endeavor extends beyond mere security enhancements; it seeks to

streamline the voting experience for all participants. Through the seamless integration of
fingerprint sensors, we strive to eliminate the cumbersome procedures and lengthy queues that
often characterize traditional voting booths. The Biometric Voting Machine prioritizes the
protection of voter privacy as a fundamental tenet of its design. By employing biometric data
solely for the purpose of identity verification and abstaining from storing sensitive personal
information, our system upholds the highest standards of data security and privacy. This
commitment not only ensures compliance with regulatory frameworks but also fosters trust
and confidence among voters in the integrity of the electoral process.
1.2 Project overview
The Biometric Voting Machine project is all about making voting safer and easier by using
fingerprint technology. Instead of traditional methods like showing IDs, voters will use their
fingerprints to prove who they are. This makes it much harder for anyone to cheat or vote
more than once. Our goal is to make voting faster and more convenient for everyone. With the
new machines, voters can simply scan their fingerprints to prove their identity and cast their
Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 1

votes quickly. This means shorter lines and less waiting at polling stations. We also take
privacy and security very seriously. The machines only use fingerprints for identification and
don't store any personal information. This protects voters' privacy and ensures that their data
is safe. To make this happen, we are working on developing special machines and software
that can handle fingerprint recognition. We will test them out thoroughly to make sure they
work well before using them in real elections. Overall, the Biometric Voting Machine project
is about making voting simpler, safer, and more accessible for everyone, ensuring that every
vote counts and democracy thrives.
Figure 1.1 System Architecture
1.2 Background
1.2.1 Motivation for Biometric Voting Systems
 Fraud Prevention: Traditional voting methods are susceptible to various forms of

electoral fraud, including impersonation, double voting, and ballot stuffing. Biometric
systems aim to eliminate these risks by ensuring that each voter is uniquely identified
and can vote only once.
 Increased Security: By using biometrics, voting systems can significantly enhance the
security of the electoral process. Biometric traits are difficult to forge or duplicate,
providing a higher level of security compared to traditional methods like voter ID cards
or PINs.
 Efficiency and Accuracy: Biometric voting systems can streamline the voting process,
reduce human errors, and ensure accurate voter identification. This helps in managing
large voter databases efficiently and speeds up the voting process.

1.2.2 Technologies Used in Biometric Voting Machines
 Fingerprint Recognition: One of the most commonly used biometric technologies in

voting systems. It involves scanning and matching voters' fingerprints against a pre-
registered database.
 Iris Recognition: Uses the unique patterns in the colored ring around the pupil of the
eye. It is highly accurate and reliable but requires specialized equipment.
 Facial Recognition: Involves capturing and comparing facial features. It can be used
alongside other biometric methods for multi-factor authentication.
 RFID Integration: Often combined with biometric systems to store and retrieve voter
information quickly and efficiently.
1.2.3 Implementation and Integration
 Database Linking: Biometric voting machines often integrate with national

identification databases, such as India's Aadhar, which stores biometric data of citizens.
This ensures that the voter information is up-to-date and accurate.
 NFC and RFID Cards: Near Field Communication (NFC) and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) cards can be used to store voter credentials and biometric data,
facilitating quick and secure voter verification at polling stations.
 User Interface: The machines are equipped with user-friendly interfaces to guide voters
through the authentication and voting process. This includes touch screens, audio
guidance, and visual aids.
1.2.4 Challenges and Considerations
 Privacy Concerns: The collection and storage of biometric data raise significant
privacy issues. There must be robust measures to protect voter data from misuse or
breaches.
 Technical Issues: The reliability of biometric systems can be affected by factors such as
poor quality of biometric samples, aging of biometric traits, and environmental
conditions.
 Cost: Implementing biometric voting systems can be expensive due to the need for
specialized hardware, software, and maintenance.

1.2.5 Global Adoption
 India: The integration of biometric systems with the Aadhar database has been a
significant development in securing the voting process.
 Nigeria: Biometric voter registration has been used to combat electoral fraud.
 Brazil: Utilizes biometric technology for voter identification to ensure the integrity of
elections.
1.3 Problem Statements
Traditional voting systems suffer from issues like voter fraud, identity
misrepresentation, and logistical inefficiencies, compromising the fairness and efficiency of
elections. Outdated methods of voter identification and ballot casting contribute to long wait
times and reduced accessibility. Moreover, these systems are vulnerable to manipulation and
exploitation. There is a critical need for innovative solutions to modernize and secure the
electoral process, ensuring greater accuracy, security, and accessibility for all voters.
1.4 Objective of the project

Enhance the security of the electoral process by implementing biometric fingerprint
technology to verify voter identity and prevent instances of fraud or identity misrepresentation.
1.5 Scope of the Project:

1. Development of Biometric Voting System: Design and develop specialized
hardware and software components capable of integrating biometric fingerprint
sensors into the voting process.
2. User Interface Design: Create user-friendly interfaces for both voters and election
officials to facilitate seamless authentication, ballot casting, and system operation.
3. Scalability and Adaptability: Design the biometric voting system to be scalable and
adaptable to accommodate varying voting volumes, demographics, and technological
advancements.
4. Public Awareness and Education: Conduct public awareness campaigns and
educational initiatives to inform voters about the benefits, functionalities, and
safeguards of the biometric voting system.
5. Continuous Improvement: Establish mechanisms for ongoing monitoring, feedback
collection, and system refinement to continuously improve the performance .

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review :

2.1.1 A secured biometric voting system using RFID linked with the Aadhar database
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent technology where electronic devices,

software, sensors, vehicles, home appliances are interconnected with networks to transfer
data without human or computer interaction. The problem in the existing system is the
electronic voting machines do not have any recent security measures by which the voter can
verify their identity before casting the vote. Due to false voters can cast numerous duplicate
or fake votes. So, the proposed system is Implemented using RFID and IoT (Internet of
Things) to improvise the security mechanisms. Here, an active RFID tag is used in place of
voter id where the system can scan the tag and matches with the fingerprints collected in the
Aadhar database. The voter must scan the RFID tag for the identification and further the
voter must confirm the identity with the fingerprints. It includes active reading equipment
(reader) for reading data in RFID tag and fingerprint scanner is used in this voting machine
for scanning fingerprints. If the prints matched against the database gathered, the individuals
can effectively cast their votes, if that is not the case, the buzzer will be alarmed to avoid
casting fake voters. [Ref . (1)]
2.1.2 Smart electronic voting system based on biometric identification- survey
In Democratic countries like India, the voting system plays a key role during
elections. Traditionally, the election commission in India uses electronic voting machines
which need more manpower, time-consuming and also, they are less trustworthy. For
avoiding misconceptions during elections, there are lot of advanced techniques are being
proposed using various methods. But in the field of biometric identification, we can get
better results and it is also trustworthy. In this paper, we provide the various works which
are being proposed based on the voting system which uses biometric identification as a
major concept. some other works have different algorithms being used and some other
works have different techniques provided are based on the multimodal biometric
identification.[Ref.(2)]

2.1.3 Development of electronic voting machine with the inclusion of near field
communication id cards and biometric fingerprint identifier
The basis of this project is to create an electronic voting machine that will help to
eradicate defrauding of the manual voting systems by multiple votes cast by the same user.
With the inclusion of a Near Field Communication ID card reader and biometric fingerprint
device, each voter will be entered into the system through a swift process only after being
recognized and checked to the given database of enlisted voters. Once the corresponding
fingerprint is matched with the information provided by the identification card, the voter
will be allowed to vote for their preferred candidate through a panel of buttons. The
respective card will then be marked for further reference, and the voter will not be allowed
to take part in multiple votes. The proposed project also carries the unique feature of being
autonomous during voting. [Ref. (3)]
2.1.4 RFID-based biometric voting machine linked to Adhaar for safe and secure
voting
This paper proposes a method for safe and secure Aadhaar based biometric voting
system to avoid misconceptions which are going to takes place in elections. From last few
years in India, Aadhaar enrollment process is going on in Andhra Pradesh. At that time,
Indian government collects details of fingerprints and IRIS of every person. This entire data
of each and every person persists in the database of Indian government. If Indian
Government link this database to authors proposed method, Indian Government no need to
collect details of fingerprint of every person. So, if Indian Government adopt biometric
voting system for voting purpose, we can easily avoid rigging in elections. One more
advantage of this project is, if an alcoholic person enters into polling booth, buzzer will alert
authorized persons or constables who are in election duty. Because of Alcoholic sensor, we
can provide peaceful environment at polling booth. If an unauthorized person enters the
polling booth to cast his vote, the buzzer will alert the booth level officer. If the cast already
voted, the person enters booth with his RFID tag for 2nd time voting, then also buzzer will
alert booth level officer.[Ref.(5)]

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DETAILS
3.1 Component Selection :
In the development of a biometric voting machine, the selection of appropriate

components is crucial for ensuring reliability, accuracy, and ease of use. The components
chosen for this project are the Arduino Uno, R307 fingerprint optical sensor, 16x2 LCD
display, and push buttons. Below is a detailed justification for the selection of these
components over other alternatives:
3.1.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller :
• Ease of Use : Arduino Uno is well-known for its user-friendly programming

environment and extensive community support, making it accessible even for
beginners.
• Compatibility : It offers a wide range of libraries and shields, ensuring compatibility

with various sensors and modules, including the R307 fingerprint sensor and LCD
displays.
• Cost-Effective : Compared to other microcontrollers, the Arduino Uno provides a cost-

effective solution without compromising performance.
• Sufficient I/O Pins : With 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog input pins, it offers sufficient
connectivity options for additional peripherals like push buttons and LCD displays.
• Open Source : The open-source nature allows for customization and sharing of design
improvements, fostering innovation and collaboration.
3.1.2 R307 Fingerprint Optical Sensor :
• High Accuracy : The R307 is known for its high accuracy in fingerprint recognition,
ensuring reliable voter authentication.
• Ease of Integration : It interfaces seamlessly with the Arduino platform through UART
communication, making it straightforward to integrate into the system.
• Fast Response Time : The sensor has a fast response time for capturing and processing
fingerprints, which is essential for maintaining a smooth voting process.
• Affordable : Compared to advanced biometric sensors, the R307 offers an affordable

yet highly functional option, suitable for budget-conscious projects.

3.1.3 16 X 2 LCD Display :
• Clarity : It offers clear and readable text output, which is crucial for guiding users
through the voting process.
• Ease of Use : The display is straightforward to interface with the Arduino Uno using
simple libraries, making coding and integration hassle-free.
• Cost-Effective : It is an economical option compared to other display technologies like

TFT or OLED screens, yet sufficient for displaying essential information.
• Low Power Consumption : The LCD display consumes less power, which is beneficial
for battery-operated or power-sensitive applications.
3.1.4 Push Buttons :
• Durability : Mechanical push buttons are durable and can withstand repeated use,
which is essential in a voting machine used by many people.
• Simplicity : They provide a straightforward interface for user inputs, reducing the
complexity of the voting process.
• Cost-Effective : Push buttons are inexpensive compared to touchscreens or other

advanced input methods, making them an economical choice.
• Reliability : They offer tactile feedback, ensuring that users are aware when an input
has been registered.
3.1.5 Buzzer :
• Auditory Alerts : The buzzer can emit sounds to indicate successful or unsuccessful
actions, such as successful fingerprint scans, invalid inputs, or voting confirmation.
This enhances user interaction by providing immediate feedback.
• Simple Integration : It is easy to connect and control using the Arduino, requiring
minimal additional coding.
• Low Cost : Buzzers are inexpensive, making them a cost-effective addition to the
system.
• Low Power Consumption : Like the LCD, buzzers consume very little power, making
them suitable for low-power applications.

3.2 Hardware Details and Specification :
3.2.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller :
Figure .3.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller, simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter.
 Power
The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. The recommended range
is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board
when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power Source . You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying

voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V
from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC
power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator and can damage your board.
We don't advise it.3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. A properly
configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the proper power source or
enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Memory:
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
 Input and Output
Arduino Uno operates at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as

recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any
I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit. (TX)
TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to
trigger an interruption on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attached Interrupt function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analog Write function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven
by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's
off. TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provides 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analog Reference () function. There are a couple of other pins on the board: AREF. Reference
voltage for the analog inputs.
 Communication
Arduino Uno has several facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino
board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial

communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2

on board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a.inf file is needed. The Arduino
Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer.
Table 3.1. Specification Of Arduino Uno

Sr.no Features Specifications
1 Microcontroller ATmega328P
2 Operating Voltage 5V
3 7-12V
Input Voltage (recommended)
4 Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
5 Digital I/O Pins:
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
6 PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
7 Analog Input Pins 6
8 DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
9 DC current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
10 Flash Memory 32 KB
11 SRAM 2 KB
12 EEPROM 1 KB
13 Clock Speed 16 MHz

Table 3.2 Arduino Uno Testing

Test Parameter Unit Actual Value Obtained Value
Operating Voltage Volts 5 5
Digital I/O Pins Count 12 14
Analog Input Pins Count 6 6
Flash Memory KB 32 31.3
SRAM KB 2 2
EEPROM KB 1 1
Clock Speed MHz 16 16
Current Consumption (Idle) mA 50 48.5
Current Consumption (Active) mA 200 199.3
Input Voltage (recommended) Volts 7-12 7.2
Input Voltage (limits) Volts 6-20 19.8
PWM Output Pins 6 6
3.2.2 R307 Fingerprint Sensor:
Figure 3.2. R307 Fingerprint Scanner
The R307 fingerprint scanner is a versatile optical fingerprint sensor module that
features a TTL UART interface, making it suitable for integration with microcontrollers and
PCs. It combines an image collection component with an algorithm processing chip, enabling
it to capture and process fingerprint images up to a resolution of 500 dpi. This module is
known for its low power consumption, compact size, and excellent performance.

Figure 3.3. R307 Fingerprint Scanner Pinout
Table 3.3 Specifications of R307 Fingerprint Scanner

1 Fingerprint sensor type Optical
2 Sensor Life 100 million times
3 Static indicators 15KVBacklight: bright green
4 Interface USB1.1/UART (TTL logical level)
5 RS232 communication baud rate 4800BPS~115200BPS changeable
6 Image Capture Surface 15—18(mm)
7 Verification Speed 0.3 sec
8 Scanning Speed 0.5 sec
9 Character file size 256 bytes
10 Template size 512 bytes
11 Storage capacity 250
12 False Acceptance Rate 0.0001%
13 False Rejection Rate 0.1%
14 Resolution 500 DPI
15 Operating Environment Temperature -20 to 45° centigrade

 Key features of the R307 include:

1. Image Processing Capabilities: It can capture high-quality fingerprint images and
convert them into templates for storage.
2. Storage Capacity: The module can store up to 1000 fingerprint templates, making it
suitable for applications requiring a large database.
3. Communication Interfaces: It supports UART and USB interfaces, allowing flexible
connectivity options with various systems.
4. Security Levels: It offers configurable security levels, ranging from 1 to 5, which adjust
the sensitivity of fingerprint matching to balance between false acceptance rate (FAR)
and false rejection rate (FRR).
Table 3.4 R307 Sensor Testing
Operating Voltage Volts 3.3-6 5
Current Consumption (Idle) mA <20 19.5
Current Consumption (Active) mA <60 59.2
Image Size Pixels 256x288 256X288
Template Size Bytes 512 510
Storage Capacity Prints 1000 995
Communication Protocol - UART UART
Baud Rate bps 57600 57600
3.2.3 16X2 LCD display:
Figure 3.4. 16 X 2 LCD Display

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones,
calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi segment
light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are
inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying
custom characters, special and even animations, etc.
Table 3.5. Pinout Details of 16 X 2 LCD Display
Pin.No Symbol Level Description
1 VSS 0V Ground
2 VDD 5.0V Supply Voltage for logic
3 VO (Variable) Operating voltage for LCD
4 RS H/L H: DATA, L: Instruction code
5 R/W H/L H: Read L: Write
6 E H, H→L Chip enable signal
7 DB0 H/L Data bus line
15 A － LED +
16 K - LED -
 Features of LCD 16X2:
• The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

• It includes two rows where each row can produce 16 characters.
• The use of current is 1mA with no backlight.
• Every character can be built with a 5×8-pixel box.
• The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
• This display can work in two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit.

Table 3.6 16X2 LCD Testing Report

Operating Voltage Volts 5 5
Current Consumption mA 2 2.1
Backlight Voltage Volts 4.2 4.3
Backlight Current mA 15 14.8
Contrast Adjustment Range Volts 0-5 4.8
Characters per Line Count 16 16
Lines Count 2 2
3.2.4 Buzzer:
Figure 3.5. Buzzer
A piezoelectric buzzer is an electronic component used for generating audible signals or alerts
in various devices.
 Principle of Operation: Piezoelectric buzzers utilize the piezoelectric effect to generate
sound. The piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials (like quartz, ceramics, or
some polymers) to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress, or
conversely, to deform when an electric field is applied.
 Structure: A typical piezoelectric buzzer consists of a piezoelectric element attached to a
diaphragm. When an electrical signal is applied to the piezoelectric element, it vibrates the
diaphragm, producing sound waves.

 Sound Output: Piezoelectric buzzers produce sound in the form of high-frequency tones,
typically in the range of several kilohertz to tens of kilohertz. The sound produced is often
described as a "beep" or a "chirp".
Table 3.7 Specifications of Buzzer

1 Operating voltage 3-6v dc
2 Tone type Single
3 Rated voltage 5v dc
4 Current consumption 25ma
5 Oscillation Frequency 3.2khz
6 Sound level 87db
 Advantages:
• Low power consumption: Piezoelectric buzzers require minimal power to operate.
• Compact size: They are often smaller and lighter compared to electromagnetic
buzzers.
• Durability: Piezoelectric buzzers are generally more robust and less prone to damage
from shock or vibration
 Applications:
• Electronic appliances (microwaves, washing machines, etc.)
• Medical devices
• Automotive applications (car alarms, parking sensors, etc.)
• Industrial equipment
3.2.5 Push Button:
Figure 3.6. Push Button

Push Buttons are normally open tactile switches. Push buttons allow us to power the circuit or
make any connection only when we press the button. Simply, it makes the circuit connected
when pressed and breaks when released. A push button is also used for triggering the SCR by
gate terminal. These are the most common buttons which we see in our daily life electronic
equipment’s.
Table 3.8 Specifications of Push Button
Sr. No Feature Specification
1 Mode of Operation Tactile feedback
2 Power Rating MAX 50mA 24V DC
3 Insulation Resistance 100Mohm at 100v
4 Operating Force 2.55±0.69 N
5 Contact Resistance MAX 100mOhm
6 Operating Temperature Rang -20 to +70 ℃
3.3 Software Description:
3.3.1 Arduino IDE:
The Arduino IDE is a feature-rich software environment designed to make programming

and loading code to Arduino boards intuitive and accessible. It includes a user-friendly code
editor with syntax highlighting, auto-indentation, and brace matching, which helps improve
code readability and ease of debugging. The sketchbook feature organizes projects and
simplifies access to saved sketches. The IDE comes with a comprehensive set of built-in
libraries that facilitate the use of various hardware components, such as sensors and
communication modules. It supports a wide range of Arduino boards through the board
management system, ensuring compatibility and ease of use for different hardware. The
integrated serial monitor allows real-time communication with the Arduino board, which is
essential for debugging and monitoring outputs. The IDE also features a robust compiler and
uploader that converts the written code into a format executable by the board and handle the
upload process via USB or other connection methods. Furthermore, the Arduino IDE is
extensible, supporting third-party libraries and boards, thereby extending its functionality. This

cross-platform software runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it accessible to a broad
audience. Overall, the Arduino IDE combines ease of use with powerful features, making it an
ideal tool for both novice and experienced developers.
 Supported Platforms
The Arduino IDE is cross-platform and can be run on:
• Window
• MacOS
• Linux
 Programming Language
The Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++ known as the Arduino programming
language. This language is designed to be accessible to beginners while providing advanced
features for experienced users.
 Typical Workflow
1. Write Code: Users write their Arduino sketches in the code editor.
2. Verify Code: Click the "Verify" button to check the code for errors.
3. Select Board and Port: Choose the appropriate Arduino board and the port to
which it is connected.
4. Upload Code: Click the "Upload" button to transfer the compiled code to the
Arduino board.
5. Monitor Output: Use the Serial Monitor to observe the output from the board or
interact with it.

3.4 Hardware Interfacing:
3.4.1. 16 X 2 LCD Display Interfacing with Arduino:
Figure 3.7 Interfacing of 16 X 2 LCD Display with Arduino Uno
The circuit diagram shows the connection of an I2C LCD display to an Arduino Uno. Here
is a detailed description of the connections and their functions:
 Connections:
1. GND (Ground):
• LCD Pin : GND
• Arduino Pin : GND
• Function : This pin is connected to the ground of the Arduino, providing a

common ground for the circuit.
2. VCC (Power Supply):
• LCD Pin : VCC
• Arduino Pin : 5V
• Function : This pin is connected to the 5V pin of the Arduino, supplying power to
the LCD.

3. SDA (Serial Data):
• LCD Pin: SDA
• Arduino Pin: A4
• Function: This pin is used for I2C data transfer. It is connected to the Arduino's
SDA pin (Analog Pin A4), allowing data to be sent from the Arduino to the LCD.
4. SCL (Serial Clock):
• LCD Pin: SCL
• Arduino Pin: A5
• Function: This pin is used for I2C clock signal. It is connected to the Arduino's
SCL pin (Analog Pin A5), synchronizing data transfer between the Arduino and
the LCD.
 Detailed Function:
 GND and VCC : These pins provide the necessary power and ground connections
for the LCD to function.
 SDA and SCL : These pins are part of the I2C communication protocol. I2C is a
serial communication protocol that uses two wires to transmit data between
devices. In this setup, the Arduino acts as the master device and the LCD as the
slave device. The SDA line is used to transfer data, while the SCL line is used to
provide a clock signal to synchronize the data transfer.
Figure 3.8 Program For 16 X 2 LCD

3.4.2 R307 Sensor Interfacing with Arduino uno:
Figure 3.9 R307 Interfacing with Arduino uno
The circuit diagram shows the connection of a fingerprint sensor module to an Arduino
Uno. Here is a detailed description of the connections and their functions:
 Connections:
1. GND (Ground):
• Fingerprint Sensor Pin: GND (1)
• Arduino Pin: GND
• Function: This pin is connected to the ground of the Arduino, providing a common
ground for the circuit.
2. VCC (Power Supply):
• Fingerprint Sensor Pin: VCC (2)
• Arduino Pin: 5V
• Function: This pin is connected to the 5V pin of the Arduino, supplying power to the
fingerprint sensor.
3. TX (Transmit):
• Fingerprint Sensor Pin: TX (3)
• Arduino Pin: Digital Pin
• Function: This pin transmits data from the fingerprint sensor to the Arduino. It is
connected to a digital input pin on the Arduino.

4. RX (Receive):
• Fingerprint Sensor Pin: RX (4)
• Arduino Pin: Digital Pin 3
• Function: This pin receives data sent from the Arduino to the fingerprint sensor.
It is connected to a digital output pin on the Arduino.
Figure 3.10 Program for R307 Sensor
Table 3.9 Cost of Component
Sr. No Component Name Net Quantity Price
1 Arduino Uno 1 470
2 R307 Sensor 1 1200
3 16 X 2 Lcd 1 180
4 Push Button 8 40
5 Buzzer 1 30
6 10K Resistor 8 20
7 Zero PCB 1 60
8 Connection Wire - 140
Total 21 2140

3.6 ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART
3.6.1 Algorithm:
STEP 1 : Provide the power supply.
STEP 2 : System get start.
STEP 3 : Biometric voting machine gets power on.
STEP 4 : Initialization process begins.
STEP 5 : Fingerprint data collected and stored by sensor.
STEP 6 : Biometric templet is compared against the database registered for
voters.
STEP 7 : If ,
I. fingerprint data matched with the collected database voters’ identity is
confirmed, and system give access to voter for voting
II. Else the fingerprint does not match any record database system denied access
for voters.
STEP 8 : System shows the available / registered candidate for voting.
STEP 9 : Voter selects their choice using the interface provided.
STEP 10 : Voter confirms their selection.
STEP 11 : If voter tries to vote again the system shows already voted notification on display
and the system will not allow voters to vote again.
STEP 11 : After the voting session the result will show the winning candidate.
STEP 12 : End of the voting session

3.6.2 Flowchart :
Figure 4.1. System Flowchart

CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1Results :
Figure. A] System gets Initiate Figure. B] Fingerprint Image Taken
Figure. C] Fingerprint Stored Successfully Figure. D] Verify the Fingerprint for Voting
Figure. E] Select the Candidate Figure. F] System Denied if Already Voted

Figure. G] System Show Winner Candidate
5.2 Discussion :
In our project on the biometric voting machine, we developed an advanced system to
ensure secure and reliable voting through fingerprint recognition technology. The process
begins by capturing the voter's fingerprint, which is then securely stored in the system's
database. This initial step ensures accurate voter identification. During voting, the system
verifies the fingerprint to confirm the voter's identity, preventing fraud. Once verified, the
voter can select their preferred candidate from a user-friendly interface. After the selection,
the system ensures the vote is submitted accurately and successfully. To maintain voting
integrity, the system denies any further voting attempts by the same individual, preventing
double voting. After the voting period ends, the system efficiently processes all votes and
displays the winning candidate, providing a clear and transparent result.
Overall, our biometric voting machine significantly enhances the security, accuracy,
and reliability of the voting process. By ensuring only eligible voters can vote, preventing
multiple votes, and transparently displaying results, this project demonstrates the potential
of biometric technology to improve electoral systems and uphold democratic values.

CONCLUSION
The implementation of biometric voting machines represents a significant

advancement in electoral technology, promising to enhance the integrity, efficiency, and
inclusiveness of the voting process. By utilizing unique biometric identifiers such as
fingerprints or iris scans, these systems can effectively eliminate voter fraud, reduce
administrative errors, and ensure that each vote is cast by the legitimate voter. The
integration of biometric authentication addresses issues of duplicate voting and
impersonation, thereby reinforcing the democratic principle of one person, one vote.
However, the deployment of biometric voting machines is not without challenges. Concerns
related to data privacy, the security of biometric databases, and the potential for technical
malfunctions must be addressed comprehensively. Ensuring robust data protection measures
and system resilience is crucial to maintaining public trust in the electoral process. Overall,
while biometric voting machines hold great promise for modernizing elections and enhancing
voter confidence, their success depends on careful implementation, continuous technological
improvements, and stringent safeguards to protect voter data and uphold electoral integrity.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Singh, P. M. Benson, T. J. Titus, and V. S. S. Devi, "A secured biometric voting
system using RFID linked with the Aadhar database," 2020 6th International Conference
on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India,
2020, pp. 1-6.
[2] J. Deepika, et al., "Smart electronic voting system based on biometric identification-
survey," 2017 Third International Conference on Science Technology Engineering &
Management (ICONSTEM), Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 1-4.
[3] S. M. Hasan, et al., "Development of electronic voting machine with the inclusion of Near
Field Communication ID cards and biometric fingerprint identifier," 2014 17th
International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dhaka,
Bangladesh, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[4] N. S. Pal, A. Singh, D. Malik, P. Kumar, H. Singh, and D. Verma, "RFID-based biometric
electronic voting machine," International Journal of Scientific Research and Management
Studies (IJSRMS), vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 452-458, 2016.
[5] B. M. M. Reddy and D. Srihari, "RFID-based biometric voting machine linked to Adhaar
for safe and secure voting," International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology
Research (IJSETR), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 995-1001, 2015.
[6] A. M. Anis, et al., Development of electronic voting machines with the inclusion of near-
field communication ID cards, biometric fingerprint sensors, and POS printers, M.S.
thesis, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014.
[7] A. Kadbe, S. B. Gujar, and S. Chimote, "Biometric and RFID secured centralized voting
system," International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, vol. 4,
no. 2, pp. 255-258, 2013.
[8] P. Ranjan, A. A. Badoni, S. B. Khandi, and N. Saini, "Design of RFID-based electronic
voting machine," International Journal on Human and Smart Device Interaction, vol. 2,
no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[9] M. S. G. M. Stephen, "Aadhar-based electronic voting system using biometric
authentication and IOT," International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering
Research (IJRTER), 2017.
[10] K. Poornima, K. G. Geetha, M. Rajeshwari, and K. K. Prasad, "Arduino based
authenticated voting machine (AVM) using RFID and fingerprint for the student
elections," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1712, no. 1, 2020.

[11] Jamkar, Atharva, et al. "Biometric voting machine based on fingerprint scanner and
Arduino." 2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Communication and
Computational Techniques (ICCT). IEEE, 2019.
[12] BalaMurali, A., Potru Sarada Sravanthi, and B. Rupa. "Smart and secure voting machine
using biometrics." 2020 Fourth International Conference on Inventive Systems and
Control (ICISC). IEEE, 2020.
[13] Zamir, Mohammed Asif, Danish Asad Khan, and Mohammad Sarosh Umar. "Secure
electronic voting machine using biometric authentication." 2022 9th International
Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). IEEE,
2022.
[14] Yusoff, Zakiah Mohd, et al. "Fingerprint biometric voting machine using internet of
things." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 30.2
(2023): 699-706.
[15] Vignesh, B., et al. "E-biometric voting machine." Futuristic Communication and Network
Technologies: Select Proceedings of VICFCNT 2020. Springer Singapore, 2022.

PUBLICATION / PARTICIPATION CERTIFICATE
 Participated in National Level Project Competition TECH EXPO 2024 held on 4th April
2024 at Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni.

 Research paper published on “ International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative

Ideas in Education”.


PHOTOGRAPHS
 Model Presentation :

Vol-10 Issue-3 2024 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
Biometric Voting Machine Using Fingerprint

Sensor
More Rushikesh Ravsaheb 1, Jadhav Rohit Rajendra 2, Bhalerao Anushka Rajendra 3
1
Final year students, Department of chemical Engineering, Pravara Rural Engineering College,
Maharashtra, India
2
Maharashtra, India
3
Maharashtra, India
Mr. V. K. Jadhav
Assistant Professor, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering,
Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Tal-Rahata, Dist.-Ahmednagar. (Maharashtra)
Prof. C. B. Kadu
Professor, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering,
Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Tal-Rahata, Dist.-Ahmednagar. (Maharashtra)
ABSTRACT
This research paper explores the design, implementation, and effects of integrating biometric voting
machines into the electoral process. These machines enhance security and efficiency by combining
biometric technology with traditional voting methods. Key components include biometric sensors, data
encryption, and voter authentication protocols. The benefits are improved security, reduced fraud, and
better accessibility for disabled voters. Challenges such as privacy concerns, technological
limitations, and costs are also discussed. The paper highlights the need for collaboration among
policymakers, technologists, and stakeholders to address these issues responsibly. Ultimately, this
research contributes to the discussion on electoral reform, aiming to make elections more secure,
efficient, and inclusive. This study lays the groundwork for future research on modernizing electoral
processes worldwide.
.KEYWORD- Advanced voting system, Hybrid EVM solution, Fingerprint recognition
1. INTRODUCTION
Secure and reliable elections are essential for a democratic society. Biometric voting machines enhance the
security and reliability of the electoral process. A key advancement is integrating the RS307
communication protocol with the Arduino Uno microcontroller, ensuring robust communication with
biometric scanners for seamless authentication. The Arduino Uno also enables real-time data processing,
improving voter registration efficiency. This research examines the technical implementation and
effectiveness of a biometric voting machine using the RS307 protocol and Arduino Uno. The RS307
ensures accurate and secure biometric data transmission, while the Arduino Uno manages real-time data
processing for swift voter authentication and registration. The study aims to assess the design,
functionality, and performance of this biometric voting machine to advance electoral integrity and
accessibility. By exploring design methodology, implementation specifics, and experimental outcomes,
24127 ijariie.com 35
this research highlights how biometric voting machines can enhance transparency and inclusivity in
elections. It provides insights into the future of electoral technology and its potential to improve
democratic practices globally.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 DESIGN FRAMEWORK:
• Identify Essential Components :

Biometric Sensors : Devices capable of capturing unique biological characteristics of voters. The choice of
sensor impacts the accuracy and reliability of the system.
Microcontrollers : The core processing units that manage data flow and control various operations within
the voting machine. The Arduino Uno microcontroller was chosen for its versatility and ease of use.
Communication Systems : Protocols and interfaces that enable communication between different
components, ensuring seamless data transmission. The RS307 protocol was selected for its robust
performance in handling biometric data.
Display Screens : Interfaces that provide visual feedback to users, aiding in navigation and ensuring user-
friendly interactions during the voting process.
• Select Biometric Techniques :
Fingerprint Scanning: This method involves recording the unique patterns of ridges and valleys found on a
person's finger. It is widely used due to its high accuracy and ease of use.
Iris Scanning: This technique captures the unique patterns within the colored ring around the pupil of the
eye.
Known for its high accuracy and ability to resist false matches, iris scanning requires more advanced
technology.
• Assess Communication Systems :
RS307 : This communication protocol was chosen for its strong performance in securely transmitting
biometric data. It offers high reliability and efficiency, making it well-suited for integration with biometric
sensors.
RS232 : An alternative communication method known for its simplicity and wide usage. However, it was
deemed less suitable due to its lower data transmission rates and potential for interference compared to
RS307.
Figure 2.1 System Architecture of Voting Machine
2.2 TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION:
• Select Hardware :
Arduino Uno Microcontroller : Chosen for its sufficient processing power, versatility, and ease of
programming. The Arduino Uno serves as the central processing unit, managing data flow and control
operations within the system.
16x2 LCD Display : Selected for user interaction, providing clear and concise visual feedback to voters
during the authentication and voting process. The display is user-friendly and integrates well with the
Arduino Uno.
Figure 2.3 Arduino Uno
• Component Integration :
Biometric Sensors and Arduino Uno : The biometric sensors, specifically fingerprint scanners, were
connected to the Arduino Uno microcontroller. This integration was achieved through careful wiring and
coding to enable accurate data capture and processing.
Arduino Uno and LCD Display : The 16x2 LCD display was connected to the Arduino Uno, allowing it to
display real-time information to the user. This setup ensured that the system could provide feedback on voter
authentication status and guide the user through the voting process.
Figure 2.4 R307 Fingerprint Sensor
• Establish Communication Links :
Developing Communication Links : The RS307 protocol was implemented to facilitate robust and
secure data transfer between the biometric sensors and the Arduino Uno microcontroller. This
protocol was chosen for its high reliability and efficiency in handling biometric data.
Ensuring Reliable Data Transfer : Extensive testing and calibration were performed to ensure that
the communication links were stable and could handle the required data transfer rates. This step was
crucial in maintaining the integrity and reliability of the biometric voting machine.
2.3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT:
• Microcontroller Programming :
Biometric Data Processing : Capturing and processing biometric data from fingerprint sensors. The
microcontroller reads and interprets the biometric inputs accurately for reliable voter authentication.
Voter Authentication : Implementing algorithms to compare captured biometric data against stored
records for swift and accurate voter verification.
Overall Operation Management : Managing the sequence of operations from voter interaction to
vote casting, ensuring a smooth user experience.
• Design User Interface
User Interface Design : Creating a clear interface to guide voters step-by-step with instructions and
feedback at each stage, from biometric scanning to vote confirmation.
Interactive Elements : Implementing prompts, status updates, and confirmation messages to ensure
voters are well-informed and confident during the process.
2.4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
• Build and Test Prototype :
Prototype Construction : Assembling biometric sensors, the Arduino Uno microcontroller, a 16x2
LCD display, and other components into a cohesive unit.
Initial Testing : Performing tests in a controlled environment to verify the functionality of the
prototype, ensuring accurate data capture, proper algorithm execution, and correct user feedback
display.
Figure 2.5 16 X 2 LCD Display
• Simulate Voting Conditions :
Voting Scenarios : Creating scenarios with diverse voter demographics (ages, genders, biometric
characteristics) and environmental conditions (lighting, noise levels) to test robustness.
Performance Evaluation : Observing how the machine handled different inputs and conditions to
assess reliability and accuracy.
• Gather Data :
System Performance Metrics : Measuring response times, error rates, and the accuracy of biometric
authentication to gauge efficiency and reliability.
User Satisfaction : Gathering user feedback on ease of use, clarity of instructions, and overall
experience.
Identify Areas for Improvement : Analyzing data to optimize response times, reduce error rates, and
enhance user satisfaction.
2.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION:
• Quantitative Analysis :
Authentication Speed : Measuring the time taken by the system to authenticate a voter using their
biometric data. We aimed to ensure that the process was swift enough to maintain a smooth voting
flow without causing delays.
Accuracy : Assessing the accuracy of the biometric sensors in correctly identifying and
authenticating voters. This included calculating the false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection
rate (FRR) to ensure high precision and reliability.
Reliability : Evaluating the system's reliability over multiple voting sessions and various conditions.
We tested the machine's consistency in performance to confirm its robustness and dependability in
different scenarios.
• Qualitative Assessment :
User Feedback: Gathering thorough feedback from individuals who interacted with the machine,
focusing on their experiences regarding ease of use, clarity of instructions, and overall satisfaction
with the voting process.
Expert Reviews: Soliciting assessments from specialists in biometric technology and electoral
systems. Their evaluations aided in identifying potential enhancements in design and functionality to
elevate user experience and system performance.
Usability Testing: Carrying out tests to assess the ease with which voters could navigate the system.
This entailed observing their interactions, pinpointing any challenges they faced, and implementing
required adjustments to enhance accessibility and user-friendliness.
2.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• Ensure Privacy :
Strong Encryption : Applied advanced encryption techniques to protect biometric data during
transmission and storage, ensuring confidentiality and security.
Legal and Ethical Compliance : Adhered to legal and ethical guidelines, such as GDPR or local data
protection laws, to handle voter data responsibly.
Data Anonymization : Where possible, anonymized biometric data to protect individual identities by
removing personal identifiers.
• Obtain Ethical Clearance :
Ethical Approval : Obtained approval from relevant authorities, such as institutional review boards
(IRBs) or ethics committees, ensuring our research methods were ethically sound.
Informed Consent : Informed all participants about the study's nature, their role, and their rights,
and obtained their consent, ensuring voluntary participation.
Participant Rights : Protected participants' rights, allowing them to withdraw at any time and
ensuring their data was used only for the study's purposes.
2.7 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS:
• Identify Challenges
Technological Limitations : Current biometric technologies face limitations in accuracy, speed, and
environmental adaptability. Issues like worn or scarred fingerprints and varying lighting conditions
can affect performance.
Cost Implications : Implementing biometric voting machines on a large scale involves significant
costs, including initial investment, maintenance, updates, and support, which can be a barrier for
regions with limited budgets.
Regulatory Issues : Navigating legal and regulatory requirements, such as data protection laws and
privacy concerns, is complex and time-consuming, impacting the deployment of biometric systems
in voting processes.
• Propose Future Research :
Advancements in Biometric Technology: The focus should be on improving sensor accuracy and
performance across different conditions, alongside exploring alternative biometric methods like
facial recognition or vein pattern recognition.
Enhancements in Data Security: Stronger encryption methods, secure communication protocols,

and robust data storage solutions are vital to protect sensitive voter information and ensure system
integrity.
Development of User-Friendly Interfaces: Creating intuitive interfaces that guide voters seamlessly
through the process, considering the needs of individuals with disabilities and varying levels of
technological proficiency, will enhance accessibility.
Cost-Effective Solutions: Research into affordable hardware options, leveraging open-source

software, and implementing efficient maintenance strategies can lower costs without sacrificing
functionality or security, enabling broader adoption.
.2.8 Flowchart of System :
Figure 2.6 Flowchart of System
Figure 2.7 Working Model of Biometric Voting Machine
3. CONCLUSION
Biometric voting machines offer a promising solution to the limitations of traditional voting systems,
providing improved security, fraud prevention, and accessibility. Although challenges like privacy
concerns and technological limitations exist, the advantages of using biometric voting machines to
modernize electoral processes are considerable. Collaboration among policymakers, technologists,
and stakeholders is essential to ensure responsible implementation and protect voter rights.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Singh, P. M. Benson, T. J. Titus, and V. S. S. Devi, "A secured biometric voting system using
RFID linked with the Aadhar database," 2020 6th International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2020, pp. 1-6.
[2] J. Deepika, et al., "Smart electronic voting system based on biometric identification- survey,"
2017 Third International Conference on Science Technology Engineering & Management
(ICONSTEM), Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 1-4.
[3] S. M. Hasan, et al., "Development of electronic voting machine with the inclusion of Near Field
Communication ID cards and biometric fingerprint identifier," 2014 17th International
Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014, pp. 1-
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[4] N. S. Pal, A. Singh, D. Malik, P. Kumar, H. Singh, and D. Verma, "RFID-based biometric
electronic voting machine," International Journal of Scientific Research and Management Studies
(IJSRMS), vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 452-458, 2016.
[5] B. M. M. Reddy and D. Srihari, "RFID-based biometric voting machine linked to Adhaar for safe
and secure voting," International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research
(IJSETR), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 995-1001, 2015
[6] A. M. Anis, et al., Development of electronic voting machines with the inclusion of near-field
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2015.

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A

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that ,

Mr. Jadhav Rohit Rajendra B190114612

Mr. V. K. Jadhav Mr. N. N. Lokhande Prof.(Dr.) C. B. Kadu

To provide quality technical education through effective teaching-learning and research to

To offer a well-composed course of instructions, learning environment, hands on experience

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering

PO9 Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Graduates would demonstrate ability to,

PEO3: Work as an individual and as a team member/leader in multidisciplinary projects

PEO4: Provide innovative, feasible, economical and socially relevant solutions to

PSO1: Analyze dynamics of process control systems, select sensors/transducers and

Course Outcome (COs)

Course Statements Bloom’s Taxonomy

Mr. More Rushikesh Ravsaheb

Keywords: Advanced voting system, Hybrid EVM solution, Fingerprint recognition

SR.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

3.4.2 R307 Fingerprint Sensor Interfacing with Arduino Uno 22

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

1 1.1 System Architecture 2

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Sr. No Table No. Table Name Page No.

1 3.1 Specification Of Arduino Uno 11

2 3.2 Arduino Uno Testing 12

3 3.3 Specifications of R307 Fingerprint Scanner 13

4 3.4 R307 Sensor Testing 14

5 3.5 Pinout Details of 16 X 2 LCD Display 15

6 3.6 16X2 LCD Testing 16

7 3.7 Specifications of Buzzer 17

8 3.8 Specifications of Push Button 18

9 3.9 Cost of Component 24

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

Moreover, our endeavor extends beyond mere security enhancements; it seeks to

1.2 Project overview

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 1

Figure 1.1 System Architecture

1.2.1 Motivation for Biometric Voting Systems

 Fraud Prevention: Traditional voting methods are susceptible to various forms of

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 2

1.2.2 Technologies Used in Biometric Voting Machines

 Fingerprint Recognition: One of the most commonly used biometric technologies in

1.2.3 Implementation and Integration

 Database Linking: Biometric voting machines often integrate with national

1.2.4 Challenges and Considerations

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 3

1.2.5 Global Adoption

1.3 Problem Statements

1.4 Objective of the project

1.5 Scope of the Project:

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 4

2.1 Literature Review :

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a recent technology where electronic devices,

2.1.2 Smart electronic voting system based on biometric identification- survey

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 5

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering 6

In the development of a biometric voting machine, the selection of appropriate

3.1.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller :

• Ease of Use : Arduino Uno is well-known for its user-friendly programming