MEDIA AND INFORMATION

LITERACY
SECOND QUARTER | FIRST SEMESTER | SHS YEAR 2

➔ portrayal of the actors in creating

media products
➔ actors contribute to character
TOPIC 1: MEDIA LANGUAGES development, creating tension, or
advancing
D. Color
MEDIA LANGUAGES
➔ considerations are highly
● codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and narrative
connotative when it comes to
structure that indicate the meaning of media
interpretations
messages to an audience
➔ usually associated with cultural
● denotes how media producers make meaning about a
aspects
certain medium e.g. advertisement, TV show, film
➔ analysis includes:
they are producing and how they transfer that
a. dominant color
meaning to their target audience
b. contrasting foils
● allows the audience to convey the meaning of the text
c. color symbolism
through its signs and symbols (do not have a single
meaning because audience have different
TECHNICAL CODES
interpretations)
● codes specific to a media form alone
● audience may interpret denotatively or connotatively
● the knowledge and connotations of different camera
○ Denotative
angles and shots make sense when looking at films
➔ literal meaning
and photographs but mean nothing outside those
○ Connotative
forms
➔ various interpretations that the text
● include sound, camera angles, types of shots and
suggests to the audience which are
lighting
often associated with their culture,
A. Camerwork
values, beliefs, etc.
➔ how the camera is operated, positioned, and
moved for specific effects
LANGUAGE
➔ positioning, movement, framing, exposure,
● technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and
and lens choice
conventions that media and information professionals
B. Editing
may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas,
➔ the process of choosing, manipulating, and
information, and knowledge
arranging images and sound
● system of arbitrary, vocal symbols that permit all
C. Audio
people in a given culture, or other people who have
➔ the expressive or naturalistic use of sound
learned the system of that culture to communicate or
➔ 3 aspects: dialogue, sound effects, and
to interact
music
D. Lighting
➔ manipulation of natural or artificial light to
selectively highlight specific elements of the
scene
➔ elements: quality, direction, source, and
color
E. Camera Shots
➔ by combining different type of shots,
filmmakers are able to emphasize specific
emotions, ideas, and movement for each
MEDIA CODES scene
a. Extreme Wide Shot (ELS)
● show the subject from a distance, or
● a system or collection of signs that create meaning the area in which the scene is
when put together taking place
a. sounds ● useful for establishing a scene in
b. spelling terms of time and place, also
c. grammar character’s physical or emotional
● Semiotics: study of signs relationship to the environment
● the character doesn’t necessarily
SYMBOLIC CODES have to be viewable in this shot
● beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, b. Long Shot (LS) / Wide Shot (WS)
body language, clothing, color, etc.) or iconic symbols ● shows the subject from top to
that are easily understood bottom
● audience-based ● not necessarily filling the frame
● the meaning of the product is not based on the ● character becomes more of a focus
product itself but on the interpretation of the audience than an ELS, but the shot tends to
A. Settings still be dominated by the scenery
➔ time and place ● sets the scene and the character’s
➔ can be as big as the galaxy/space place in it
or as small as a specific room ● serve as an Establishing Shot, in
➔ can be a created atmosphere or lieu of an ELS
frame of mind c. Full Shot (FS)
B. Mise en Scene ● frames character from head to toes
➔ a French word ● subject roughly filling the frame
➔ the stage setting, everything within ● emphasis is more on action and
the frame movement rather than a character’s
➔ arrangement of actors and scenery emotional state
on a stage for a theatrical d. Medium Long Shot (MLS) / Medium Wide
production Shot (MWS)
➔ description of all the objects within a ● AKA ¾ shot
frame of the media product and how ● intermediate between Full Shot and
they have been arranged Medium Shot
➔ analysis includes: ● shows subject from the knees up
a. set design e. Cowboy Shot
b. costume ● AKA American Shot
c. props ● a variation of a Medium Shot
d. staging ● name from Western films from the
C. Acting 1930s and 1940s which would

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LITERACY
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frame the subject from mid-thighs
up to fit the character’s gun holsters
into the shot
f. Medium Shot (MS)
● shows part of the subject in more
detail
● for a person, typically frames from
about waist up
● one of the most common shots
seen in films
● focuses on a character while still
showing some environment
g. Medium Close Up (MCU)
● falls between a Medium Shot and
Close Up
● framing from chest or shoulder up
h. Close Up (CU)
● fills the screen with part of the
subject e.g. a person’s head/face
● emotions and reaction of a
character dominate the scene
i. Extreme Close Up (ECU)
● emphasizes a small area or detail of
the subject e.g. eyes or mouth
● ECU of the eyes is sometimes
called an Italian Shot (from Sergio
Leone’s Italian-Western films that
popularized it
j. Choker
● a variant of a Close Up
● frames the subject’s face from
above the eyebrows to below the
mouth
F. Photo Caption
➔ AKA cut lines
➔ few lines of text used to explain or elaborate
on published photographs
G. Comic Strips
➔ sequence of drawings arranged in
interrelated panels to display brief humor or
form a narrative, often serialized, with text in
balloons and captions
H. Camera Shot Framing
➔ art and science of placing subjects in your
shots
➔ all about composition
➔ rather than pointing the camera at the
subject, you need to compose an image
➔ for filmmakers and videographers, a major
consideration for framing is the number of
subjects you feature in your shots and their
physical relationship to each other and the
camera
a. Single Shot
● what you shot captures one subject
● can be set and framed in any shot
size as long as there is only one
character featured within the frame
b. Two Shot
● camera shot with two characters
featured in the frame
● useful for allowing performances to
play out in a single take esp in
comedy
c. Over the Shoulder Shot (OTS)
● shows the subject from behind the
shoulder of another character
● emulates perspective
● common in conversation scenes
● help to provide orientation
● connect the characters on a
emotional level
● over-the-hip shot is similar that the
camera is placed with a character’s
hip in the foreground, and the focus
subject in the plane of acceptable
focus
d. Point of View Shot (POV)
● shows the viewer exactly what the
character sees
● transports the audience into the
character
● generally sandwiched between two
other shots
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● camera shot of a character looking
at something
I. Camera Focus
➔ Depth of Field
● size of the area in your image
where objects appear acceptably
sharp
● area in questions: field
● size (in z-space): depth of the field
● center most point: point of focus
● plan of focus: imaginary two
dimensional plane that extends
from the point
Types of Camera Shot Focus
a. Rack Focus / Focus Pull
b. Shallow Focus
c. Deep Focus
d. Tilt-Shift
WRITTEN CODES
● formal written language used in creating a media
product
● includes the printed language and the spoken
language e.g. dialogues and lyrics of a song
● use of language style and textual layout (headlines,
captions, speech bubbles, language style)
● use of language style and textual layout also express
meaning
● include:
A. Headlines/Titles - the text indicating the nature of
the article below it
B. Typeface/Font
C. Slogans/Taglines
D. Captions (print) or inter-titles (moving image)
E. Style
F. Choice of Words
G. Emphasis of Words
MEDIA CONVENTION
● accepted ways of using media codes
● closely connected to the audience expectations of a
media product
FORM CONVENTIONS
● the certain ways we expect types of media codes to
be arranged
STORY CONVENTIONS
● common narrative structures and understandings that
are common in story telling media products
GENRE CONVENTIONS
● point to the common use of images, characters,
settings, or themes in a particular type of medium
● closely linked with audience expectations
● can be formal or thematic
MEDIA PRODUCERS, AUDIENCE, AND
STAKEHOLDERS
MEDIA PRODUCERS
● people who initiate, plan, and produce media texts
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
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● need to have the skill in assessing the media texts ● violation of this law or one of the rights is called
and a thorough understanding of the target product, infringement
and the processes that go into creating the products

STAKEHOLDERS Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293)

● people or organizations that share the same interests
or intentions COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD

AUDIENCE Literary Works During the lifetime of the

● significant element in delivering media texts author plus 50 years after
● all media texts are made with a target audience in death
mind
A. Audience Analysis Art 25 years from the date of
➔ the process of looking into the demographics creation
(age, gender, social status, etc.) and
psychology (values, beliefs, attitude) of the Photographic Work 50 years from publication
audience
B. Audience Engagement Audio-Visual Work 50 years from publication
➔ the reaction of the audience to the media text
➔ different people react in varied ways to the Sound Recording 50 years from year recording
same text took place
C. Audience Expectations
➔ the anticipation of the audience about the Broadcast Recording 20 years from date of
text broadcast
➔ producers may satisfy or shatter the
audience’s expectations Trademark Valid for 10 years and may
D. Audience Foreknowledge be renewed for a period of
➔ the exact information (not expectations) 10 years
which the audience brings about the media
output Invention Patent Valid for 20 years from filling
E. Audience Identification date
➔ the connection built by the media text to the
audience
F. Audience Placement a. Patent
➔ the strategies producers use to make the ➔ the granting of a property right by a
audience feel that the media text is made sovereign authority to an inventor
G. Audience Research ➔ provides the inventor exclusive rights to the
➔ the monitoring of the audience before, patented process, design, or invention for a
during, and after the production of the media certain period in exchange for a complete
text disclosure of the invention
➔ examples:
◆ Wright Brother’s patent for the
airplane
◆ Thomas Edison’s patent for the light
TOPIC 2: LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN bulb
MEDIA AND INFORMATION ◆ Alexander Graham Bell’s patent for
the telephone
b. Trademark
DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP ➔ a symbol, word, or words legally registered
● the ability to find, access, use, and create information or established by use as representing a
effectively company or product
● engage with other users and with content in an active,
critical, sensitive, and ethical manner COPYRIGHT
● navigate the online and ICT environment safely and ● a legal term used to describe the rights that creators
responsibly, being aware of one’s own rights have over their literary and artistic works
● covers works ranging from books, music, paintings,
sculpture and films, to computer programs,
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) databases, advertisements, maps, and technical
drawings
● registration of copyrighted work or displaying of the
● essential in creating a culture of creativity, progress, copyright symbol may not be mandatory, but it is
and innovations as any content creator’s exclusive recommended to emphasize that the author is
rights to their own creation are secured and protected claiming copyright protection in the work
through the IP law ● the copyright law still protects the creator’s work from
the moment of creation and the owners do not lose
Copyright Law this protection
● allows the owner to control access to his/her own
work and consequently provides strong penalties for PATENT
infringement of owner’s rights ● an exclusive right granted for an invention
● also includes certain exemptions to the rule and ● provides the patent owner with the right to consent on
considerations in the use of the copyrighted materials the invention or a way for others to use it
from the owner’s control, which are under the doctrine ● the patent owner is responsible for making technical
of Fair Use information about the invention available in the
published patent document or in public
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
● the global forum for intellectual property services, TRADEMARK
policy, information, and cooperation ● a distinguished sign of goods or services of one
enterprise from those of other enterprises
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY ● denotes that the owner of the mark is in the process
● protected under two laws that allow the rightful of registration to indicate a claim of ownership
creators or owners of patents, trademarks, or ● only used for marks that have been granted
copyrighted works to benefit from their own work or registration
creation - may it be of moral or material interests
○ Intellectual Property Code (RA 8293) DESIGN
○ Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175) ● an ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an item

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● may consist of three-dimensional features e.g. the
shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional
features e.g. patterns, lines, or color
● an industrial design right protects only the appearance
or aesthetic features of a product (does not protect
the technical or functional features of a product)
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND APPELLATIONS OF
ORIGIN
● signs used on products possessing qualities, a status,
or characteristics that are essentially attributable to
that location of origin
● includes the name of the place of origin of the goods
FAIR USE
● a legal principle stating that one can use a
copyrighted work without a license for the following
purposes:
○ commentary
○ criticism
○ reporting
○ research
○ teaching
● one must own the majority of the new content, give
full credit to the original source, and use the content
for non-profit purposes to consider it fair use
● in order to clarify the terms and conditions in control of
the creative work between the author and the general
public, one needs permission from the copyright
holder which is called a license
The copyrighted material must observe conditions such
as:
1) amount and sustainability of the portion taken
2) purpose and character of one’s use
3) nature of the copyrighted work
4) potential market effect
CREATIVE COMMONS (CC)
● copyright licenses that provide a simple and
standardized way to give the public permission to
share and use the creative work
● an American non-commercial organization that aims
to expand the range of creative works available for
others to build upon and to share legally
● free of charge to the public
● some content creators choose to license their work
more freely by giving their work a CC license or even
putting their work in Public Domain
● easier for both the author and the public compared to
an agreement in traditional licenses which are more
restricting
Infographic 1: Copyright, Fair Use, and Public Domain
Infographic 2: Using Creative Commons Content
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NETIQUETTE
● network etiquette
● a set of rules for behaving properly online
● one of the pressing problems in the digital age is the
lack of basic manners using the Internet
● reminds you to respect and protect your own privacy,
as well as others
● must “self-reflect before you self-reveal”
● must consider being careful in managing your virtual
self and digital footprints, as well as being mindful of
data privacy
Ten Core Rules of Netiquette
1. Remember the human
2. Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that
you follow in real life
3. Know where you are in cyberspace
4. Respect other people’s time and bandwidth
5. Make yourself look good online
6. Share expert knowledge
7. Keep flame wars under control
8. Respect other people’s privacy
9. Don’t abuse your power
10. Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes
VIRTUAL SELF
● how you present yourself on online platforms
● whatever you say or do on the Internet can be viewed
and others can easily pass judgment without even
knowing who you are outside the virtual environment
DIGITAL FOOTPRINT
● any data record of the things you do online
● anything on the internet with your name creates a trail
of data about you
● could be information on your personal website, any
activity on social media, browsing history, online
subscription, and the like
● can remain on the internet for life
DIGITAL PRIVACY
● respecting and managing data privacy is also a
responsible behavior on the internet
● the respect should be mutual between the media user
and the producer
● data privacy or the fundamental right of an individual
to protect private information from disclosure to
information and communication systems is under RA
10173 or the Data Privacy Act of 2012
● if precautionary measures are not observed in sharing
personal information, your online security can be
compromised
DIGITAL DIVIDE
● digital inequality or gap between groups in terms of
knowledge, usage, and access to ICT due to
circumstances like location, income, and age
COMPUTER ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING
● not only local problems but are globally prevalent
● issues may come as a result of an intention, or a habit
that has gone worse
● if not addressed, these issues could distress one’s
health and relationships
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● Philippines ranks as the most internet addicted ➔ consumers may visit the website of the
country (Hootsuite and WeareSocial, 2019) retailer directly or search alternative vendors’
● the world internet usage index lists the Philippines’ websites using a shopping search engine
average time spent on the internet as 10 hours a day B. Citizen Journalism
➔ the collection, dissemination, and analysis of
COMPUTER ADDICTION news and information by the general public,
● the overdependence or a damaging need to do especially by means of internet
something on computer or internet C. Online Education
● its impact could be linked to sleep deprivation, ➔ with internet connection, anyone can earn a
anxiety, and even depression degree without having to attend face-to-face
● setting a limit and immersing yourself with outside class sessions
activity can obviate addiction D. Television Broadcaster
● anything beyond moderation is not good ➔ presents information relating to subjects e.g.
news and sports
CYBERBULLYING ➔ may be responsible for planning the creative
● the use of digital means of communication that could content of a series
hurt or harass a person ➔ might formulate interview questions, read
● one in every three young people in 30 countries has scripts, and reveal details about the show
reported being a victim of online bullying (UNICEF, e.g. commercial breaks
2019) E. Mobile Communication
● do not be afraid to seek help and defend yourself ➔ a means of technology mediated
communication that allows the user of a
mobile device to connect with someone else
at a different location
TOPIC 3: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER
CHALLENGES
OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
● something new and difficult which requires great effort
and determination
The Rise of Social Network Sites on the Internet A. Age-Inappropriate Content
● since 2002 (creation of Friendster), a new socio- ➔ one has to be very careful about access
technical revolution has taken place on the Internet ➔ there are contents that are unfit for children
and young people
Media and Information Improve the Quality of Life ➔ e.g. pornography and violence
● the ability to find, access, use, and create information B. Illegal Content
effectively; engage with other users and with content ➔ the internet has been, and continues to be,
in an active, critical, sensitive, and ethical manner; used by unscrupulous people to further their
and navigate the online and ICT environment safely illegal activities
and responsibly, being aware of one’s own rights ➔ e.g. human trafficking, the use of force,
● communication has been made easier force, fraud, or coercion to obtain a
● information has become widely accessible commercial sex act or labor, and child
● conducting research has become more convenient pornography
➔ some groups use the internet to further the
TIM BERNERS-LEE ideas of racism and discrimination
● “It’s time to recognize the internt as a basic human C. Privacy Invasion and Identity Theft
right” ➔ data posted on the internet may be accessed
○ guaranteeing affordable access for all and used for illegal activities
○ protecting the privacy and freedom of web ➔ it is important for users to be aware of the
users regardless where they live risks before they decide to share their
● invented the World Wide Web personal data
● gave the web to all of us for free ➔ a way to get sensitive personal information is
● founded the World Wide Web Foundation to defend phishing
and advance the open web as a public good and a ➔ the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive
basic right information such as username, passwords,
and credit card details by disguising oneself
Impact of World Wide Web as a trustworthy entity in an electronic
● the rise of Me-centered society: the process of communication
individuation, the decline of community understood in D. Libel/Slander
terms of space, work, family, and ascription in general ➔ if a person, with malice, publishes a false
● shift toward the reconstruction of social relationships, statement that is damaging to another
including strong cultural and personal ties that could person’s reputation, office, trade, business,
be considered a form of community, on the basis of or means of livelihood
individual interests, values, and projects ➔ violation of Article 355 of the Revised Penal
Code in the Ph
➔ can be committed in the form of writing,
printing, and other similar means
Opportunities Challenges Power ➔ if the hurtful statement is spoken, the
statement is slander
● job hiring ● fake news ● influence E. Cybercrime
● empower citizen ● unreliable ● distribution ➔ a crime in which a computer is the object of
● freedom of sources of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or
expression information is used as a tool to commit an offense (child
● informing and pornography, hate crimes)
keeping the ➔ committed with or through the use of
mass up to date information and communication technologies
● inspire such as radio, television, cellular phone,
● faster and free computer and network, and other
communication communication device or app
➔ according to the 2001 Budapest Convention
on Cybercrime, criminal offenses in
OPPORTUNITIES cyberspace include:
● a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible ◆ offenses against the confidentiality,
to do something integrity, and availability of
A. Online Shopping computer data and systems
➔ consumers can directly buy goods over the ◆ computer-related offenses
Internet ◆ content-related offenses

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◆ offenses related to infringements of
copyright and related rights
Types:
a. Hacking
● the most common type
● entails cracking systems and
gaining unauthorized access to the
data stored in them
● hacker: a person who breaks into a
computer system
b. Cyber Stalking
● use of internet or other electronic
means to stalk someone
● online harassment and online
abuse
● involves following a person’s
movement across the internet by
posting threatening messages to
the victim or by entering chat rooms
frequented by the victim or by
constantly bombarding the victim
with the emails
c. Virus Dissemination
● virus: the programs which attach
themselves to the computer or file
then circulate themselves to other
files and to other components on a
network; usually affect the data
either by altering or deleting it
d. Email Spoofing
● an email that appears to originate
from one source but actually has
been sent from another source
● AKA email forging
e. Phishing
● a target/s is contacted by email,
telephone, or text message by
someone posing as a legitimate
institution to lure individuals into
providing sensitive data such as
personally identifiable information,
banking, and credit card details,
and passwords
● hacker will hack or get all your
information over the internet
f. Piracy
● unauthorized duplication of
copyrighted content that is then sold
at substantially lower prices in the
black market
● illegal under the Cybercrime Law,
which states that acquiring any
digital copy of any copyrighted
material is punishable by fine from
Php 200,000 to Php 500,000 and
six to twenty years in prison
● the Intellectual Property Code and
the Anti-Camcording Law were
previously in place to combat piracy
● a form of theft as it takes away from
the producers and artists the rightful
compensation due them
Cybercrime-related Laws in the Philippines
RA No. 10175 Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
RA No. 9995 Anti-photo Voyeurism Act of 2009
RA No. 9775 Anti-child Pornography Act of 2009
RA No. 9208 Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
RA No. 8792 E-commerce Act of 2000
RA No. 8484 Access Device Regulation Act of 1998
RA No. 4200 Anti-wiretapping Law
POWER
● often related to our ability to make others do what we
want, regardless of their own wishes or interests
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EMPOWERMENT
● the idea of power and idea that power change, that
the ownership of power can shift from one entity to
another
● possible because power can expand or diminish as
the case may be
THREATS AND RISKS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
● each person has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression
● this right includes the freedom to hold and express
opinions without interference and to seek, receive,
and impart information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers
● with this right, we can negotiate, chat, and express
our opinions and ideas, provided that we show
respect to persons whose opinions differ from ours
● showing respect means listening to others as they
explain their respective sides and trying to understand
their perspective and why
● we do not have to agree with then, instead, engage
them in discussion and avoid being aggressive
● we should never abuse and misuse our freedom of
speech
TOPIC 4: IMPLICATION OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE INDIVIDUALS
● have the ability to find, evaluate, and use reliable
information, and communicate it through various
formats and media
● such literacy is important for learning, making sound
decisions, and solving problems
Effects on the Individual and Society
1. Personal
➔ improves the quality of life
➔ communication has been made easier
➔ information has become widely accessible
➔ conducting research has become more
convenient
➔ long-distance communication between family
members have become possible through
video calls or instant messaging
➔ provides entertainment through various cable
channels and internet access
2. Political
➔ generates greater political participation
➔ in the fields of public service, the media and
the government have a long-standing
relationship
➔ media keep the public and even the
government informed on what is happening
in the country, helping both sectors make
political decisions
➔ through media reports of government
activities and issues, the public are informed
of the political affairs in the country and are
further encouraged to take a more active role
in the government
3. Economic
➔ promotes economic opportunities
➔ the new media have made it possible for
ordinary individuals to offer their materials for
consumption, whether free or paid
➔ creates new job opportunities
4. Educational
➔ through different interactive media platforms
➔ reinvention of learning modalities makes
knowledge accessible to more people
➔ information can be easily accessed and
assessed, thus, making studying convenient
for students
➔ learning resources can be easily improvised
and customized to suit the aptitudes of
different types of learners
5. Social
➔ media and information-literate individuals
form groups that are said to be more
cohesive units tan those formed by people
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who are not, creating abond that does not
only have relational implications but also
create social impact
➔ people are being connected in ways that
weren’t possible before
➔ MIL people would rarely, if ever, fall victim to
take news and consequently react to it in a
way that would destroy social relationship
➔ allows people to develop camaraderie and
interaction
➔ different social network sites can be used to
build support groups engaging in different
advocacies
6. Professional
➔ builds professional networks
➔ looking and applying for a job becomes easy
by checking different websites
➔ job hunting becomes convenient
➔ an individual can conveniently work from
home through use of different mediap
TOPIC 5: AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA
AUDIO
● anything connected to sound, specifically when
received, recorded, transferred, or duplicated
● anything related to the documentation and
transmission of sound
AUDIO MEDIA
● the media communication that uses audio equipment
to report, document, and deliver information through
the means of sound
AUDIO INFORMATION
● the file or sound created and transferred by using high
fidelity waves that are heard through certain audio
tools
● 3 elements
○ human voice
○ music
○ sound effects
TYPES OF AUDIO FILES
RADIO BROADCAST
● the act of sending a live or recorded audio through
radio waves meant for a large group of listener
MUSIC
● an artistic form of auditory communication
incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a
structured and continuous manner
SOUND EFFECTS
● the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially
made to create an effect in a movie, play, or other
broadcast production
SOUND RECORDING
● the encoding of any sound from the surrounding
● the act or procedure of making a record of a certain
sound
● recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from
the environment
AUDIO PODCAST
● an episodic series of digital audio or video file or
recording that can be downloaded by a user from a
website to a media player or computer to listen
WAYS OF STORING AUDIO FILES
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TAPE
● a magnetic tape sound recording format on which
sound can be documented
COMPACT DISC (CD)
● a plastic fabricated, circular tool on which audio,
video, and other digital information is recorded,
stored, and played back
USB FLASH DRIVE
● an external hard disk drive, small enough to fit on a
keychain, that can be plugged into the computer’s
USB port
MEMORY CARD
● a small, flat, flash drive, used to save data such as
audio files, pictures, texts, and videos for use on
small, portable, or remote computing devices
COMPUTER HARD DRIVE
● a secondary data storage device for saving digital
data
INTERNET/CLOUD
● a wide network of remote servers in the internet
meant to operate as storage and retrieval of audio
files and other data
AUDIO FILE FORMATS
MP3 (MPEG AUDIO LAYER 3)
● a coding format for consumer audio
● a means of sound sequence compression for the
transmission and playback of music on most digital
audio players
MP4/AAC (MPEG-4 AUDIO/ADVANCED AUDIO CODING)
● an audio file type capable of holding audio, video, and
other media
PRINCIPLES FOR LOW-COST SOUND DESIGNING
SOUND DESIGN
● the process of recording, developing, or producing
audio elements
1. Never underestimate the power of natural sound.
➔ ex: whirl of the wind, tweeting bird, flowing
stream
2. Create your own sound bank.
➔ comes in handy in case you need all-natural
and original sound
3. Go for original music.
4. Eliminate unnecessary noise as much as possible.
➔ ex: bark of the dog, karaoke/videoke
5. Be careful with your voice recordings
➔ direct the recording equipment as close as
possible to the sound source
Purpose of Using Sound Effects
● to emphasize artistic audio even in the absence of
visual
Why is sound an essential part of any movie, play, or
broadcast production?
● listening to sound effects may regulate one’s
emotions due to the kind of sound they create