SUMMARIZE BOOK OF EDEXEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9-1)

HUMAN BIOLOGY
Name : Irma Sufianingsih
NIM : 22031076
UNIT 4 – MICROORGANISM
Microbiology is one of the most applied of all the biological sciences which did not exist as a
true science before the later part of 19th century. Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms that is the organism which are of microscopic dimensions. These organisms
are too small to be clearly perceived by the unaided human eye. Microorganisms are living
organisms that are usually too small to be seen clearly with the naked eye. An organism with
a diameter of 1 mm or less are microorganisms and fall into the broad domain of
microbiology. Because most of the microorganisms are only a few thousands of a mm in size,
they can only be seen with the aid of microscope. Due to the invisibility of microbes tc the
naked eye and the need for special techniques to study them, microbiology was the last of the
three major divisions in biology (the other two are botany and zoology) to develop.
The Golden age of microbiology began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch who
had their own research institute. More important there was an acceptance of their work by the
scientific community throughout the world and a willingness to continue and expand the
work. During this period, we see the real beginning of microbiology as a discipline of
biology.
Microorganisms are regarded as a collection of evolutionary different organisms. Modern
taxonomy is an exciting and dynamic field. New techniques in molecular biology and
genetics are providing new insights into classification and evolution. The characters used to
classify bacteria fall into two groups, i.e. traditional or classical and genomics. Traditionally,
taxonomists have used morphology, biochemistry, physiology, cultural characters, serology,
ecological and phage typing to make decisions about bacterial species. Where as genome
cOlJlparison include, comparison of proteins, Nucleic acid base composition, nucleic acid
hybridization and nucleic acid sequencing etc.
Bacterial systematics has undergone several changes and is continuously in a state of flux as
our knowledge of microorganism is far from complete and new information is being added
every day. In 1923 David Bergey, professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania
and four colleagues published a classification of bacteria that could be used for identification
of bacterial species. The Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology has been a widely
used reference since publication of the first edition in 1923. This manual is now in its ninth
edition edited in 1992. The manual does not classify bacteria according to evolutionary
relatedness but provides identification (determining) schemes, based on such criteria as cell
wall composition, morphology, differential staining, oxygen requirement and biochemical
testing. In this volume bacteria are assigned 19 parts based primarily on following fedtures
like energy and carbon source, mode of locomotion, morphology and gram stain reaction,
gaseous requirement and endospore formation ability. The edition was published by Wilkins
and Baltimore company of USA.