- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY For Civil Services Preliminary and Main Examinations. Ravi P Agrahari rece cote Pe UAC + 2021 UPSE Preliminary Examination Question Paper with solution and analysis eesStep 1: EER (ick on htpsew mbedcation.co int Step 3: EGER Click on the name ofthe book under “Downloads & Resources”. Step 5: SESRERRAMESETO NT] Fin unique Pass Code & email ID. You wl ind your pass code (Scratch Access Code) from above. Click on the checkbox and then on “Suami. a. -- a Step 7: EGRESS ‘Once your email ID is authenticated, the below sereen will ‘ppeer. Click on “Access Resource” a Access Resource Step 2: SERRURERT ry Enter 13- 4° 1.5.2 Second Phase (1967-1987)'" / America supports India to begin first nuclear power generation in Tarapur Atomic Power Station and Canada’s CANDU reactors. The Green Revolution was brought in India during 1960s, which leads to the production of high-yield food varieties and use of chemical fertilisers in India. The farmers belonging to wheat-growing areas (Haryana, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh) are most benefited. The application of modern science and technology support the agriculture to flourish rapidly. The efforts of Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) have played a major role for the cultivation of high-yielding food crops and post harvest technology. This makes India selfdependent in maintaining the food buffer stock for the people. BAY cist fe 1.5.3 Third Phase (1987 to Present) In 1986, the Department for Biotechnology Re- search was established under the aegis of Ministry of Science and Technology. Both the Indian govern- ment and the private sector could invest in the field of Biotechnology for medical and agricultural ap- Plications. Bangalore is known as the technological capital of India. Hyderabad, Bangalore and Chen- hai are considered as the golden triangle, of IT and technology, which constitute the vertel R&D, Science and Technology and Indian Manufacturing. Under the Prime Minister's charge, in the year 1981, the Department of Ocean Develop- ment was established to harmonisé-dnd direct the country’s activities in ocean research. It works in biological, chemical, physical and geologica) field besides Meteorology and Geophysics Oceanography. p'lndia first entered the space mission with Aihe successful launch of Chandrayaan. on, 22 October 2008. The Moon Impact probe" isin Chandrayaan was released on 18 November 2008, from a height, pf,400 kilometres., During its 25. minute descent, Chandra’s Altitudinal Compo sition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water, On 5 November 2013 the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched a second space mission of India, i.e., Mars Orbiter Mission, which is also known as Mangelyaan. It is the first “interplanetary mission of India, making ISRO the fourth space agency to reach Mars after Soviet Space Programme, NASA and European Space Agency. India is the first Asian nation to reach the orbit of Mars and also the first nation to get the success in its first effort. India also launched Chandrayaan mission, on 22nd July 2019. ‘The Thirty Meter, Telescoy ) is an anticipat sso Ee a ae .lgrae telescope, which is to be constructed on the ‘Slimmit of Mauna Kea in the US, near Hawaii, and further going to be planned for ultraviolet to midin- frared observations (0.31 to 28 um wavelengths). ‘There is government support from several nations that spend on R&D, such as Japan, USA, Canada, China and India for the development of this tele- scope. This observatory and telescope is likely to be operational at Mauna Kea tll 2024. 1.6 L__} 4.6.4 Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar (1887-1920) ¢ Srinivasa Ramanujam worked during the British Rule in India, ¢ He was an Indian mathematician and made ubstantial contributions to mathematical 24:5 Snalysis, number theory, infinite series and cot tinued fractions, including solutions to mathe- matical prabtetss then considered unsolvable. Ute TRACES Ui BC Contribution 8 * of3 o e é 3 S e Development of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future ia d rao compiled early 3,900 results (mostly idehtities and eqtiations), such as the Ramanujan prime, the Ramanujgn theta func tion, Paitin foe and moet Nea Tune. tions, which opendleh®new areas of work and inspired a vast amount of further research. «He was one of the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and the youngest Fallon ofthe Roval Soe 4.6.2 Chandrasekhara V: Raman + He was the first Asian to be conferred with the Nobel Prize in Physics in the year 1930. light was prepared by him. 4.5 ps « The debate on the nature of light, whether it is waves or particles was ended by the ‘Raman Effect’, which proved that light is made up of particles known as photons. 1.6.3 Jagdish Chandra Bose + J.C. Bose was knighted for his paper in 1917 on “The Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarisation of Electric Ray”. * Dr. Bose invented Crescograph, which is used for the recording of even the millionth part of a millimetre stole ywth and its movement. © He has demé Benet throush cresograph that the sap's upward movement in plants is the living cells Sétivity. 1.6.4 Homi Jahangir Bhabha * Bhabha is also known as the Father of Indian Nuclear Science. * He suggested Sir Dorab Ji Tata for establish- ing an institution to lay the country’s founda- tion as a world nuclear power, which led to the establishment of Tata Institute of Funda- mental Research (TIFR). * The country’s first atomic research centre, which is Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) was set up at Trombay, under his ex- pert guidance. * The country’s first atomic reactor - Apsara ~ was established during his period. 158, ao «Various experiments were conducted and also a research’ Bapet on molecular scattering. of ob molecular, seal ering Oho a ° * He became the first chairman of Atomic En- ergy Commission, which was established in the year 1941 ts © He was a rei f Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Homi Bhabha Prize is given for the special contribution in “Theoret ical Physics”. o 4.6.5 Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai Under the expert guidance of Dr. Vikram Am- balal Sarabhai, India launched its first satel __ lite, Aryabhatta, een © He established industries like Sarabhai Geigy Ltd., Sarabhai Glass, Sarabhai Chemicals, Sarabhai Merck Ltd. and many others. His efforts saved crores of Indian rupees by initiating the mission of antibiotics and peni- cillin production and military hardware manu- 4 9¢ facturing in India. pee © The credit for establishing various reputed _ institutes in India goes to Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai. ‘One such prominent example is Indian Insti- tutes of Management (IIMs). © Dr. Sarabhai also served as the chairman of the Indian National Commission for Space Research (INCOSPAR) and the ‘Atomic Energy Cgngmission. © He was the nealing the establishment of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launghing Station (TERLS). APE qs 00 © Sarabhai was conferred “with the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan,, He had also taken initiatives“f0r ‘spreading education with the help of satellite communi cation to the villages. ss 4.6.6 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam . Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, in the island town of Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu. «He was the eleventh President of India. He was honoured with the highest civilian. award of India, Bharat Ratna, in the year 1997 for his contributions in the science and engineering field.BEEREBENER © Science and Technology * Dr Kalam had served in Indian Space Research Organisation from the year 1963 to 1982. Dr. Kalam developed the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV 3) at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, which placed the satellite Rohini into orbit. ams - * During his tenute as the Director of Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO), he was entrusted with the responsibility of Inte- grated Guided Misi Beglomment Programme (IGMDP) and subsetfuently he developed five defence services projects, namely, Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag and Agni. In his life, A. P. J. Kalam has written many books: Target 3 Billion, Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology; India 2020: A vision for the New Millennium, Envisioning an Empowered Nation, A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India, You Are Born to Blossom, Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji, My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions, Indomitable Spirit, Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India, The Luminous Sparks, Mission India, Inspiring Thoughts, Forget your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring, Turning Points: A journey through challenges. 1.6.7 Anil Kakodkar * He was a mechanical engineer and an Indian nuclear scientist. * During 1996-2000, he was the Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India and the Secretary to the Government of India, Direc- tor of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay. + For his significant contribution, he was con- ferred with the Padma Vibhushan in the year 2009 and also played a major role in India’s nuclear tests. * Kakodkar champions India’s self-reliance on thorium advanced Heavy Water Reactor, which uses thorium-uranium 233 as the pri- mary energy source with plutonium as the driver fuel. The unique reactor system, with simplified but safe technology, would generate 75 per cent of electricity from thorium. * He joined the Reactor Engineering Divisio, of the BARC and played a significant role jp design and construction of the Dhruva Reactoy. which is a completely original and also’a high, ~ tech project. * He has also led the indigenous tgchnolpay de. velopment of India's Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor. He was involved in the rehabilitatio, in the first unit at Rawatbhata and two num. ber reactors at Kalpakkam. aX ott ls 1.6.8 C.N.R. Rao ow gone ¢ Dr. Rao is an Indian chemist and his area of} interest is structural and solid-state chemistry ¢ The relationship between material properties and the structural chemistry of materials can be easily understood through his work on 5 5 pibbene transition metal oxides. _¢0' oxide materials such as La’CuO*, © His work has led to a systematic study of cém- Positionally controlled metabinsulator transi tions. Such studies have had a profound impact in application fields like, colds8al magneto resis. tance and high temperature superconductivity. * On 4 February 2014, he was awarded with the Bharat Ratna. 1.6.9 G.N. Ramachandran (1922-2001) * He is best known for the work “Ramachandran Plot”, which the scientist had conceived along with Vishwanathan Sasisekharan to under stand the structure of peptides. * The triple-helical model of collagen structure was first suggested by him and he also has made vital contribution in the Biology field. 1.6.10 K. Radhakrishnan + In December 2014, he was appointed the Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Techno! ogy chairman and he also chaired the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. * He had formerly also served at the post of chairman of Indian Space Research Organise tion (ISRO) from 2009 to 2014. * Dr. Rao has also synthesised two-dimensional ¢ é €Development of Science and Technology In the Past, Present and Future ENERAT «He got the Lifetime Fellowship of the Indian Geophysical Union. « He was amongst the group of key per sons behind India’s mission to the moon, Chandrayaan-I. +» He was later honoured with the Padma Bhushan Award for his contribution to Sci- ence and Engineering, especially in the field of Space Science and Technology. 4.6.11 Kailas Nath Kaul (1905-1983) « His contribution in the field of biological sci- ence has been recognised all over the world. + After serving as the first Indian scientist at the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, England, he established the National Botanical Research Institute at Lucknow in 1948. + His work on the medicinal plant Artemisia brevi- folia in Kashmir resulted in increase in yields of Santonin six times, leading to the production of Santonin, economically viable in India. « By studying the spatial patterns of vegetation and depths of wells, Kaul discovered fresh water aquifers in Jodhpur, the Thar Desert in India. After this discovery, a Desert Reclama- tion Scheme was prepared by him, in order to solve Jodhpur’s water shortage problem. * The Banthra Formula is his famous work in which he reclaimed several thousand acres of alkaline land of Uttar Pradesh. He was award- ed the Padma Bhushan in 1977. 1.642 Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan * He headed ISRO from 1994 to 2003. Earlier, he also served as the Director of ISRO Sat- ellite Centre and under his supervision, new generation spacecraft - the Indian National Satellite (INSAT-2) and the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS-IA and 1B), besides several scientific satellites, were developed. He served as the Project Director for India’s first two experimental earth observation satellites, Bhaskara-I and I. He also led the country’s initiative for enter- ing into an era of the planetary exploration through extensive studies which lead to the conceptualisation of Chandrayaan-I. * He was honoured with the Padma Shri (1982), Padma Bhushan (1992) and Padma Vibhushan (2000). 1.6.13 M.G.K. Menon * One of his most significant contributions is to establish the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, in 1945. His cosmic rays experiments were done for exploring the fundamental particles’ proper- ties. He performed deep underground experi- ments with cosmic ray neutrinos in the mines of Kolar Gold Fields. In 1970, he was elected as a fellow of Royal Society. In 2008, the asteroid 7564 ‘Gokumenon’ was named after him. He was conferred with the Padma Bhushan in 1968 and Padma Vibhushan in 1985. 1.6.14. M. O. P. Iyengar (1886-1963) © M.O.P. lyenger was an eminent Indian bot anist and phycologist who performed various researches in the structure, cytology, repro- duction and taxonomy of algae. © He is regarded and called as the “Father of Indi- an Phycology” or “Father of Algology in India”. 4.6.15 Panchanan Maheshwari (1904-1966) * Panchanan Maheshwari was an Indian botanist who is famous for his invention of ‘the tech- nique of test-tube fertilisation of angiosperms’. © With this invention, it became possible to create new hybrid plants whose natural cross-breeding was not possible previously. «He served as a chief editor for his scientific journal Phytomorphology until his death in 1966; and for the popular magazine Botanica. He founded the International Society of Plant Morphologists in 1951. 4.6.16 Benjamin Peary Pal (1906-1989) * He was among the leading scientists in the field of wheat genetics and breeding. He wasCTNERH] Science and Technology the first Director of Indian Council of Agricul- tural Research (ICAR). He donated all of his property to ICAR. © He was an honourable recipient of the Padma Shri in 1959, the Padma Bhushan in 1968 and of the Padma Vibhushan in 1987. 1.6.17 Anant Mashelkar * He is also known by his other name Ramesh Mashelkar. He served as the Director General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Re- search (CSIR). + Afier independence, he played a significant role in shaping India’s policies of science and technology. He served as a member of the Sci- entific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister while also leading the successive governments. * Under the chairmanship of Mashelkar, a tech- nical expert group on patent laws was estab- lished in 2005, so as to find out whether the amendments made in Indian patent law were TRIPS compliant or not. The committee con- cluded unanimously that the amendments were not TRIPS compliant. © He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2014. 1.6.18 Tessy Thomas © Tessy Thomas headed the programme on the AgnilV missile of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), which was successfully tested in 2011. Thomas is also recognised as India’s “Missile Woman”. * In 2009, the Advanced Systems Laboratory in Hyderabad appointed her as the Project Director for 5,000 km range Agni-V. © Her outstanding contribution in the field of missile technology for making India self- reliant has made her win the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award. 1.6.19 Udupi Ramachandra Rao * UR. Rao was the former chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. © He was conferred with the Padma Bhushan in 1976. or «He made a great contribution for the establish. ment of Indian satellite technology in 1972. © Under his supervision, many satellites were designed and launched with an aim to provide communication, remote sensing and meteo- rological services. These include India’s first satellite “Aryabhatta” in 1975, Bhaskara, AP. PLE, Rohini, INSAT-1 and INSAT-2 series of multipurpose satellites and the IRS-IA and IRS-1B remote sensing satellites. 1.6.20 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan «He is an Indian-American and British struc- tural biologist of Indian origin. © Presently, he is the President of the Royal Society. * He won the Nobel Prize in 2009 in Chemis- try, “for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome”. 1.6.21 Verghese Kurien (1921-2012) ¢ Verghese Kurien is known as the “Father of the White Revolution” in India. * He is the person behind “Operation which was the largest agricultural dairy devel- opment programme in the world and India the top ranked milk producer in the world. * India’s largest food brand Amul Cooperative was established with his help. © He also made India, selfsufficient in the pro- goffuction of edible Oil taking on a powerful, en- trenched and violently resistant oil supplying lobby. pupa axes. SIU SOL BSE, + Hes one of the greatest supporters of the cooperative movement jg the world. + His work helped in the uplifiment of millions of people out of poverty in India aS af as outside. woun 1.6.22, Prafulla Chandra Ray + He was born on 2 August 1861 in Bengal. He was a renowned chemist who set up the first chemical factory ‘of India, “Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Ltd.” in 1901 with an aim to mak® chemicals at much cheaper rates, by using local raw materials. Bye josre-” ee 0 ooeeneDevelopment of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future om 4.6.23 Satyendra Nath Bose © He was an Indian physicist and mathe- matician, who is best known for his work with Albert Einstein on the ‘Bose-Kins Statistics’ that has application in information ‘eretrieval in present time. He worked on bosgn also called God particles, which revolutionised the modern Physics. «The name Boson was given after his name and Bose is known as the ‘Father of God Particle’. 46.24 Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar (1894-1955) + A wellknown Indian scientist in the field of Chemistry, he was the first director-general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and also known as the “Father of Research Laboratories”. «© He was also the first Chairman of the Universi- ty Grants Commission (UGC). His biggest and significant contributions were. in the field of Magneto-Chemistry, where he applied the concept of magnetism for the study of chemical reactions. He invented Bhatnagar Mathur Magnetic In- terference Balance jointly with K.N. Mathur in 1928, for measuring magnetic properties. + He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1954. 16.25 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) Ferg PON + He was an astrophysicist. He discovered and concluded that massive stars,can collapse un- der their own gravity to Feach enormous! or even infinite densities. Now, these collapsed stars are referred as neutron stars and black holes. ‘ + Small and dong hes go on to become white gS dwasts while larger stars, after a supernova, can become neutron stars or black holes. He was awarded with the Noble prize in Physics in 1983 for “theoretical studies of the physical process of importance to the struc- ture and evolution of stars’, sharing the prize swith William Fowler. NASA's Chandra X-ray observatory is named after him. 1.6.26 Har Gobind Khorana © Har Gobind Khorana was an Indo-American biochemist. «He received Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize in 1968 with two other colleagues for the study of nucleotides in nucleic acids, and analyse genetic code of the cell those are re- sponsible for the control of protein synthesis. Khorana also received the Louisa Gross Hor- wits Prize from Columbia University in the same year, with Nirenberg. Khorana served as faculties of three universi- ties in North America. He also received the National Medal of Sci- ence in 1987. 1.6.27 Jagdish Chandra Bose He was a very dynamic personality and worked in many discipline-biologist, biophysi- cist, physicist, botanist and archaeologist. He pioneered the investigation of radio and mi- crowave optics, made significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of ex- perimental science in the Indian subcontinent. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) named him as one of the fathers of radio science. He is also considered as the father of Bengali science fiction, and invented a device for mea- suring the growth of plants i.e. Crescograph. In his honour, a crater on the moon has been named. 1.6.28 M Visvesvarya © He was an Indian civil engineer and statesman and the 19th Diwan of Mysore, who served from 1912 to 1919. © He received India's highest honour, Bharat Ratna, in 1955. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the British Indian Empire (KCIE) by King George V for his contributions to public good.Science and Technology © India, Sri Lanka and Tanzania are celebrating 15 September ted as Engincer’s Day in his memory. * He was Chief Engineer to work for flood pro- tection system for city of Hyderabad and also involved in the construction of Krishna Raja Sagara dam in North-West suburb of Mysore. 1.6.29 Raja Ramana + Raja Ramanna was an Indian physicist and has played a very important role in earlier stages of India’s nuclear program. * In the beginning Ramana had worked under Homi Jehangir Bhabha, and later became the director of this program in 1967. * Ramana had expanded and supervised many scientific research on nuclear weapons. He was the first directing officer of address a small team of scientists to supervised and carried out the test of the nuclear device, under the codename Smiling Buddha, in 1974. «Ramana was associated for more than four decades with India’s nuclear program and also directed it, He also initiated industrial defence programmes for the Indian Armed Forces. * He received Padma Vibhushan, in the honor of his services to build India's nuclear programme. Rational Use ORCC U ial Bl LGR Bec eunus Oh Tee iret Around 70 per cent of the country’s population lives in rural areas, Thus, the development of ru- ral India shall reflect development of the whole country. For this to happen, an intensive focus on conservation of natural resources and use of sustainable technologies will have to become a prerequisite. In our villages, millions still cook us- ing fossil fuels in earthenware. Their exposure to smoke causes serious health hazards. The present government has launched a new initiative to pro- vide LPG connections to poor people. The users who can afford LPG at market price, may give up subsidy on their gas connections and help provid- ing clean fuel to a BPL family. Dr. Harsh Vardhan, the_then Union Minis. ter for Science and Technology has launched ay equipment in April 2016 called ‘Solar Dome” Th: Sate wil help Tluminate people's houses nrg areas where electricity has not reached. The pio. tovoltaic cells in this device store sunlight and car provide light for 8 to 10 hours. Such innovativ: methods of alternative/renewable energy will also help the people to do their routine work during night hours. This will also prove to be a boon to schoolgoing children who can complete their as- signments and save their eyes from the impact of dim light of candle or lantern. ‘A number of new and innovative techniques have been developed in the field of construction Low cost and environment-friendly building ma terials and designs are being used. Structural En- gineering Research Centre (SERC) located in ‘Chennai and Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) in Roorkee, are premier research instiu- 4 tions under umbrella, doing commendabie- R&D work in the field of building technology BRI has developed ‘Fluorogypsum Plaster’ that is imperishable in the rain and can sustain for lene. Portable Crick machine is such a low-cost tech- nology, which uses fly ash, sand and cement for the building of durable and good quality bricks. This can substantially reduce the cost of construc- tion and go a long way in meeting demand of puc- ca houses, especially in rural areas. In addition. these institutions have contributed in the develop- ment of sustainable and efficient building technol ogies, such as earthquake-resistant structures, use of rice husk in making wood, ete. Such sustainable and low-cost technologies are not only in the inter est of rural population but affordable to them also. Health of rural public plays a crucial role in ru ral development. Primary Health Centres (PHC) and Community Health Centres (CHC) have been established with the aim to address several health issues of rural areas. Unfortunately, thes? centres are facing shortage of doctors and phat macists/nurses. Modern medical technologies and their specialists are also lacking there. Due to lack of medical facilities, most of the rural population have to take recourse to nearby city hospitals. IfDevelopment of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future | EMRE Ma PHCs and CHCs are well equipped with essential and modern medical technologies and facilities, health care in rural India could be better. Science and technology have contributed sig- nificantly in promoting agriculture in our country over the decades. Agriculture Information System (AIS) plays an important and key role in ensur- ing the reach of agriculture-elated information to farmers. Through different Information Pro- cessing Tools monitoring, we are able to know the situation of natural resources and environmental impact such as analysis of environment deteriora- tion, soil erosion, deforestation, etc. Since the last few years, DD Kisan Channel is providing dedicated programmes on agriculture. Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp have caused wider promotion of this channel among urban and rural India. Content of the channel and its presen- tation are also innovative. Therefore, this channel is gaining popularity. Vigyan Prasar, which is an autonomous organisation of the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, is engaged in public outreach for $ and T communi- cation. In rural’areas, this organisation organises street plays, puppet shows and science exhibitions. Also S and T is playing a great role in pro- moting education. Online education system has become a boon for those students who cannot attend school on a regular basis. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University (UPRTOU) are providing online education to un- dergraduate and postgraduate courses to both ur- ban and rural students through online information technologies. National Institute of Open School- ing (NIOS) is a national organisation under the Ministry of Human Resource Development. It provides online education to students up to Class ‘XIL. Students of country’s rural and remote areas are the targets for NIOS. Different vocational and life skill related educational programmes have also been introduced at various centres of NIOS. ‘The National Informatics Centre (NIC) was established by the Department of Electronics in 1975. NIC is based on the nation-wide satellite communication network. It has developed District Information System (DISNIC) in each district of the country. A large number of training and information transfer programmes have been taking place through this system. This helps in making available valuable information for district and rural development. 1.8 ASCO Gilad cinta eed nd Technology in Rural Areas NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation) in India defines rural area through the following parameters: 1. Population density of up to 400 per square kilometre. 2. Presence of clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board. 3. Minimum 75 per cent of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities. Rural population (% of total population) in India was reported at 65.53 % in 2019, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators. Government has taken a number of initiatives for equitable development of a dual society like India, which is characterised by the presence of affluent few elites amidst a large economically- deprived majority. Although the percolation of science (an understanding about the rule of na- ture) and technology (application of scientific knowledge) is slow in rural India compared to ur- ban India, intervention of science and technology had brought significant positive as well as negative impacts on attitude, lifestyle, social structures and economic status of rural India. Attitude Generally, rural people are conventional in their attitude, i., they resist change, look at sci- entific development through a suspicious eye, and are not easily swayed with the idea of making fall in economic gains. But, agriculture-friendly technol ogies such as tractors, drip irrigation, land levellers have played a major role in chiselling scientific bias in the minds of rural masses, although there are peo- ple whoare sticking to their traditional practices. The attitude change is a welcoming thing. However, they should be educated about how to attain a win-win sit- uation through technology. For example, during theBMTEM "Science and Technology Green Revolution, farmers overused fertilisers. As @ consequence, health of both the farmers and land deteriorated. LifeStyle People in the rural areas primarily engage themselves in agriculture and allied activities, which demand great physical work. With the support of electricity and technologies, such as pumps, mo- tors and machines for sowing seeds, the demand for farm labour and physical work on agricultural land has come down drastically. Also, with the support of technology such as TV and print media, people are exposed to modern dressing styles and food hab- its. Precautions should be taken to ensure that they do not adopt a sedentary lifestyle like their urban counterparts. SocialStructure Need for high number of manpow- erin agricultural activities was one of the major rea- sons for the formation of social institution, like joint, family system. Already agriculture sector is suffer- ing from disguised unemployment due to the lack of technological intervention. There is a danger of this technology affecting the social life of society. On the positive side, electronics such as mixers and grinders have made the life of women easy at home. This cre- ates them spaces for investing this additional time in productive activities for personal development. Technology has also made men’s superior physical strength redundant. This challenges the patriarchal social structure with the support of ICT, and edu- cation is accessible even for rural kids. Educated kids are well equipped to challenge the rigid caste structure, which fone ofthe defining traits of rural india. Economic Status Economic status of tural masses has increased manifold with the support of technol- ‘gies such as e-chaupal, which addresses ‘the problem of information asymmetry. New technologies, which are introduced for resources planning and mapping has reduced the’ ‘wastage of resources dras ‘ally. Food production in India has increased from 45 million tonnes in 1951-52 to 250 million tonnes in 2014-15, However, we should protect farmers from getting aon ie dangerous technologies such as GMO ops for shortierm ic eal aati economic gains, through aware- erated eset sare xn aed ices We have evolved from environmental determini: (forces of nature were strong) to possibilism (nz. (ure gets humanised) with the support of our te nological innovations. Technology, though having many disadvantages, if highly used, has the po- tential to solve human sufferings. Through quality research, we unleash the hidden potential of our nature, which is profound. Unfortunately, Indian government does not give due importance for strengthening the research po- tential of our country. Though there are a number of causes for such lackadaisical attitude towards re- search, the following are some of the major reasons. * Most Indian universities look at research with a negative attitude. They neither inspire st dents to conduct quality research nor provid: the independence, moral and financial sup- port for bringing out good quality research. * India has an average rank when it comes to government expenditure on research. Even after repeated demands from research for al- locating more funds towards research for over a decade, only around 0.8 per cent of GDP is spent on research. R&D expenditure per capita is also poor. * Concentration of available financial resources and research opportunities among the premier institutes of the country and not letting regional level institutes affect quality of research, induces unnecessary stress among students (as too many Students compete for too little seats). Too many researchers in state universities are neglected. Misgovernance: Poor leadership quality, po- litical intervention in allocation of funds for Tesearch and in deciding research proposal. Which will be eligible for funding, presence of bureaucrats and the absence of professionals pa Scientists in the research proposal selec” Process are some of the major gover" ‘ment-related impediments. oes are more enthused about research ‘ment. They are more interested if 1.9Development of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future im developing technology, which will give them immediate financial return, They do not en- courage fundamental research in science. This is one of the major reasons for lack of scien- tific temper among Indian students because they do not get any immediate economic re- turn by pursing core scientific research. Lack of research culture: On a more funda- ‘mental level, a pedagogical change is impera- tive to encourage scientific enquiry amongst the youth. With funding facility and flexibility, the government should build institutions and structures to promote a culture of research, which is lacking at present. eee Tadia spends 0.69 per cent of its GDP on R&D, but still behind many developing and developed nations. The share of central government's spending on R&D. is nearly 45.1 per cent of total expenditure, while others “like private sector industries having contributed about 38.1 per cent, followed by state governments, i.e., up t0 74 per cent. ‘There is hardly any increase in participation of women in RAD, in spite of so many provisions and schemes announced for them. ‘Although the share of India in global research is low, | itis trending positively year after year. And the number of | researchers in the recent decade had also gone up. CTT sine Ute teesa cule 110 Returning to India According to the Department of Science and Technology, the number of Indian scientists work- ing internationally and returning to India showed 470 per cent jump between 2012 and 2017. 1404 Reasons for Brain Gain * This has been primarily due to schemes such as Ramanujan Fellowship Scheme, Innova- tion in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) Faculty Scheme and the Ramalin- gaswami Re-entry Fellowship Scheme. * The launch of IPR Policy in 2016 has set a ace to resolve the IPR issues related to R&D in India, India is rapidly becoming a global design and developmental hub. Thousands of companies from around the world have set up their R&D centres in India. Change in immigration rules of developed countries like the UK and the US could be one of the reasons of Indiar-origin scientists returning to India. It will boost quality R&D in India at various levels and thereby, positively impacting the higher education sector. It would result in indigenisation of science and technology and make India self-reliant in various fields. 110.2 Challenges to Brain Gain There is limited institutional capacity to absorb all interested Indian-origin scientists liv- ing abroad. Of the 373 scientists who got these scholarships between 2014 and 2016, only 125 were absorbed into their host institutions. Funding is another major obstacle for devel oping a favourable environment for quality re- search. India invests less than 1 per cent of its, GDP in scientific research. Micro-management of researchers and red- tapeism has plagued some of the top institu- tions of the country. ‘A disconnect between labs and academia: There is limited coordination between col- leges and research facilities. Apart from PhD students, hardly anyone is seen in labs con- ducting research. The research in India occurs in silos, there is lack of integrated approach. The culture of industry-academie collaboration in India has not developed at par with other developed countries. Government has not yet come up with a uniform and integrated policy for research and development, which could aggregate the efforts of various institutes, India is ranked 43 out of 45 countries in the International IP Index 2017 released by the US Chamber of Commerce, titled “The Roots of Innovation”. It shows India’s dismal IP environment.Science and Technology 440.3 Schemes for Brain Gain by DST 1. Visiting Advanced Joint Research (VAJRA): This scheme enables NRIs and overseas entific community to participate and make its contribution for development of India. Under this scheme, Indian researchers who are residing abroad can collaborate with public funded institutes. This scheme has covered a ‘broad area of research, pertaining to topics like energy, health, and advanced material. 2. Ramanujan Fellowship Program: This scheme js engineered to benefit all those Indian scientists who wish to return to India and start research in scientific institutes and uni- versities in India, 3. Ramilingaswami Reentry Fellowship: To encourage those scientists (Indian nationals) who are working outside the country and would like to return to India to pursue their research interests in Modern Biology, Biotechnology, Life Sciences and other related areas. The prin- cipal aim of the scheme is to improve the coun- try’s human resource capacity in Life Sciences, ‘Modern Biology and Biotechnology research. 4. Welcome Trust Fellowship Program: This scheme enables Indian scientists working abroad to return and pursue research in Indi- an universities and institutes. brea aC inR&D India, against a race with the developed nations of the world, is trying to create its own space. For this, India is making allinclusive efforts. The most important arena for development for every devel- oping country is science and technology, which in turn, can promote overall development and can serve huge purpose. India, being the second most populous country, has humongous human capita which can be readily put to use, as shown by de- mographic dividend of the country. India has increased its spending on R&D and it is continuously showing upward trend, according to National Science and Technology Management 141 Information System (NSTMIS). Considering the scenario and to promote young scientists and researchers, the Ministry of Science and Techno}. ‘ogy has recently launched many schemes. These are as follows: L. Teacher Associateship for Research Excel- lence (TARE): The aim of this scheme is to tap the educators who are full of potential and willing to pursue research, but unable to do so due to lack of guidance, facilities and funding. This scheme will enable educators to connect to public-funded institutions like IIT, 1Sc and NIT or national institutions like CSIR and ICAR to pursue research. This scheme is willing to benefit up to 500 teacher associates. 2. Overseas Visiting Doctoral Fellowship (ODVE): This scheme offers support to 100 Ph.D scholars for training in universities) laboratories abroad, for up to 12 months during their doctoral research. 3. Distinguished Investigator Award: This scheme offers a maximum of 100 fellowships to Prin- cipal Investigators of Science (PIS) and En- gineering Research Board/Department of Science and Technology projects. The select- ed 100 researchers will be given a monthly fellowship of 15,000 for three years and an optional research grant, based on peer review of the project proposal submitted. 4, Augmenting Writing Skills for Articulating Research (AWSAR): The aim of this scheme is to encourage science writing in young scholars. This can be done through newspo pers, magazines and journals. This scheme is willing to tap the potential of 20,000 Ph.D scholars to popularise and communicate their research outcome, The main aim of the scheme is to empower, recognise and moti vate the youth, 1.114 Other Schemes Launched 1. National Initiative for Developing and Harness ing Innovations (NIDHI): The scheme was pi” neered by DST for providing efficient enviro™ ment by nurturing ideas and innovation andDevelopment of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future EURKE] providing knowledge driven by technology for startups. This scheme targets major problems faced by India, i.e., wealth creation and will also open opportunity for the unemployed. 2, Knowledge Involvement in Research Advance- ment through Nurturing (KIRAN): The scheme is implemented by the DST. A unique advertising scheme to bring about, as far as possible, gender equality in the field of science and technology. This scheme aims to increase the number of women researchers, to attain gender parity. This scheme will enable those ‘women to pursue research, who could not pre- viously do it, owing to household reasons. 3. Prime Minister’s Research Fellowship Scheme (PMRFS): Recently, the cabinet has approved the implementation of PMRFS. This scheme is for doctoral students, pursuing research in areas related to technology. ‘Aim To realise the importance of innovation and technology for progress and development of the nation. Under this scheme, the best students who have completed their final year of B. Tech/Integrated M-Tech/M.Se courses in Science and Technology streams from IISc /IITs/IIS ERs/NITs/IIITs will be offered direct admission in Ph.D programmes in IIT/IISc. This scheme is built on the model of PPP, between SERB (a statutory body formed by the act of parliament, for supporting basic, research in the field of science and engineering) and DST. Importance This scheme will help in pooling talent from across the country for carrying out research. These fellow researchers will hold the national pri- ority topics in their hand. aE) Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) * Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) _includ- ing Self-Employment and Talent Utilization (SETU) is Government of India’s endeavour to promote a culture of innovation and entre- preneurship. Its objective is to serve as a plat form for promotion of world-class Innovation Hubs, Grand Challenges, Startup businesses and other self-employment activities, particu- larly in technology driven areas. + AIM is mandated to create an umbrella struc- ture to oversee innovation ecosystem of the * country and revolutionise the innovation eco-system - touching upon the entire innova- tion life cycle through various programmes. 1412.1 Core Functions of AIM The Atal Innovation Mission shall have two core functions: 1. Entrepreneurship promotion through Self: Employment and Talent Utilisation, wherein innovators would be supported and mentored to become successful entrepreneurs. 2. Innovation promotion: To provide a platform where innovative ideas are generated. Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) ing Self-Employment and Talent U (SETU) is Government of India’s endeav- our to promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. © Its objective is to serve as a platform for pro- motion of world-class Innovation Hubs, Grand Challenges, Startup businesses and other self-employment activities, particularly in technology driven areas. iret alate ius ‘Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITT Aayog, in collabora- tion with Dell Technologies has launched Student Entrepre- neurship Programme 2.0 (SEP 2.0) for young innovators of ‘Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs). ‘About SEP 2.0 and its significan: ‘© It will allow student innovators to work closely with Dell volunteers. © They will receive mentor support; prototyping and testing support; intellectual property registration and patenting of ideas, processes, and products; manufacturing support; as well as the launch sup- port of the product in the market, ‘About Student Entrepreneurship Programme: © SEP 1.0 began in January 2019. 412.2. Impact of Atal Innovation Mission «The Mission has undertaken many bold and forward-looking initiatives such as Atal Tin- kering Labs (ATL) and Atal Incubation Cen- tres (AIC), which have received great traction.ENERT) Science and Technology Many Ministries/Departments of Govern- ment of India have initiated innovation related activities with the help and technical support of AIM. Under the ATL program, more than 10,000 schools are expected to establish these labs by 2020. More than 100 Atal Incubation Centres (AICS) are likely to be established around the country, supporting at least 50-60 startups each, over the first five years. More than 100 innovators/startups are expect- ed to receive some support for productizing their innovations. Each’ incubator is expected to foster 50-60 technology driven innovative startups every four years. 442.3 Atal Tinkering Laboratories (ATLs) With a vision to ‘Cultivate one million children in India as Neoteric Innovators’, Atal Innovation Mis- sion is establishing “Atal Tinkering Laboratories” (ATLs) in schools across India. Objective The objective of this scheme is to fos- ter curiosity, creativity and imagination in young minds; and inculcate skills such as design mindset, computational thinking, adaptive learning, physical computing, ete. Financial Support AIM will provide grantin-aid that includes a one-time establishment cost of & 10 lakh and operational expenses of 10 lakh fora max- imum period of 5 years to each ATL. Eligibility Schools (minimum Grade VI - X) man- aged by Government, local body or private trusts/ society can set up ATL. Need for Such Labs ‘As the world grapples with evolving technol- ogies, a new set of skills have gained popular acceptance and has come to be in high de- mand. For India, to contribute significantly during this age of raid technological advance- ment, there is an urgent need to empower our youth with these ‘skills of the future’. Equipped with modern technologies to help nav- jigate and impart crucial skills in the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the ATLs are at the vanguard of the promoting scientific temper and an entrepreneurial spirit in children today. 142.4. Atal Community Innovation Centre {ACIC) Programme ‘Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) launches Atal Community Innovation Centre (ACIC) Pro- gramme. ACIC programme aims at spurring com- munity Innovation in underserved and unserved areas of the country. ACIC can serve as the bridge between the knowledge base existing in communities and the advanced technical ecosystem prevalent in ‘the market base, addressing the needs of society. Features of the program: © ACIC is a new initiative of Atal Innovation Mission to support community innovation drive in the country. © The programme is directed to encourage the spirit of innovation through solution driven design thinking to serve the society. ¢ It will focus on underserved/unserved regions of the country, which at present lack a vibrant start-up and innovation ecosystem. * ACIC will be established either in PPP mode or with support of PSUs and other agencies. © The maximum grant-in-aid support form AIM will be up to 2.5 crores subject following com- pliance to ACIC guidelines and contributing matching form the host institutions and their funding partners. 112.5 Youth Co:Lab ‘Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog, UNDP India jointly launch Youth Co: Lab 10 accelerate youthed social entrepreneurship and innovation in India. 1. Youth Co:Lab will convene social innovation challenges at the national and sub-national level, which will invite young people in the age group of 18-29 years and start-ups to showcase their proposed ideas and solutions to tackle some of the region's biggest social challenges: 2. Through Youth Co:Lab, young entrepreneurs and innovators will get a chance to connectDevelopment of Science and Technology in the Past, Present and Future EXRPX/IN with governments, mentors, incubators and investors, who will help equip them with en- treprencurial skill The first phase of Youth Co:Lab will focus on six SDGs: 1, SDG 5 (Gender Equality). SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). 5, SDG 12 (Sustainable Consumption and Prodiiction).. 6. SDG 13 (Climate Action). What is Youth Co: Lab initiative? + Itis an innovative platform for young people to explore their ideas and potentials and bring to scale viable solutions, to accelerate India’s progress on the SDGs. * Cocreated in 2017 by UNDP and the Citi Foundation. © Operational in 25 countries across the Asia Pacific region. * Aims to create an enabling ecosystem to pro- mote youth leadership, innovation and social entrepreneurship. Need for and significance of this initiative? © With the world’s largest youth population mil- lions in the county are entering the workforce every year, it is critical for India to create a robust employment and entrepreneurship ecosystem. © Besides, 2Istcentury challenges can't be solved with traditional approaches. © Therefore, it is essential to position young people in front and centre, to solve the re- gion’s most wicked development challenges. It is necessary to ensure that they are motivated and excited to learn future skills, particularly leadership, social innovation, entrepreneur- ship and communication. EEE lcestionsa Answers Objective Questions A B Cc D 1. Atal Innovation Mission is set up under the: (a) 4 3 2 1 [UPSC(Pre) - 2019] (b) 2 1 4 3 (a) Department of Science and Technology (c) 4 1 2 3 (b) Ministry of Employment (d) 2 3 4 1 (c) NITI Aayog (d) Ministry of Skill Development and Entre- preneurship 2. Match List 1 (Indian Scientists/Scholars) with List Il (Area of Work) and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists: {UPSC(Pre) - 2006] List II (Area of Work) List 1 (Indian Scientists/Scholars) A. C.N.R.Rao 1. Telecommunication B. Jagdish Bhagwati 2. Physics Cc GN. 3. Economics Ramachandran D. Ashok 4, Solid-state Chemistry and Material Science Jhunjhunwala 3. Homi Bhabha Prize is given for the special contribution in which of the following fields? [UPPCS (Pre) Exam - 2014] (a) Theoretical Physics (b) Nuclear Energy (c) Laser Physics (d) Space Research 4, Who authored the book “Ignited Minds"? [MPPCS (Pre) Exam - 2016] (a) Vikram Seth (b) Dalai Lama (c) A-PJ. Abdul Kalam (@) Anita Desai