1. _____ by Anna Baldwin in 1878.

(A) The invention of the vacuum milking machine

(B) That the vacuum milking machine was invented
(C) The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
(D) The vacuum milking machine was invented
- Question 1: Answer D - The sentence requires a subject and a verb. Option D, "The vacuum
milking machine was invented," is a complete sentence with 'The vacuum milking machine'
as the subject and 'was invented' as the verb phrase.

2. Dry cleaning is the process_____ clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
(A) by
(B) which through
(C) by which
(D) through
- Question 2: Answer C - The phrase 'by which' is used to introduce a relative clause referring
to the means by which something is done. So, "Dry cleaning is the process by which clothes
are cleaned in liquids other than water" is the correct sentence.

3. Sand dunes are made of loose sand _____ up by the action of the wind.
(A) it builds
(B) builds
(C) is building
(D) built
- Question 3: Answer D - The word 'built' is the correct past participle to use in this passive
voice sentence. The sentence "Sand dunes are made of loose sand built up by the action of the
wind" means that the wind built up the sand dunes.

4. _____ book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret
Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
- Question 4: Answer B - The phrase 'Her book Jubilee' correctly modifies 'Margaret Walker,'
indicating that it was for this specific book that she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. The
sentence contains an appositive, it is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right
beside it. In this sentence, the phrase “which was based on the life of her great-grandmother”
is an appositive. It provides additional information about the book “Jubilee”.

5. Job specialization takes place _____ of production is separated into occupations.

(A) whenever the work is
(B) when the work
(C) is when the work
(D) whenever working
- Question 5: Answer B - The word 'when' correctly introduces the condition under which job
specialization takes place.

6. _____ are hot is a common misconception.

(A) All deserts
(B) All deserts which
(C) Of all deserts
(D) That all deserts
- Question 6: Answer D - The phrase 'That all deserts are hot' is a noun clause acting as the
subject of the sentence. The noun clause is a common misconception.

7. _____ imaginative stories about the origin of the game of chess.

(A) Many of the
(B) Many
(C) There are many
(D) Of the many
- Question 7: Answer C - The phrase 'There are many' is a complete sentence that can stand
alone, making it the correct choice.

8. _____, one of Canada's greatest engineering projects, is a twenty-seven mile long

waterway between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
(A) Because the Welland Ship Canal is
(B) The Welland Ship Canal is
(C) That the Welland Ship Canal is
(D) The Welland Ship Canal
- Question 8: Answer D - The phrase 'The Welland Ship Canal,' correctly introduces the
subject of the sentence. The rest of the sentence provides additional information about the
subject.

9. A deep-tissue massage is a type of massage therapy _____ on one part of the body, such as
the lower back.
(A) its concentration is
(B) concentrating
(C) why it concentrates
(D) to be concentrated
- Question 9: Answer B - The word 'concentrating' is a present participle modifying 'therapy,'
indicating what the therapy is doing.

10. One of the most powerful optical telescopes, the "Big Eye" at Mt. Palomar, _____ a two-
hundred-inch mirror.
(A) has
(B) that has
(C) with
(D) which
- Question 10: Answer A - The word 'has' is the correct verb to use with the subject 'the "Big
Eye" at Mt. Palomar,' indicating possession of a two-hundred-inch mirror.

11. Elfego Baca, _____ legendary Mexican-American folk hero, was a lawman in New
Mexico in the late 1880s.
(A) a
(B) who, as a
(C) was a
(D) and he was a
- Question 11: Answer A - The word 'a' is the correct article to use before 'legendary
Mexican-American folk hero,' providing the necessary information about Elfego Baca.

12. _____ relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into beautiful and useful
objects.
(A) Even it is
(B) Despite
(C) Nevertheless, it is
(D) Although
- Question 12: Answer D - The word 'Although' correctly introduces a contrast between the
fact that pewter is relatively inexpensive and the fact that it can be fashioned into beautiful
and useful objects.

13. _____ is a general category that includes all mental states and activities.
(A) What do psychologists call cognition
(B) Psychologists call it cognition
(C) What psychologists call cognition
(D) Cognition, as it is called by psychologists, which
- Question 13: Answer C - The phrase 'What psychologists call cognition' is a noun clause
acting as the subject of the sentence. The noun clause refers to a general category that
includes all mental states and activities.

14. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote four novels, _____The Scarlet Letter, became an American
literary classic.
(A) of which one,
(B) which one
(C) one of which,
(D) one was
- Question 14: Answer C - The phrase 'one of which,' correctly introduces a relative clause
modifying 'four novels,' indicating that one of these novels became an American literary
classic.

15. _____ about four years for a new aircraft model to move from the preliminary design
stage to the full-production stage.
(A) It takes
(B) Taking
(C) That takes
(D) To take
- Question 15: Answer A - The phrase 'It takes' correctly introduces the subject 'it'

16. Ceramics can be harder, light (A), and more resistant (B) to heat (C) than metals (D).
17. Not everyone (A) realizes that (B) the most largest (C) organ of the human (D) body is
the skin.

18. Mold is extremely (A) destruction (B) to books (C) in a library (D).

19. Sidney Lanier achieved (A) fame both as a (B) poet or (C) as a symphony musician (D).

20. The horses (A) used play (B) polo are not of any special (C) breed or of any definite (D)
size.

21. A tapestry consists of (A) a foundation weave, called the warp, which across (B) are
passed different colored (C) threads, called the weft, forming decorative patterns (D).

22. The works (A) of early American woodcarvers had many (B) artistic qualities, but these
craftsmen probably did not (C) think of them (D) as artists.
23. Perhaps mankind’s first (A) important musical (B) influence were (C) the songs of birds
(D).

24. The techniques of science and magic (A)are quite different (B), but their basic aims—to
understand (C) and control nature—they are (D) very similar.

25. It was in a cave near Magdalena, New Mexico, when (A) the oldest (B) known (C) ears of
cultivated corn were discovered (D)

26. The fossil remains of much (A) extinct mammals (B) have been found (C) in the tar pits
at Rancho La Brea in (D) Los Angeles.

27. Sharks can detect (A) minute electrical (B) discharges coming (C) from its (D) prey.

28. A dark nebula consists of a cloud of (A) interstellar dust enough dense (B) to obscure (C)
the stars beyond (D) it.

29. Commercially (A) honey is heated and filtered (B) in order to stabilize (C) and clarify it
(D).

30. The various (A) parts of the body require so (B) different surgical (C) skills that many (D)
surgical specialties have developed.

31. One reason birds have been (A) so successful is because (B) of their able (C) to escape
from danger quickly (D).

32. The wood (A) of the rosewood tree is used (B) to do (C) fine musical (D) instruments.

33. Chemical engineering is based on (A) the principles (B) of physics, chemists (C), and
mathematics (D).
34. Ballet performers must be (A) believable actors (B) and actresses as well (C) as experts
(D) dancers.

35. Venus, the second (A) planet from (B) the Sun, is exactly almost (C) the same size as (D)
the Earth.

36. P.T Barnum opened his own circus in 1871 and become the most famous showman of his
time.

37. The way a child plays with other children reveals a lots about the child’s emotional
development.

38. Sheep have been (A) domesticated (B) for over (C) 5,000 years ago (D).

39. Chemical compounds with (A) barium, cobalt, and strontium are (B) responsible to (C)
many of the vivid colors (D) in fireworks.

40. Duke University in North Carolina has (A) an outstanding collecting (B) of documents
concerning (C) Southern history (D).

16. In order to be parallel with the other adjectives in the series (harder and more resistant),
the comparative form lighter must be used.
17. The correct superlative form is largest.
18. The adjective form destructive is required in place of the noun form.
19. The correct pattern is both... and.
20. The correct form of the infinitive (to play) is needed.
21. The correct word order is preposition + relative pronoun: across which.
22. Both the noun phrase (these craftsmen) and the pronoun refer to the same person, so the
reflexive pronoun themselves should be used.
23. The singular form of the verb, was, should be used to agree with the singular subject,
influence.
24. The pronoun subject they is used unnecessarily and should be omitted.
25. The relative word where must be used to describe a place. (When is used to describe a
time.)
26. With countable nouns such as mammals, the word many is used.
27. In order to agree with a plural noun (sharks), the possessive adjective their should be
plural.
28. The correct word order is adjective + enough: dense enough.
29. The adjective form (Commercial) is required.
30. Such... that is used with an adjective + noun. (So... that is used when an adjective appears
alone.)
31. The noun ability is needed in place of the adjective able.
32. The correct verb is make.
33. In order to be parallel with the other items in the series (physics and mathematics), the
name of the field (chemistry) must be used.
34. The adjective expert cannot be pluralized.
35. The correct word order is almost exactly.
36. The past tense form is required: became.
37. The word lot should not be pluralized.
38. The word ago is used unnecessarily.
39. The preposition for should be used with the adjective responsible.
40. The noun form collection should be used in place of the gerund.
 The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from
Siberia to Alaska seems remote to us today, but actually
represents a late stage in the prehistory of humans, an era when
(line) polished stone implements and bows and arrows were already being
(5) used, and dogs had already been domesticated.
When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found
the woods and plains dominated by three types of American
mammoths. These elephants were distinguished from today's
elephants mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge,
(10) upward-curving tusks. They had arrived on the continent hundreds
of thousands of years before their human followers. The
woolly mammoth in the North, the Columbian mammoth in middle North
America, and the imperial mammoth of the South, together with
their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here as
(15) in the Old World there is evidence that humans hunted these
elephants as shown by numerous spear points found with
mammoth remains.
Then at the end of the Ice Age when the last glaciers had
retreated, there was a relatively sudden and widespread
(20) extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and
mastodons disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African
elephants survived.
Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear?
Were humans connected with their extinction? Perhaps, but at
(25) that time, although very cunning hunters, humans were still
widely scattered and not very numerous; it is difficult to see
how they could have prevailed over the mammoth to such an extent.

1. With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?

(A) Migration from Siberia to Alaska
(B) Techniques used to hunt mammoths
(C) The period before humans
(D) The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World

2. The word "implements" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) tools
(B) ornaments
(C) houses
(D) carvings

3. The phrase "these early migrants" in line 6 refers to

(A) mammoths
(B) humans
(C) dogs
(D) mastodons
4. Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
(A) In Alaska
(B) In the central portion of North America
(C) In the southern part of North America
(D) On South America

5. It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they:
(A) had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia
(B) had never seen mammoths before
(C) brought mammoths with them from the Old World
(D) soon learned to use dogs to hunt mammoths

6. Which of the following could best substitute for the word “remains” in line 17?
(A) Bones
(B) Footprints
(C) Drawings
(D) Spear points

7. The word “seemingly” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) tremendously
(B) apparently
(C) formerly
(D) obviously

8. The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoths?

(A) Humans hunted them to extinction
(B) The freezing temperatures of the Ice Age destroyed their food supply
(C) The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.
(D) Competition with mastodons caused them to become extinct

9. The word “cunning” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) clever
(B) determined
(C) efficient
(D) cautious

10. Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the
mammoths’ extinction?
(A) They were relatively few in number
(B) They knew how to use bows and arrows
(C) They were concentrated in a small area
(D) They were skilled hunters

11. Which of the following types of elephants does the author discuss in the most detail
in the passage?
(A) The mastodon
 (B) The mammoth
(C) The Indian Elepahant
(D) The African Elephant

Questions 12–23

Just before and during World War I, a number of white

musicians came to Chicago from New Orleans playing an idiom
they had learned from blacks in that city. Five of them formed
line what eventually became known as the Original Dixieland Band. They
(5) moved to New York in 1917 and won fame there. That year they
recorded the first phonograph record identified as jazz.
The first important recording by black musicians was made in
Chicago in 1923 by King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band, a group that
featured some of the finest jazz musicians of the time,
(10) including trumpet player Louis Armstrong. Armstrong’s dynamic
trumpet style became famous worldwide. Other band members had
played in Mississippi River entertaining passengers on riverboats.
The characteristic sounds they type or jazz known as
(15) Dixieland jazz, included a complex interweaving of melodic lines
among cornet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone, and a
steady chomp-chomp beat provided by rhythm section, which
included piano bass drummers Most bands used no written
notations, the performing arrangements agreed on verbally.
(20) Improvisation was an indispensable element Even bandleaders such
as Duke Ellington, who provided his musicians with written
arrangements permitted them plenty freedom to improvise when
playing solos.
In late 1920's most influential artists in
(25) Chicago were members small bands such Wolverines. In
New York, the trend was toward larger groups. These groups
Played in revues, large dance hall, and theaters. Bands would
Become larger skill during the next age of jazz, the Swing era.

12. What is the main topic of this passage?

(A) The early history of jazz
(B) The music of World War I
(C) The relationship of melody and rhythm in jazz
(D) The New York recording industry in the 1920's

13. The word "idiom" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) slang
(B) tempo
(C) tune
(D) style
14. The musicians who made the earliest jazz recordings were originally from
(A) New Orleans
(B) Chicago
(C) New York
(D) Mississippi

15. When was the first important recording by black jazz musicians made?
(A) In 1917
(B) In 1923
(C) In the late 1920's
(D) In the early 1930's

16. According to the passage, which band was Louis Armstrong a member of?
(A) The Original Dixieland Band
(B) Fate Marable's Riverboat Band
(C) King Oliver’s Creole Jazz Band
(D) The Wolverines

17. The word "steady" in line 17 most likely means

(A) constant
(B) basic
(C) urgent
(D) happy

18. According to the passage, which instrument helped provide the beat for Dixieland
jazz?
(A) The cornet
(B) The piano
(C) The trombone
(D) The clarinet

19. Duke Ellington is given as a bandleader who?

(A) could not read music
(B) did not value improvisation
(C) discouraged solo performances
(D) used written arrangements

20. Which of the following phrases would be LEAST likely to be applied to Dixieland
jazz?
(A) Relatively complex
(B) Highly improvisation
(C) Rhytmic and melodic
(D) Carefully planned

21. Who were "the Wolverines" according to the passage?

 (A) A band that played in large dance halls
(B) A New York group
(C) A Swing band
(D) A small group

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding

discovery that a sudden increase in the volume of traffic through
an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime
(line) does. Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses
(5) in San Francisco that looked much alike and had the same kind of
middle-class and working-class residents, with approximately the
same ethnic mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day
ran down Octavia Street (LIGHT street), in Appleyard’s
terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000
(10) cars daily, and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000
cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as
Octavia Street had in a day.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot,
directly; and trash secondarily. That is, the car didn't bring
(15) in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom
picked it up. The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount
of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was constant
intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin street residents
covered their doors and windows and spent most of their
(20) time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had
already left
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents
picked up trash. They sat on their front steps chatted with
neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice
(20) as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of
community was disappearing as traffic increased. People were
becoming more and more preoccupied own lives. A
number families had recently moved, and more were considering
(30) it. Those who were staying expressed deep regret at the
destruction of their community.

24. The word “astounding” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) startling
(B) disappointing
(C) dubious
(D) alternative

25. The three streets mentioned in this passage are different in that
(A) they are in different cities
(B) the residents are of different ethnic backgrounds
(C) they have varying amounts of traffic
(D) the income levels of the residents vary considerably
26. Approximately how many cars use Franklin Street daily?
(A) 2,000
(B) 8,000
(C) 16,000
(D) 20,000

27. All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT
(A) increased amounts of trash
(B) greater danger to residents
(C) more pollution
(D) more vibrations

28. The author's main purpose in the second paragraph is to

(A) discuss the problems of trash disposal
(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic
(C) propose an alternate system of transportation
(D) suggest ways to cope with traffic problems

29. On which street is there the most social interaction?

(A) Octavia Street
(B) Gough Street
(C) Franklin Street
(D) There is no significant social interaction on any of the three streets,

30. The word "chatted" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) joked
(B) talked
(C) argued
(D) walked

31. Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of
Gough Street?
(A) People on this street are unhappy because the neighborhood is deteriorating.
(B) People on this street think mostly of themselves.
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible
(D) A number of people are preparing to leave this street.

32. In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(A) LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY
(B) HEAVY, MEDIUM, LIGHT
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM
(D) LIGHT, HEAVY, MEDIUM
 Questions 33-42
Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania.
She studied biology at college, and zoology at Johns Hopkins
University, where she received her master's degree in 1933. In
(line) 1936, she was hired by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, where
(5) she worked most of her life.
Carson's first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in
1941. It received excellent reviews, but sales were poor until
it was reissued in 1952. In that year she published The Sea
Around Us, which provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean's
(10) surface, emphasizing human history as well as geology and marine
biology. Her imagery and language had a poetic quality. Carson
consulted no fewer than 1,000 printed sources. She had voluminous-
correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in the
field. However, she always realized the limitations of her
(15) non-technical readers.
In 1962 Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked
considerable controversy. It proved how much harm was done by the uncontrolled,
reckless use of insecticides. She detailed how
they poison the food supply of animals, kill birds and fish, and
(20) contaminate human food. At the time, spokesmen for the chemical
industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued
propaganda to indicate that her findings were flawed. However,
her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the President's
Science Advisory Committee.

33. The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson's work

(A) as a researcher
(B) at college
(C) at the US. Fish and Wildlife Service
(D) as a writer

34. According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins
University?
(A) Oceanography
(B) History
(C) Literature
(D) Zoology

35. When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of
(A) 26
(B) 29
(C) 34
(D) 45

36. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1952, Carson's book Under the Sea Wind
(A) was outdated
(B) became more popular than her other books
(C) was praised by critics
(D) sold many copies

37. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of
information for The Sea Around Us?
(A) Printed matter
(B) Talks with experts
(C) A research expedition
(D) Letters from scientists

38. Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea
Around Us?
(A) Highly technical
(B) Poetic
(C) Fascinating
(D) Well-researched

39. The word "reckless" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) unnecessary
(B) limited
(C) continuous
(D) irresponsible

40. According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily

(A) an attack on the use of chemical preservatives in food
(B) a discussion of the hazards insects pose to the food supply
(C) a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides
(D) an illustration of the benefits of the chemical industry

41. The word "flawed" in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) faulty
(B) deceptive
(C) logical
(D) offensive

42. Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President's Science
Advisory Committee (lines 23-24)?
(A) To provide an example of government propaganda
(B) To support Carson's ideas
(C) To indicate a growing government concern with the environment
(D) To validate the chemical industry's claims
Questions 43-50
What is meant by the term economic resources? In general,
these are all the natural, man-made, and human resources that go
into the production of goods and services. This obviously covers
(line) a lot of ground: factories and farms, tools and machines.
(5) transportation and communication facilities, all types of natural
resources, and labor. Economic resources can be broken down into
two general categories: property resources-land and capital-
and human resources-labor and entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean by land? Much more than the non-
(10) economist. Land refers to all natural resources that are usable
in the production process: arable land, forests, mineral and oil
deposits, and so on. What about capital? Capital goods are all
the man-made aids to producing, storing, transporting, and
distributing goods and services. Capital goods differ from
(15) consumer goods in that the latter satisfy wants directly, while
the former do so indirectly by facilitating the production of
consumer goods. It should be noted that capital as defined here
does not refer to money. Money, as such, produces nothing.
The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of
(20) humans used to produce goods or services (with the exception of a
certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial skills, which will
be considered separately because of their special significance).
Thus the services of a factory worker or an office worker, a
ballet dancer or an astronaut all fall under the general heading of labor.

43. What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage?

(A) To explain the concept of labor
(B) To criticize certain uses of capital
(C) To contrast capital goods and consumer goods
(D) To define economic resources

44. In lines 3-4, the author uses the expression “This obviously covers a lot of ground…”
to indicate that
(A) the factories and farms discussed in the passage are very large
(B) economic resources will be discussed in great depth
(C) the topic of economic resources is a broad one
(D) land is an important concept in economics.

45. When non-economists use the term "land," its definition

(A) is much more general than when economists use it
(B) is much more restrictive than when economists use it
(C) changes from place to place
(D) includes all types of natural resources
46. The word "arable" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) dry
(B) fertile
(C) developed
(D) open

47. The phrase "the latter" in line 15 refers to

(A) economists
(B) non-economists
(C) capital goods
(D) consumer goods

48. Which of the following could be considered a capital good as defined in the passage?
(A) A railroad
(B) Money
(C) A coal deposit
(D) Human skills

49. The word "heading" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) direction
(B) practice
(C) category
(D) utility

50. The skills of all the following could be considered examples of labor, as defined in
the passage, EXCEPT
(A) artists and scientists
(B) workers who produce services, not goods
(C) office workers
(D) entrepreneurs
1.D 11.B 21.D 31.C 41.A
2.A 12.A 22.C 32.C 42.B
3.B 13.D 23.B 33.D 43.D
4.C 14.A 24.A 34.D 44.C
5.A 15.B 25.C 35.C 45.B
6.A 16.C 26.C 36.D 46.B
7.B 17.A 27.A 37.C 47.D
8.C 18.B 28.B 38.A 48.A
9.A 19.D 29.A 39.D 49.C
10.C 20.D 30.B 40.C 50.D
Explanation
1. The passage generally deals with the time humans and mammoths co-existed in
the New World and the possible role humans played in the extinction of the
mammoths. No specific details are offered about (A) or (B), and (C) is too
general.
2. The word implements is closest in meaning to "tools."
3. The phrase refers to "humans."
4. Line 13 mentions "the imperial mammoth of the South," meaning the southern
section of North America.
5. Lines 14-16 state that "Here, as in the Old World, there is evidence that humans
hunted these elephants," implying that humans had also hunted mammoths in
Siberia.
6. The word remains can be defined as those parts of an animal's body that can be
found after many years. In this case, they are mainly the bones of the
mammoths.
7. The meaning of the word "apparently" is closest to that of seemingly.
8. The author argues that choice (A) is unlikely. Choice (B) is not possible
because the extinction of the mammoths came at the end of the Ice Age.
There is no information about (D). Only (C) is a possible conclusion.
9. The word cunning means "clever."
10. Choice (A) is true; line 26 states that humans were "not very numerous."
Choice (B) is true; line 4 states that humans had bows and arrows at the time
that they crossed from Siberia, and that crossing took place before the
extinction of the mammoths. Choice (D) is also true; line 25 states that humans
were "cunning hunters." Only (C) is not true; lines 25-26 say that humans were
"still widely scattered."
11. The author provides the most detailed information about the mammoth.
12. The passage chiefly deals with the first decades of jazz, the Dixieland era.
13. As used in this sentence, the word idiom means a style of playing music.
14. According to the first paragraph, the earliest recordings were made by the
Original Dixieland Band, who were among those white musicians who "came
to Chicago from New Orleans."
15. According to the second paragraph, the first important recording made by black
musicians was recorded by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band in 1923.
16. Lines 8-10 state that King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band "featured some of the
foremost jazz musicians of the time, including ...Louis Armstrong."
17. The word steady is closest in meaning to "constant."
18. Lines 16-18 indicate that the beat was provided by the rhythm section, which
included the piano.
19. According to lines 21-22, Duke Ellington "provided his musicians with written
arrangements."
20. Line 20 states that "improvisation was an indispensable element," indicating that
Dixieland was not
carefully planned. All of the other answer choices are referred to in the second
paragraph.
21. Line 25 refers to the Wolverines as an example of a small Chicago jazz band.
22. The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz in the third
paragraph.
23. The last sentence of the passage indicates that the next era of jazz would be the
Swing era, so it is logical that the next paragraph will continue with a
discussion of this period.
24. The word astounding is closest in meaning to "startling."
25. All three streets are in San Francisco (lines 4-5); the residents have the same
approximate levels of income. (They are all middle class or working class,
according to lines 5-6.) They all have approximately the same ethnic mix as well
(lines 6-7). The only difference is the amount of traffic.
26. Lines 10-11 say that Franklin Street "had almost 16,000 cars a day."
27. According to lines 13-16, trash is a secondary effect of heavy traffic.
28. The author's main purpose in this paragraph is to discuss the negative impact
heavy traffic has on Franklin Street.
29. The third paragraph deals with how Octavia Street residents interact; they
 have more friends and acquaintances on their block than do Franklin Street
residents, and by implication, than do Gough Street residents as well.
30. The word chatted means "talked" (informally).
31. According to the passage, increased traffic reduces the amount of territory for
which residents feel responsible (lines 16-17). All the other statements would be
consistent with information given about Gough Street residents in the fourth
paragraph.
32. The author first presents a detailed discussion of Franklin Street (HEAVY), the
Octavia Street (LIGHT), and finally Gough Street (MEDIUM).
33. The passage concentrates on the books written by Rachel Carson and on her career
as a writer.
34. Lines 2-3 state that Carson studied zoology at Johns Hopkins University.
35. Carson was born in 1907 (line 1) and published Under the Sea Wind in 1941
(lines 67), so she must have been around 34 years of age at the time of
publication.
36. According to lines 7-8, when Under the Sea Wind was first published "it
received excellent reviews, but sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952."
37. There is no mention that Rachel Carson took part in a research expedition.The
other sources are given in lines 12-13.
38. Carson "realized the limitations of her non-technical readers" (lines 14-15),
implying that the book was not highly technical. It did have a poetic quality (line
11), and it was fascinating (interesting), according to line 9, and well-researched
(lines 12-14).
39. The word reckless is closest in meaning to "irresponsible."
40. Lines 17-18 state that the book Silent Spring "proved how much harm was
done by the uncontrolled, reckless use of insecticides."
41. The word flawed is closest in meaning to the word "faulty."
42. Carson's work "was vindicated" by the report (line 23), implying that the report
contradicted the chemical industry's claims and supported her ideas.
43. The passage deals with the two main divisions of economic resources:
property resources and human resources. The other choices refer to minor
details in the passage.
44. This expression is used figuratively in the passage to mean that economic resources
is a broad topic.
45. According to lines 9-10, economists "mean much more than the non-economist" by
the term "land."
46. The word arable means "able to be cultivated"-and therefore, "fertile.
47. The term the latter (which means the second concept mentioned before) refers to
"consumer goods."
48. Capital goods include aids to transporting goods (line 13), such as a railroad.
Choice (B) is specifically mentioned as not being a type of capital (lines 17-
18). Choices (C) and (D) are examples of land, not of capital.
49. The word heading as used in this sentence means "category."
50. The third paragraph indicates that the term labor involves all types of human
talents except entrepreneurial skills, which are considered a separate category.
TOEFL 2