∆ ∆ , , − ,

= ∆ = ln ≈
∆ , ,

∆ , ∆ ∆
− = ln ∆ ≈
∆ , ∆ ,

∆ 1 1
ln =− − ∆ =∆ +∆
R

= − = ( + + ⋯+ )

= = = + ln

−∆ ∆ ∆
= + ln ln = =−

∆ 1 1
ln =− − − = =
, → ∆
1
= − = =
1+
∆ 1 1
ln = − = =
, → ∆

∆ ln
ln = = =−
( − )

= = =

= + ( − ) =
+ ( − )

= =
+ ( − )