HURRICANE

1 Potentially damaging and life-threatening river floods are expected to occur at least
once in the next 10 years. Project planning decisions, project design, and construction
methods must take into account the level of river flood hazard. Surface flood hazard in
urban and rural areas is not included in this hazard classification and may also be
possible in this location.
2 Climate change impacts. The extremes considered include temperature extremes,
heavy precipitation and pluvial floods, river floods, and storms.
3 The present hazard level is expected to increase in the future due to the effects of
climate change. It would be prudent to design projects in this area to be robust to river
flood hazards in the long-term.
4 The high-level information available in this tool may indicate the presence of flood
hazards in your area. However, because flood hazards can change dramatically over
short distances, your exact geographical location should be checked against pre-existing
flood hazard information.
5 It is important to consider both the likelihood and the consequence of flooding. The
likelihood of flooding is alluded to by the hazard levels. Also, it is necessary to receive
warning messages and be aware of what happens when a warning is triggered. Ensure
that the warnings will be received in the facilities built and the people working or living
there. 6 Flood early warning systems are designed to provide communities with
advanced warning of an imminent flood event based on weather forecasts, rainfall and
upstream water levels. They can be used to trigger the deployment of portable flood
defences or evacuation to mitigate the impacts of a flood.
7 The extremes considered include temperature extremes, heavy precipitation and
pluvial floods, river floods, and storms. The present hazard level is expected to increase
in the future due to the effects of climate change. It would be prudent to design projects
in this area to be robust to river flood hazards in the long term.
8 There is between a 10% and 50% chance of experiencing weather that could support a
hazardous wildfire that may pose some risk of life and property loss in any given year.
Impacts on people and property can occur due to direct flame, radiation exposure, ember
storms, and low-level surface fire. Further detailed information specific to the location
and planned project should be obtained to understand the hazard level adequately.
9 Human activities and the operation of certain machinery can increase the potential for
wildfire ignition. Policies and procedures should consider the potential for wildfire
ignition, particularly during the days when weather conditions are conducive to Wildfire
spread.

Volcanoes and Tsunamis

1 The difference between them is that a tsunami is formed with water, and a volcano is
formed by magma. Also, a tsunami has an underwater earthquake, and a volcano has an
underground earthquake.
2 Volcanoes and Tsunamis are alike because they both leave lots of damage when they
hit the surface. Also they both happen when an earthquake appears.
Volcanoes
3 A volcano is formed when hot magma forms into a vent, then smoke comes out, and
soon enough, the magma comes out, shooting everywhere. Magma is a melt of complex
chemical composition with a temperature of 649-1200 °C. In addition to the solid phase,
magma may contain impurities of the gaseous phase.
Tsunami
4 A tsunami is a huge wave of water that starts when an underwater earthquake happens.

TSUNAMI
1 The eruption of the Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai volcano on 15 January 2022 was the
largest recorded since the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. The eruption triggered tsunami
waves of up to 15m, which struck the west coast of Tongatapu, ‘Eua and Ha’apai. 2 The
thick blankets of ash from the eruption blocked out the sun, creating darkness, and then
fell, covering vast areas in a thick layer. As a result of damage to international and
domestic undersea telecommunications, little information was accessible from Tonga
following the eruption.
3 Ashfall covered an area of at least five square kilometres. Tragically, three people died
(officially confirmed) as a direct consequence of the disaster, and one person died
indirectly. As the eruption occurred during the daytime, producing deafening sonic
booms, fatalities and injuries were minimized as people took concerted actions to escape
the coastline.
4 On Tongatapu, Ha’apai and ‘Eua, 84,176 people or 84 per cent of the population, were
affected, particularly by ashfall, according to early government estimates. In the
immediate aftermath, around 3,000 people were displaced, including some evacuees
from seriously affected islands off the coast of Tongatapu and in the Ha’apai island
group. 5 Most subsequently returned to their communities, although some families
evacuated from badly affected islands remain on Tongatapu.
6 Only three direct and one indirect fatality have been officially attributed to the volcano
and tsunami.
7 Movies based on Tsunamis go all the way from your run-of-the-mill disaster movies
where people are trying to run away from a giant wave, all the way to ones like The
Impossible, which describes the aftermath of such a calamity.

VOLCANO
1 Volcanoes are openings or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto
the Earth's surface. Volcanic eruptions can last days, months, or even years. A volcano is
an opening in the Earth's crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape to the
surface.
2 It is usually found in a mountain; the opening allows gas, hot magma and ash to escape
beneath the Earth’s crust.
3 One of the world’s most active volcanoes has erupted again in the US state of Hawaii
after a two-month pause, spewing fountains of lava more than 24m (79 feet) high.
4 The Hawaii Emergency Management Agency wrote on social media that the eruption
“does not pose a lava threat to communities”.
5 “However, eruptions emit volcanic particles and gases which may create breathing
problems for people exposed,” it said.
6 Ash – fragmented volcanic particles less than 2 mm in diameter that are transported
through the atmosphere in an eruption plume or in the ash clouds of moving pyroclastic
currents . Ash is typically composed of volcanic glass, crystals and shattered country
rocks.
7 Ashfall – the gravitational settling of ash over areas downwind of an erupting volcano
8 Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are the most hazardous events to local areas
during explosive volcanic eruptions. These hot, ground-hugging flows of ash and debris
can travel at speeds of hundreds of metres per second, reaching many tens to hundreds of
kilometres from the source.
9 Pyroclastic - relating to, consisting of, or denoting rock fragments erupted by a
volcano.