Lecture 4

Q1) define the following: -

1. Nucleus: - is composed of protons and neutrons.
2. Natural atom: - atom that carries the same numbers of protons
and electrons.
3. Ion: - atom that carries negative or positive charges.
4. Electropositive atom: - losing one or more electron makes the
atom electropositive.
5. Positive ion: - the number of positively charged proton without its
balancing electron.
6. Electronegative atom: - while gaining one or more electron makes
the atom electronegative.
7. Negative ion: - no spare of positively charged proton to balance
the additional electron.
8. The chemical properties are related to the numbers of protons
and electrons.
9. Atomic bonding: - It depends on the bonding between atoms and
molecules where the atoms are held together in molecules by
various types of bonds.
10. Ionic bond: - The ionic bond is the most obvious sort of
electrostatic attraction between positive and negative charges.
11. Secondary bonding: - Although much weaker than primary
bonds, secondary bonds are still very important.
12. By comparison, molecules are attracted to each other by
weaker bonds, which generally result from the electron
configuration in the individual molecules.
 Q2) mention the types of atomic bonding?
1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
3. Metallic bond
Q3) which type of bonding in sodium chloride(NaCl)represent the
bonding by diagram?

Q4) mention the properties of materials with ionic bonds?

1. Hard and brittle.
2. Fairly high melting points.
3. Thermally insulators.
4. Poor conductors of electricity.
5. Ionic bonding is termed no directional.
6. They are generally soluble.
7. The ionic bonding is the predominant bond in ceramic materials.
Q5) give the schematic of covalent bonding in hydrogen molecules?

Q6) represent with diagram the covalent bonds of hydrocarbon

molecules?

Covalent bonds

Single: - one pair

Double: - two pairs Triple : - three
of electrons.
of electrons. pairs of electrons.
 Q7) define with diagram the hydrocarbon types?
Hydrocarbons: - are composed of hydrogen and carbon.

Hydrocarbon

Saturated: - here the Unsaturated: - contains

bonds are single. the double and triple
bonds.

Q8) what are the properties of materials with covalent bonds?

1. Covalent bonds may be very strong as in diamond, which is very
hard and has a very high melting point ˃3550 ºC, or they may be
very weak as with Bismuth which melts at about 270ºC.
2. They don't conduct electricity as solids or in solutions.

3. Physical properties can be highly directional, because covalent

bonds are highly directional depending on symmetry of bonding.
Q9) a) define metallic bonding?
B) give the schematic of metallic bonding in sodium?
a) Metallic bonding: - is the dominant bond in metals and their alloys.
b)

Q10) give the properties of materials of metallic bonds?

1. Metallic bonds are non-directional.
2. Electrons can move through the metals.
3. Atoms pack closely together.

Q11) define with diagram van der waal bonding?

Vander wall bond: - describes a dipolar attraction between
uncharged atoms.