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k
08. (Chemical Reactions and Equations)

(Chemical Reactions) 2. (Endothermic Reaction)–

(System)


 (Physical Change) 1. N2  O2   2NO


2.
3.
(Displacement Reaction)
etc.
 (Chemical Change)

+ ×  × +

etc.
Zn  H 2SO 4 
 ZnSO 4  H 2
 (Reactant)
(Reactant) Zn  CaSO 4 
 ZnSO 4  Ca
 (Product)
Fe  CaSO 4 
 FeSO 4  Ca

Remark :–
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag
> Au
Na + Cl NaCl (Double Displacement
Reaction)
Reactant Product

1. (Exothermic Reaction)–
AgCl + NaNO 3 AgNO3 + NaCl
(Sys-
tem)  (Corrosion)–


1. CH 4  2O2  CO2  2H 2O  Heat

2. 
3. CO2 Ex :–

4.
5.
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (29.)

Ex :–


Ex :–
TV
T = V × Constant
T
 Constant
V

(i) T1 T2

(ii) V1 V2

 (Absolute Zero)–
(iii) 

(Gaseous Law)
T = ‘O’ K –273.15ºC
 (Gaseous)
 Kelvin

(Intermo- TK  tº C  273
lecular Force)
1. 15ºC 360 ml

 (Ideal Gas)
400 ml

T1 T2
Sol.  
Remark :– CO2, V1 V2
H2 N2
15  273 T2
 (Real Gas)–  
360 400

288
 400  T2
 360
(Pressure) ‘P’ T2 = 320K
(Temperature) ‘T’ T2 = (320 – 273)ºC
(Volume) ‘V’ = 47ºC
 (Charle's Law) T2  47º C

 (Boyle's Law)
Trick :– T.V.

Trick :–
VIP Boy

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (30.)

 1 P1 P2
V 
P T1 T2

P 120 P2

273 300
120  300
P2 
273
12000
V   131.86 mm
V 91

P1V1 P2 V2

T1 T2
Cons tan t
V 1. 27°C 760 mm
P
V × P = Constant 50 ml
207°C 25 ml
P1  V1  P2  V2
Sol. P1 = 760 mm
700 mm 500 V1 = 50 ml
ml T1 = 27 + 273
= 300 K
100 ml
V2 = 25 ml
Sol. P1V1 = P2V2
T2 = 207 + 273
700 × 500 = P2 × 100 = 480 K
P2 = 3500 P2 = ?
Pressure 3500 – 700 P1V1 P2 V2
= 2800mm 
T1 T2
 (Gay-Lussac's Law)
P1  V1  T2
P2 
T1  V2

760  50  480
PT 
300  25
P = T × Constant = 152 × 16
P P2 = 2432 mm
 Constant
T  (Avogadro's Law)
P1 P2

T1 T2
Vn
1. 0°C 120 mm
27°C V = n × Constant
Sol. P1 = 120 mm V
P2 = ?  Constant
n
T1 = 0ºC = 273K
T2 = 27ºC V1 V2

= 273 + 27 n1 n2
= 300

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (31.)

2. 200 ml 1. A B
Moles A B
Sol. V1 = 200 ml
n1 = 40 V1 M2
n2 = 60 Sol. V  M
2 1
V2 = ?
M2 = 64g
V1 V2 M1= 4g

n1 n 2
V1 64 16
 
200 V2 V2 4 1

40 60 V1 4
V2 = 60 × 5  
V2 1
V2 = 300 ml
 4 :1
 (Equation of Ideal Gas)

PV  nRT
P= (Pressure) V1 M2
Sol. 
V= (Volume) V2 M1
R= (Gas constant) M2  O2 = 32
R = 8.314 Joule/Mole-kelvin M 1  H2 = 2
n= (No. of Moles)
V1 32
Note :– 
V2 2

 STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure) V1 16


STP 0°C V2 1
1 atm 4
=  4 :1
 NTP (Normal Temperature & Pressure) 1
NTP  (Dalton's Law of
20°C 1 atm Partial Pressure)
 (Diffusion)

Note :–

 (Graham's Low of Diffu-

sion)

1
V
M

V1 M2

V2 M1

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (32.)

 ty
09. (Water)

 
 Angle 104.5º
  250 PPM
 4ºC (277 K) (Soft Water)–

 [H2O + (Na + Ca + Mg)]

 100ºC (373 K) 0ºC (273
K)  150 PPM
 
  (0-60 mg/l)
1. (Distilled Water) (Hard Water):–
(Soft Water)
(Hard Water)
(Heavy Water) 
1. (Distilled Water)–

(i) (Permanent Hardness)

H2O
(ii) (Temporary Hardness)
 0 PPM (Parts Per Million)
 (i) (Permanent Hardness)
(Ca) (Mg)




CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (33.)
 
feuksfl fy d sV Na2Al2Si2O8)
, Y; q
(i) (Sedimentation Method)–
Na6P6O18

(ii) (Temporary Hardness)

(ii) (Filteration Method)–
(Ca)
(Mg)
(iii) (Fractional of Distillation)–

 (Evaporation)–

Ca(OH)2

Note :–
 (Condensation)–
(Na2CO3)

 PPM (Partical Per Million)

Remark :– UV
 0 60 mg/l Soft Water
60 mg/l Hard
Water (Ores & Metallurgy)
(Heavy Water)–  (Mineral)–
(D2O)

  (Ores)–

 101.4ºC
Remark :–


 1D 2 O 
 
 6000  H 2 O  

 (Electrolysis Method)–
(–)

(+)  (Metallurgy)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (34.)

 (Ore's Concentration)  (MATRIX / GANG)
Gang
 (Flux)
 Flux
 (Slug)– (Gang)

Note :–

 (Gravity Method)

 (Magnetic Method)


(A) (1) (Al2O3.2H2O)
 (Froth/Foam Floatation (2) (Al2O3.H2O)
Method)
(3) (Al2O3)
(4) (Na3AlF6)
Note :–
1.

 (Roasting)– 2.

3. Al
 (Calcination)–

4.

 (Metal Refining)

5. Al

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (35.)

 (B) (K)
(1) (Cu FeS2) (1) (Fe3O4)
(2) (Fe2O3)
(2) (Cu2S)
(3) (FeCO3)
(3) (Cu2O)
(4) (FeS2)
(4) CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 (5) (Fe2O3.3H2O)
(5) 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 (L) (BaCO3)
Note:– (M) (AuTe2)

Note :–
(C) 1.
(1) (CaSO4.2H2O) Hope Metal

(2) (CaSO4.½H2O) 2.

(3) (Lime Stone) CaCO3 (Alloy)

(D)

(1) (MgSO4.7H2O)
(2) (MgSO4.H2O)]
(3) (MgCO3.CaCO3) 
(E) 
(1) (KCl) 
(2) (KNO3) 

(3) (K2SO4)

(F)
(1) (NaCl)
(2) (Na2CO3.10H2O)
(3) (NaNO3)
(4) (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
(5) (Na2CO3)
(G) (Pb)
(1) (PbS)
(H) (Ag2S)
(I)
(1) (ZnS) (Steel)
(2) (ZnO) 
(3) (ZnCO3) 0.5 – 1.5%

(J)
 High
(1) (HgS) Carbon Steel
(2) (Hg2Cl2)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (36.)

 Alloy Steel


 Fe, Cr, Ni C



(1) LD Process
(2) Open Hearth Process
(3) Process




CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (37.)

 vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vodj.k
10. (Oxidation and Reduction)

(Oxidation) (iii) 2Ca + O2  2CaO

 Oxidation (iv) Oxidation

Oxidation (Fe2O3)

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Ex. :–
(v) Increase in Oxidation No.– (Oxidation

2Naº + Cl02  2Na+1 Cl–1

Sn++ = Sn++++
 Oxidation
Note : – Oxidation
 Oxidation
 Oxidising Agent)–
(Oxidising

Agent)

Ex. :– S + O2 = SO2 (S Oxidation)

C + O2 = CO2 (C Oxidation)

N2 + O2 = 2NO (N Oxidation)
Ex. :– (1) 2H2 + O2  2H2O
 Oxidation

(i) Losss of Electron

Ex. :– (2) O2, HNO3, H2SO4, KMnO4, Cl2, F2
Na  Na+
Note :–
(ii)

Ex. :–


CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (38.)

 dkcZfud jlk;u ,oa mlds ;kSfxd
11. (Organic Chemistry and its Compounds)

(Organic Chemistry)  (Hydrocarbon)

 (Vital Force Theory)

 (Wohler)


 (Alkane)–
Single Bond

 (Methane) CH4
 (Allotropes)–
H

H C H

H

(Natural Gas), CNG
(Compressed Natural Gas)

 (Isomerism)– (Marsh)
Marsh

n-
(CH3NCO)
3 1984
 C2H6 
 C3H8
 C4H10 
 C5H12

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (39.)

 CNG (Compresed Natural Gas)–  (Alkyl Group)–
Pressure CnH2n+1
 LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)– Alkyl Alkene
LPG  CH3
(C2H5SH)  C2H5
 C3H7
 (Alkene) Double Bond
 (Functional Group)
Alkane
 C2H4
 C3H6 (a) –OH
 C4H8  CH3OH
 (Alkyne)  C2H5OH
Tripal Bond
Note :– Carboxylic Acid
 C2H2
 C3H4
 C4H6



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (40.)