(ST) LecF2 - EE11003 - ET - Transformer-Eff, Regulation, Autotransformer

29-10-2023
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Electrical Technology Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

Aut 2023-24 (Sec1&2)
Lec F2: Transformers: Efficiency, Regulation, OC & SC test,
Autotransformer
Dr. Dipankar Debnath

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Email: ddebnath@ee.iitkgp.ac.in
Disclaimer: The content of this class is prepared based on the objective and syllabus of “Electrical
Technology”, Aut Sem, 2023-24 (Sec1&2), IIT Kgp. Hence it is not meant for general usages.
Transformer Equivalent circuit: Summary approximate eq. circuit (shifting shunt branch to any one side so that
series branch elements can be clubbed together for ease of calculations)
2 2
N  N  N 
r2'  r2  1  X l' 2  X l 2  1  I'2  I2  2 
 N2   N2   N1 
N 
V2'  V2  1 
 N2 
Req= r1 + a2 r2
Xeq= XL1 + a2 XL2

Approx. eq. circuit (referred to primary)
Reqs= (1/ a2) r1 + r2

Xeqs= (1/ a2) XL1 + XL2
V’1 = V1/a
I’1 = I1/a Approx. eq. ckt. (referred to Secondary)

eq. circuit (referred to primary) aka T-circuit model aka cantilever-circuit model
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No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

If power (core loss), V& I are measured Rc & XM can be determined
what ‘V’ to apply ?
core loss depends on ‘’ &  ‘V’

Load on the transformer is an independent variable
Utilities ensure that almost constant ‘V’ is applied to the transformer terminals
Apply rated ‘V’ to one of the winding and measure the ‘I’
drawn and ‘P’ consumed
EE11003 - Electrical Technology (Aut 2023-24, Sec 1&2) - (c) Dipankar Debnath
No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test:
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No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

(OC) Test: Quizz Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

 Why to perform OC test? Motivation=?
 What are the assumptions considered in this test?
 Which side is to be kept open? LV side or HV side? Why?
 How much voltage to be applied and why?
 Which parameters are obtained from OC test? How are they obtained (expression)?
 Equipment/apparatus required for OC test?
 Comment on PF on the side where supply voltage is connected and type of wattmeter required (low PF or high PF).
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Short circuit test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

apply reduced ‘V’ such that rated ‘I’ flows in the winding.
Vsc is the applied ‘V’, Isc current

Req  r1  r2' , X eq  xl1  xl2'
flow & ‘W’ power supplied
magnitude of ‘V’ is  10% of rated V
under this condition ‘’ in the core  10% of rated ‘’

neglect core loss
w Vsc
I2scReq  W  Req   Z sc  X eq  Z2sc  R2eq
I2sc Isc
Short Circuit (SC) Test:
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Short Circuit (SC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

SC Test: Quizz Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

 Why to perform SC test? Motivation=?
 Which side is to be short circuited? LV side or HV side? Why?
 What are the assumptions considered in this test?
 How much voltage to be applied and why?
 Any limit or preference on current on the side where supply voltage is connected?
 Which parameters are obtained from SC test? How are they obtained (expression)?
 Equipment/apparatus required for SC test=?
 Comment on PF on the side where supply voltage is connected and type of wattmeter required
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OC test:
Which parameters are obtained with respect to equivalent circuit?

They are referred to which side: LV or HV?
SC test:
Which parameters are obtained with respect to equivalent circuit?

They are referred to which side: LV or HV?
How to draw final equivalent circuit? Shall we use parameters obtained

from OC and SC test directly?

Transformer Tests: Numerical Problem-1 Department of Electrical Engineering
A 1-, 100KVA, 1000V/100V, Transformer gave the following test results

OC test: 100V, 6A, 400W
SC test: 50V, 100A,1800W
Derive the approx. eq. circuit referred to the HV side
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How many types of losses are there in transformer?

Are they fixed type loss or variable type loss?
If variable: depends on what?
How to define efficiency of a transformer?

Do you think it is going to be a constant number?
Efficiency: Static device

• core loss/iron loss/constant loss
• I2R loss  Cu.loss R winding resistance
‘I’ depends on load & load is an independent variable
As load changes, ‘I’ & Cu. loss could change
 Variable loss
o/p power
 %  *100
i/p power
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If S = VA rating of the transformer, load P.F is cos,

Pi  iron loss & PC cu loss on full load
Let ‘x’ be the fraction of load the transformer is supplying
power output = x S cos Cu. loss when the load is x, PCX = x2 PC
on full load Cu loss, PC = I2rated Req o/p power

 %  *100
i/p power
on 1/2 load (x = 0.5), I2 = 0.5Irated
Cu. loss(at x = 0.5) = (0.5)2 I2rated Req = x2 PC  For what condition efficiency will be
maximum?
o/p power xScos

 %  *100  %  * 100
i/p power xScos+Pi  Pcx 2
 For what condition efficiency

will be maximum?
 transformer will operate at maximum efficiency when it is loaded to
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Power transformers: intended to be used continuously at its rated KVA, and hence,
should be designed such that maximum efficiency occurs at x = 1.
Distribution transformers: load widely varies over time, it is not desirable to have
maximum efficiency at x = 1. The typical value of x for maximum efficiency for such
transformers may between 0.75 to 0.8.
All Day Efficiency

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29-10-2023

Regulation: Department of Electrical Engineering
V2(no-load), V2(Full load)

• Which one will be more and why?
• What is the expectation?
Transformer is expected to maintain almost constant ‘V’ & it should be independent of I2

i.e., desired Zeq = (Req + jXeq)  0
Regulation: The change in secondary voltage expressed in % of rated secondary voltage
which occurs when the load at specified power factor is reduced to zero, with primary
‘V’ maintained constant
V1 - rated primary voltage,
V2- rated secondary voltage

Regulation: Department of Electrical Engineering
V2(no load)  V2(rated load)

%ε  *100
V2(no load)
Note: Here load is assumed to be R-L type i.e. inductive type which is most common type of load
H/w: Consider load to be capacitive type, and derive VR expression for such loads
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Regulation: Expression (simplified) Department of Electrical Engineering
V2(no load)  V2(rated load)

%ε  *100
V2(no load)
Regulation can be calculated using either primary or

Secondary side quantities
Note: Here load is assumed to be R-L type i.e. inductive type which is most common type of load
H/w: Consider load to be capacitive type, and derive VR expression for such loads (hint: sign of second term may be negative)

Voltage Regulation of Transformer: Department of Electrical Engineering
Summary
+ Sign for lagging power factor and

– Sign for leading power factor
 What if the load is at Unity Power Factor?

 What is the condition for maximum Voltage regulation?
 What is the condition for worst Voltage regulation?
 What is the desired/ideal value of VR?
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lagging P.F.
unity P.F.
% ε is always + ve for R & R-L loads

% ε could be +, 0 or – ve for R-C loads
leading P.F.
The O.C and S.C test data are given below for a single phase, 5 kVA, 200V/400V, 50Hz transformer.
Draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer (i) referred to LV side and (ii) referred to HV side
inserting all the parameter values.
Also Calculate the following

A. the efficiency of the transformer at 75% loading with load power factor = 0.7 [91.3%]
B. At what load or kVA the transformer is to be operated for maximum efficiency? Also
calculate the value of maximum efficiency. [4.65 kVA, 91.53%(assuming 0.7 PF)]
C. The regulation of the transformer at full load 0.7 power factor lag. [4.9%]
D. What should be the applied voltage to the LV side when the transformer delivers rated
current at 0.7 power factor lagging, at a terminal voltage of 400 V? [210 V]
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Regulation: (non-simplified)
For simplified expression: assumption is that ∂ is very small (where ∂ is the angle between
V2(rated or full load) and V2 (no load). What if ∂ is not small?
Find out actual voltage drop in the series branch referred to the side in which VR calculation to be
done
Example/Problem: With the instruments located on the high-voltage side and the low-
voltage side short-circuited, the short-circuit test readings for the 50-kVA 2400/240-V
transformer are 48 V, 20.8 A, and 617 W. An open-circuit test with the low-voltage side
energized gives instrument readings on that side of 240 V, 5.41 A, and 186 W. Determine
the efficiency and the voltage regulation at full load, 0.80 power factor lagging .
Ans: 98%, and 2%
Regulation: (non-simplified)
For simplified expression: assumption is that ∂ is very small (where ∂ is the angle between
V2(rated or full load) and V2 (no load). What if ∂ is not small?
With the instruments located on the high-voltage side and the low-voltage side short-
circuited, the short-circuit test readings for the 50-kVA 2400/240-V transformer are 48 V,
20.8 A, and 617 W. An open-circuit test with the low-voltage side energized gives
instrument readings on that side of 240 V, 5.41 A, and 186 W. Determine the efficiency and
the voltage regulation at full load, 0.80 power factor lagging .
Hint: No need to get shunt branch parameters in this case as they are not required for
efficiency (if loss data already given) and regulation calculations.
̅ *ZeqHV
For voltage drop in series branch, get IHV
̅ = 20.8 -36.870, ZeqHV = (1.43+j1.81) = 2.31 51.690
IHV
̅ * ZeqHV )/VHV(rated)= 20.8*2.31/2400=2/100

VR= (IHV
Ans: 98%, and 2%EE11003 - Electrical Technology (Aut 2023-24, Sec 1&2) - (c) Dipankar Debnath
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Transformer: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Nameplate Reading
Transformer: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Nameplate Reading
 ET lab/EN19003
 Transformer experiment
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29-10-2023

Transformer Tapping Department of Electrical Engineering
Centre Tapped Transformer

Multi-Winding Transformer Department of Electrical Engineering
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Auto-transformer Department of Electrical Engineering
 N=200
 voltage per turn =?
 Say, NEC=100
 VEC=?
How to get an autotransformer?

1. Connect a conventional 2-winding transformer in a specified way or
2. Develop an autotransformer as a single unit.
2-winding transformer as Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Autotransformer
 Consider a single phase 200V/100V, 50Hz, 10kVA two winding transformer with polarity markings
 Input supply connected connected

to LV side= 100 V
 Output voltage=?
 Now how much current can be
supplied to a load at 300 V?
S= 10 kVA
VHVrated= 200 V, IHV rated = 50 A
VHVrated= 100 V, ILV rated = 100 A
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2-winding transformer as Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Autotransformer
 Consider a single phase 200V/100V, 50Hz, 10kVA two winding transformer with polarity markings
Autotransformer as a Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

single unit
 No. of turns between A & C = NAC

 No. of turns between E & C = NEC
 can be varied from zero to Maximum, i.e., NAC
 Such arrangement of autotransformer aka Variac or dimmerstat
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Autotransformer Vs 2- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

winding transformer
 Input voltage = V1
 Output voltage required across the load = V2
 Rated current to be supplied to the load = I2
 Current drawn from the supply at rated condition = I1
 KVA to be handled by both types of transformers = V1I1 = V2I2
two winding transformer autotransformer

Primary number of turns =N1 Number of turns between A & C = N1
Secondary number of turns = N2 Number of turns between E & C =N2
Number of turns between A & E
= N1 – N2

winding transformer
MMF balance equation:

(N1 – N2)I1 = N2(I2 – I1)
or, N1I1 = N2I2
MMF balance equation: N1I1 = N2I2
 At loaded condition current flowing through NEC is (I2 – I1).

 Compared to a two winding transformer lesser cross sectional area of the conductor in
the portion EC can be chosen,
 Copper saving!
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winding transformer Department of Electrical Engineering
 Volume of copper ∝ length of the wire × cross sectional area of copper wire
 Volume of copper ∝ N × I
Example: N1=120, N2=100. a=?

If autotransformer is employed instead of 2-winding transformer, Cu saving =?
Basis Auto-transformer
Autortransformer Conventional transformer
Definition A transformer, having only 1 winding a part of which It is a static machine which transfers electrical energy
acts as a primary & the other as a secondary. from one end to another without changing frequency.
Number of Windings Auto-transformer has only one winding wound on a It has two separate winding, i.e., primary and secondary
laminated core winding.
Isolation No (between primary and secondary) Yes
Size Small Large
Power Transfer Partly by transformation and partly by direct electrical Through transformation
connection.
Voltage Regulation Better (as less leakage component) Good
Winding Material Less requires More requires
Cost Less costly More costly
Efficient More Less
Output voltage Variable Constant.
Applications Use as a starter in an induction motor, as a voltage Use in power system for step up and step down the
regulator, in railways, in a laboratory. voltage.
19

(ST) LecF2 - EE11003 - ET - Transformer-Eff, Regulation, Autotransformer

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29-10-2023

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Electrical Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

Dr. Dipankar Debnath

Xeq= XL1 + a2 XL2

Reqs= (1/ a2) r1 + r2

I’1 = I1/a Approx. eq. ckt. (referred to Secondary)

No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

If power (core loss), V& I are measured Rc & XM can be determined

what ‘V’ to apply ?

core loss depends on ‘’ &  ‘V’

No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test:

No load/ Open Circuit (OC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

(OC) Test: Quizz Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

 Why to perform OC test? Motivation=?

 What are the assumptions considered in this test?

 Which side is to be kept open? LV side or HV side? Why?

 How much voltage to be applied and why?

 Equipment/apparatus required for OC test?

Short circuit test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

Vsc is the applied ‘V’, Isc current

under this condition ‘’ in the core  10% of rated ‘’

Short Circuit (SC) Test:

Short Circuit (SC) Test: Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

SC Test: Quizz Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

 Why to perform SC test? Motivation=?

 Which side is to be short circuited? LV side or HV side? Why?

 What are the assumptions considered in this test?

 How much voltage to be applied and why?

 Equipment/apparatus required for SC test=?

Which parameters are obtained with respect to equivalent circuit?

Which parameters are obtained with respect to equivalent circuit?

How to draw final equivalent circuit? Shall we use parameters obtained

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

A 1-, 100KVA, 1000V/100V, Transformer gave the following test results

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

How many types of losses are there in transformer?

How to define efficiency of a transformer?

Efficiency: Static device

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

If S = VA rating of the transformer, load P.F is cos,

Let ‘x’ be the fraction of load the transformer is supplying

power output = x S cos Cu. loss when the load is x, PCX = x2 PC

on full load Cu loss, PC = I2rated Req o/p power

o/p power xScos

 For what condition efficiency

 transformer will operate at maximum efficiency when it is loaded to

All Day Efficiency

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

V2(no-load), V2(Full load)

Transformer is expected to maintain almost constant ‘V’ & it should be independent of I2

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

V2(no load)  V2(rated load)

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

V2(no load)  V2(rated load)

Regulation can be calculated using either primary or

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

+ Sign for lagging power factor and

 What if the load is at Unity Power Factor?

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

% ε is always + ve for R & R-L loads

Also Calculate the following