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Ans - Chemistry - Student Book1
Ans - Chemistry - Student Book1
Ans - Chemistry - Student Book1
1 States of matter 2 Given the new evidence, Rabia can now consider
her previous knowledge about what boiling is.
1.1 The particle theory of matter Rabia can conclude that at a higher altitude, for
a given volume, less energy (heat) is required to
1 solid liquid gas reach boiling point.
How close Touching Touching Not
are the touching 1.4 Melting, freezing, and subliming
particles? 1 melting
2 Particles stop moving around, arrange themselves
Are the Regular
No No
in a regular pattern and vibrate on the spot.
particles in pattern
regular regular
3 Jati could heat the sample until it melts whilst
a pattern? pattern pattern
measuring the temperature. If the substance melts
How do the Particles Particles Particles
at the same temperature it is pure. If the substance
particles don’t move move move
melts over a range of temperatures it is a mixture.
move? – they around, in very fast
vibrate on and out of in all 1.5 Energy and changes of state
the spot each other directions 1 The forces between the particles get weaker when
How Strongly Strongly Very a liquid becomes a gas.
strongly do attracted attracted weakly 2 When particles evaporate, some of the faster-
the particles attracted moving particles have enough energy to overcome
attract each the forces holding the particles together and they
other? can break free from the surface of the liquid.
3 Gold. Substances with higher boiling points have
2 When you press a solid metal hard, the shape stronger forces between the particles and require
does not change because the particles are already more energy to separate the particles.
touching so they cannot get closer together.
1.6 Using particle theory to explain dissolving
3 In the solid and liquid states the particles are
1 Dissolve: When the particles of a solid
touching and cannot get any closer. In the gas
randomly mix with the particles of a liquid to
state, the particles are not touching so they can be
form a random arrangement.
compressed (squashed together).
Solution: A mixture of solute dissolved in a solvent.
1.2 Boiling, evaporating, and condensing Solvent: A liquid in which a solute can dissolve.
1 condensation Solute: A substance that can dissolve in a solvent.
2 The particles move faster and spread out. Solubility: The mass of a substance that can
3 nitrogen dissolve in 100 g of water.
4 Heat the metal using an electric heater. When the 2 Find the mass of the water and the container. Find
temperature stops rising, the scientist has found the mass of the salt. Dissolve the salt in the water.
the boiling point. Find the mass of the solution. The mass should be
1.3 Questions, evidence, and explanations the total of the water, salt, and container.
1 Collect data for the boiling points of other liquids 3 Add 1 g of salt to 100 g of water and mix until
(e.g. ethanol) at different altitudes. dissolved. Repeat until the salt will not dissolve.
Repeat the experiment to check the result.
Why does ethanol boil at different 4 a Lithium chloride
temperatures in different places?
b Sodium chloride
c Approximately 73–4 grams per 100g of water.
The boiling point of ethanol
depends on altitude. 1.7 Planning an investigation
1 A variable is a quality or characteristic that
Collect data on the boiling point of can change.
There must be a
ethanol at different altitudes, and 2 To ensure that her investigation is a fair test.
different explanation.
plot the data on a graph so
3 Zahra could add 5 g of salt to 100 cm3 and stir at
that it is easy to see any patterns.
different speeds e.g. 1 rotation per second, timing
how long it takes for the salt to dissolve.
Does the evidence support
the explanation? Variables: speed of stirring, water temperature,
YES
water volume, mass of salt, size of salt grains.
The explanation is accepted.
Variable to change: speed of stirring.
Variable to observe: time for salt to dissolve.
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3 pH 4 is more acidic 40
4 A white bowl or plate, a glass with white paper
behind. An observer can view the colour clearly 30
if the solution is placed in front of a white
20
background.
3.3 Neutralisation 10
1 Neutralisation is the cancelling out of an acid by 0
an alkali, or of an alkali by an acid. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
2 acid concentration of alkali (g/l)
3 acid
3.4 Planning investigations and collecting evidence
4 The Earth
1 Kali keeps the variables the same to ensure a 4.1 The structure of the Earth
fair test. 1 Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust.
2 Measuring cylinders measure smaller differences 2 Ships sink as they go over the horizon. Aristotle’s
than beakers (they are more accurate). observations of the Earth’s shadow on the Moon.
3 More logical, scientific, clear, less vague 3 Shockwave patterns produced by earthquakes
than others. support the theory that the Earth has a solid
inner core.
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220
on each nail.
200
Tahlia should ensure that all the variable should 180
be kept the same (temperature, amount of water, 160
type and size of nail etc). 140
120
7.5 Using reactions to identify chemicals 100
1 Dip the end of a clean nichrome wire into the 80
compound that you are testing. Hold the end of 60
the wire in a hot flame. Observe the flame colour. 40
20
2 sodium
0
3a green 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
b aluminium hydroxide temperature (°C)
4 iron(ii) chloride + potassium hydroxide iron(ii) e The measurements may not have been carried out
hydroxide + potassium chloride correctly: the temperature could not have been
The iron(ii) hydroxide forms a green precipitate. measured correctly. Or the controlled variables
may not have been kept the same.
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40
time (s)
Stage 8 review 30
1 gas
20
vibrate on the spot
close together 10
solid 0
liquid 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
move around, in and out of each other temperature (°C)
a little g
As the temperature increases, the time taken for
gas the precipitate to form decreases at a continually
much slowing rate.
move around from place to place h 70
2 Name Formula 60
carbon dioxide He 50
40
time (s)
20
carbon monoxide N2 10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
nitrogen CuSO4
temperature (°C)
i
Tamara should repeat the result to check if she
helium CO made a mistake.
j
As the temperature increases, the time taken
3a iron for the precipitate to form decreases. At higher
b oxygen temperatures, particles have more energy and
c magnesium chloride move around at a faster rate, decreasing the time
d oxygen it takes for a precipitate to form.
4a
Diffusion is the random movement and mixing 5a A, D, E
of particles. b B, C, F
b i lead and iodine c A, D, E
ii lead iodide 6 Density = 28/4 = 7 g/cm3
iii lead + iodine lead iodide 7a calcium, gallium, zirconium, technetium
c Reasons 1 and 4 b bromine, gallium
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400
area than one gram of powdered solid. During 350
a reaction, the reactants can only act with the 300
surface of the solid. As the powder has a greater 250
surface area, more reactions are able to take place, 200
speeding up the rate of reaction. 150
12.5 Catalysts and reaction rates 100
1 Catalysts speed up reactions without being used 50
up in the reaction. 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2 Salivary amylase, catalase (from liver),
temperature (°C)
manganese(iv) oxide, lead(iv) oxide, iron, catalytic
converters (platinum, rhodium, palladium).
3 Catalysts make it easier for the reaction to start. v As temperature increases, the time taken for
the cross to disappear decreases.
12.6 Review c
At higher temperatures, particles have more
1a zinc + hydrochloric acid zinc chloride + energy so move around faster. This increase
hydrogen in movement leads to an increase in collisions
b i Between 0 and 1 minute. between reacting particles, leading to and increase
ii 3 minutes in rate of reaction.
iii 80 cm3
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5
density (g/cm3)
0
calcium strontium barium radium
element
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