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Chemistry Reactions: You Can't Afford To MISS!
Chemistry Reactions: You Can't Afford To MISS!
CHEMISTRY
REACTIONS
You Can't Afford to MISS!
1. Aldol condensation 5. Clemmensen Reduction
Two molecules of aldehydes or ketones having a-hydrogen In this method, aldehydes and ketones are reduced with
condense together in presence of base [dil. NaOH, Na2CO3, Zn - Hg amalgam and conc. HCl.
Ba(OH)2] to form b-hydroxyaldehyde or b-hydroxyketone Zn – Hg/HCl
CH3CHO + 4H CH3 – CH3 + H2O
respectively which are collectively known as aldol. Zn – Hg/HCl
O CH3COCH3 + 4H CH3 – CH2 – CH3 + H2O
dil. NaOH
CH3 C H+H CH2 CHO 6. Corey-House synthesis
Acetaldehyde In this reaction, an alkyl halide (1°, 2° or 3°) is first converted
OH
into lithium dialkyl copper and then reacted with another
CH3 CH CH2 CHO alkyl halide (preferably 1°) to give corresponding alkane.
3-Hydroxybutanal Li CuI
(-Hydroxybutanal or aldol) 2R – X 2R – Li R2CuLi + LiI
Ether
Alkyl halide Lithium dialkyl
2. Birch Reduction cuprate
In case of disubstituted alkynes reduction with sodium in
liq. ammonia gives trans-alkene predominantly. This type 7. Cope elimination
of reduction is known as Birch-reduction. Tertiary amines are not oxidised by KMnO4. Their oxidation
is carried out with Caro’s acid or ozone or hydrogen
peroxide to form amine oxide.
3. Beckmann Rearrangement
Oximes on treatment with catalyst such as conc. H2SO4, Tertiary amine oxide containing a -hydrogen atom forms
β
SOCl2, PCl5, etc. undergo rearrangement to form substituted an alkene. This reaction is called Cope reaction or Cope
amides. Reaction is known as ‘Beckmann rearrangement’. elimination.
4. Balz-Schiemann’s reaction
This is the method to prepare fluorobenzene from benzene 8. Carbylamine Reaction
diazonium salt by first converting it to benzene diazonium Primary amines both aliphatic and aromatic on heating with
tetrafluoroborate. chloroform and alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide
+ + form isocyanides or carbylamines which have an extremely
N NCl– –
N NBF 4 F unpleasant odour.
HBF 4 ∆
–HCl + N2 + BF 3
9. Claisen—Schmidt reactions CH2
It is a base catalyzed crossed aldol condensation in which CH2
CH CH2 CH
an aromatic aldehyde condenses with aliphatic aldehyde CH2
CH +
or ketone. It is also known as simply Claisen reaction. CH2 CH CH2
O O
CH2 CH2
dil. NaOH
C6H5 C H + CH 3 C CH3 Buta-1, 3-diene Ethylene Cyclohexene
Benzaldehyde Acetone
14. Etard Reaction
OH O Aromatic hydrocarbons on treatment with mild oxidising
C6H5 CH CH2 C CH3 agents such as chromyl chloride CrO2Cl2 yield aldehydes.
CH3 CHO
O CrO2Cl2
C6H5 – CHO
C6H5 CH CH C CH3 + H2O dil. NaOH Toluene Benzaldehyde
Benzylidene acetone
O 15. Frankland Reaction
C6H5 CH CH C CH CH C 6H5 This is similar to Wurtz reaction with the difference that
Dibenzal acetone
instead of sodium, zinc is used here in inert solvent.
R – X + Zn + X – R R – R + ZnX2
10. Cannizzaro Reaction
It is a self oxidation-reduction reaction in which Dialkyl zinc compounds react with tertiary alkyl halides
aldehydes that do not have any a-hydrogen atom undergo to give hydrocarbons with quaternary carbon atoms only.
disproportionation reaction (i.e. self-redox reaction) in the (CH3)2Zn + (CH3)3CCl (CH3)4C + CH3ZnCl
presence of 50% aqueous or ethanolic solution of alkali in 16. Finkelstein reaction
which one of the molecule being reduced to alcohol and Iodoalkanes can be conveniently prepared by treating alkyl
other being oxidised to the salt of corresponding acid. chloride or bromides with sodium iodide in acetone or
2HCHO + NaOH CH3OH + HCOONa methanol. This is known as Finkelstein reaction.
Formaldehyde 50% Methanol Sodium formate Acetone
CH3Cl + NaI CH3I + NaCl
Reduction
Oxidation 17. Friedel-Crafts Reaction
Simple aromatic hydrocarbons can be converted to
11. Claisen condensation substituted hydrocarbons by reaction with alkyl halide in
Esters containing a-hydrogen atoms undergo self presence of Lewis acid like AlCl3 or FeCl3, etc.
-condensation in presence of strong base like sodium
ethoxide to give b-keto esters.
AlCl3
+ CO + HCl + HCl
21. Hydroboration-Oxidation
Alkenes react with diborane to give alkyl boranes which on
oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in presence of hydroxide
forms alcohol.
B 2H6 26. Hofmann-bromamide reaction
R – CH CH2 R – CH2 – CH2 – BH2 Primary amides on reaction with bromine in presence of
RCH CH2 an alkali yield primary amine with one carbon atom less
than the parent amide.
RCH CH2
(RCH2CH2)3B (RCH2CH2)2BH
Trialkyl borane
3H2O2/OH–
3RCH2CH2 – OH + B(OH)3
Alcohol Boric acid 27. Knoevenagel reaction
22. Hunsdiecker reaction In this reaction, aldehydes and ketones condense with
This reaction involves the treatment of silver salt of carboxylic compounds containing active methylene group like acid (e.g.
acid with bromine in refluxing CCl4 to yield alkyl bromide malonic acid), ester (e.g. acetoacetic ester, malonic ester)
with one carbon atom less than the original acid used. or nitrile, etc. leading to the formation of a, b-unsaturated
CCl4
CH3CH2COOAg + Br2 Reflux CH3CH2 compound.
2
CH3 COOH (i) Pyridine/
23. Hofmann Mustard oil Reaction C O + H2C
H COOH (ii) H3O+
This reaction is given by aliphatic and aromatic primary Acetaldehyde Malonic acid
amines only, hence it can be used as a test for primary
amines. H3C – CH CH – COOH + CO2 + H2O
Crotonic acid
O
Acetic anhydride
O
30 Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction H2 O
C6H5 CH CH C
In this reaction, ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols Hydrolysis O
on heating with iso-propyl alcohol in presence of catalyst CH3 C
aluminium isopropoxide. In the reaction iso-propyl alcohol O
gets oxidised to acetone.
R CH3 [(CH3)2CHO]3Al CH3COOH + C6H5 CH CH COOH
C O+ CH OH Acetic acid Cinnamic acid
R CH3
Ketone Iso -propyl alcohol 35. Reimer-Tiemann reaction
R CH3 Concentrated solution of CHCl3 reacts with phenol in
CH OH + C O presence of alc. KOH to yield salicylaldehyde.
R CH3 OH OH
2° alcohol Acetone
CHO
31. Ozonolysis KOH (alc.)
+ CHCl3
Ozone on passing through a solution of alkenes in an inert dil. HCl
solvent like CCl4 or CHCl3 at low temperature oxidises the Salicylaldehyde
alkene to a cyclic product called ozonide which is unstable
36. Reformatsky reaction
and on reduction with reducing agents like zinc and water
It involves the reaction of zinc and a-halogenated ester,
or hydrogen in presence of palladium gives aldehydes and/
which add to carbonyl compound to yield b-hydroxy ester.
or ketone depending upon structure of alkene, i.e., C O
part of the alkene gets converted to C O. Zn
O CH3 – C – CH3 + BrCH2COOC2 H5
Zn/H2O
C C + O3 C C 2 C O
–ZnO
O OH OZnBr
O
H2O/H+
CH3 – C – CH2COOC2H5 CH3 – C – CH2COOC2H5
32. Oppenauer’s oxidation
In this reaction, secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones CH3 CH3
in a good yield using aluminium tert- butoxide in excess Ethyl-3-hydroxy-3-methyl butanoate
of acetone.
O 37. Rosenmund’s reduction
R Acid chlorides are reduced to aldehydes by palladised barium
CH OH + CH3 C CH3
R [(CH3)3CO]3Al
sulphate partially poisoned with sulphur or quinoline.
2° alcohol Acetone (—COCl is reduced to —CHO)
OH
R
C O + CH3 CH CH3
R
Ketone Iso- propyl alcohol
38. Sandmeyer’s reaction
33. Oxo process In this reaction Diazonium salttract with CuX/HX and
In this process, an alkene on heating with water gas respective halide is formed.
(CO + H2) under pressure in the presence of catalyst cobalt Cl
carbonyl hydride [CoH(CO)4] yields aldehyde. +
N NCl– CuCl/HCl
[CoH(CO)4] + N2
C C + CO + H2 C C CHO
100°C, Pressure