MAT3701/201/1/2014

Tutorial Letter 201/1/2014

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701

Semester 1

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions

for assignment 01.

BAR CODE

university
Learn without limits.
Open Rubric of south africa
 ASSIGNMENT 01
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 890658

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 2, 3, 5, and 8 will be marked.

Question 1

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let V be the vector space C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V → V
be the mapping defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 − z 2 , z2 − z 2 ) .

(a) Show that T is a linear operator.

(b) Find a basis for N (T ) .
(c) Find a basis for R (T ) .
(d) Determine whether V = N (T ) ⊕ R (T ) .

Solution

(a) Let (z1 , z2 ), (z3 , z4 ) ∈ V and a ∈ R.

T ((z1 , z2 ) + (z3 , z4 )) = T (z1 + z3 , z2 + z4 )

= (z1 + z3 − z2 + z4 , z2 + z4 − z2 + z4 )
= (z1 + z3 − z 2 − z 4 , z2 + z4 − z 2 − z 4 )
= (z1 − z 2 , z2 − z 2 ) + (z3 − z 4 , z4 − z 4 )
= T (z1 , z2 ) + T (z3 , z4 )
and
T (a(z1 , z2 )) = T (az1 , az2 )
= (az1 − az 2 , az2 − az 2 )
= (az1 − az 2 , az2 − az 2 ), since a is real
= a(z1 − z 2 , z2 − z 2 )
= aT (z1 , z2 )

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 MAT3701/201

Since both these conditions are satisfied, T is a linear operator.

(b) By definition,
N (T ) = {(z1 , z2 ) ∈ V : T (z1 , z2 ) = (0, 0)}.

When is T (z1 , z2 ) = (0, 0)?

T (z1 , z2 ) = (0, 0)
⇔ (z1 − z2 , z2 − z2 ) = (0, 0)
⇔ z1 − z2 = 0 and z2 − z2 = 0
⇔ z1 = z2 and z2 = z2 .

Note that the only complex numbers that are equal to their conjugates are the real numbers:
If a + ib = a − ib, then b = −b, hence b = 0. (See also Theorem D2(e) in the Appendix of
Friedberg).
Thus T (z1 , z2 ) = (0, 0) ⇔ z1 = z2 = a where a is real, and therefore

N (T ) = {(a, a) : a ∈ R} = {a(1, 1) : a ∈ R},

so β1 = {(1, 1)} is a basis for N (T ).

(c) We will use Theorem 2.2 in Friedberg. In order to apply this theorem, we first determine a basis
for V . Write an element (z1 , z2 ) ∈ V as a linear combination with coefficients in R (since V is
a vector space over R): If we write z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id, then

(z1 , z2 ) = (a + ib, c + id)

= (a, 0) + (ib, 0) + (0, c) + (0, id)
= a(1, 0) + b(i, 0) + c(0, 1) + d(0, i).

Therefore, V = span{(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)}. To check that it is linearly independent, suppose
that
a(1, 0) + b(i, 0) + c(0, 1) + d(0, i) = (0, 0)
for some a, b, c, d ∈ R. Adding up, we obtain (a + ib, c + id) = (0, 0). Therefore, a + ib = 0 and
c + id = 0, which implies that a = b = c = d = 0. It follows that

β = {(1, 0), (i, 0), (0, 1), (0, i)}

is a basis for V . By Theorem 2.2, T (β) will span R(T ):

T (β) = {T (1, 0), T (i, 0), T (0, 1), T (0, i)}

= {(1, 0), (i, 0), (−1, 0), (i, 2i)}.

To find a basis contained in this set, we can clearly ignore (−1, 0) since it is a real multiple of
the first vector in the set. You may verify that the remaining three vectors, namely, (1, 0), (i, 0),
and (i, 2i) are linearly independent, and therefore a basis for R(T ) is β2 = {(1, 0), (i, 0), (i, 2i)}.

(d) We leave it to you to show that β1 ∪ β2 is linearly independent and therefore a basis for V since
it consists of four vectors. Therefore V is the direct sum of the two subspaces N (T ) and R(T ).

3
Question 2

Let fa , fb , fc be the Lagrange polinomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c
respectively. Define T : P2 (R) → P2 (R) by T (g) = g (a) fa .
(a) Show that T is a linear operator.
(b) Explain whether or not T is a projection.
(c) Find [T ]β , where β = {fa , fb , fc } .

Solution
(a) Let g, h ∈ P2 (R) and d ∈ R.
Then
T (g + h) = (g + h) (a) fa
= (g (a) + h (a)) fa
= g (a) fa + h (a) fa
= T (g) + T (h)

and
T (dg) = (dg) (a) fa
= dg (a) fa
= d (g (a) fa )
= dT (g)

Thus T is a linear operator. (7)

(b) T 2 (g) = T (g (a) fa )
= g (a) fa (a) fa
= g (a) fa since fa (a) = 1
= T (g)
Thus T is a projection. (7)
(c) T (fa ) = fa (a) fa = fa since fa (a) = 1
T (fb ) = fb (a) fa = 0 since fb (a) = 0
T (fc ) = fc (a) fa = 0 since fc (a) = 0
Thus  
1 0 0
[T ]β =  0 0 0  .
0 0 0
(9)
[23]

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 MAT3701/201

Question 3

Classify each of the following statements as true or false. If true, construct a T with the given
properties. If false, explain why such a T does not exist.

(a) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 → C 3 such that rank (T ) = nullity (T ) .

(b) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 → C 3 such that T is onto and N (T ) = span{(1, 1, 1)} .

(c) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 → C 3 such that N (T ) =span{(1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0)} and
R(T ) = span{(1, 1, 1)} .

Solution

(a) False. Since rank(T ) + nullity(T ) = 3, it is impossible for rank(T ) = nullity(T ) . (6)

(b) False. The domain and codomain are both equal to C 3 , hence of the same dimension, therefore
if T is onto, it should also be one-to-one. (6)

(c) True. Define T : C 3 → C 3 by T (x, y, z) = (z, z, z) . (10)

[22]

Question 4

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let T : V → V be a linear operator and suppose λ ∈ F is an eigenvalue of T. Prove that

(a) λ + 2 is an eigenvalue of T + 2IV ;

(b) λ2 is an eigenvalue of T 2 ;

(c) T is singular if and only if λ = 0 is an eigenvalue of T.

Solution

Since λ ∈ F is an eigenvalue of T, there exists a vector v 6= 0 in V such that T (v) = λv.

(a) (T + 2IV ) (v) = T (v) + 2IV (v)

= λv + 2v
= (λ + 2) v,
Hence λ + 2 is an eigenvalue of T + 2IV since v 6= 0.

5
 (b) T 2 (v) = T (T (v))
= T (λv)
= λT (v)
= λ2 v,
so that λ2 is an eigenvalue of T 2 .

(c)

T is singular ⇔ T (v) = 0 for some v 6= 0

⇔ T (v) = λ · v for some v 6= 0 and λ = 0
⇔ λ = 0 is an eigenvalue of T.

Question 5

Let T : M2×2 (C) → M2×2 (C) be the linear operator defined by T (A) = 21 (A − At ) .

(a) Show that T is a projection.

(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects.

(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects.

(d) Find a basis γ for M2×2 (C) such that [T ]γ is diagonal. Write down [T ]γ .

Solution

= T 12 (A − At )


(a) T 2 (A)
= 21 T (A − At )
= 21 (T t
h (A) − T (A )) i
1 1 1 t
= 2
(A − At ) −
At − (At )
1
 12  2
1
= 2
(A − At ) − (At − A)
2 2
1
= (A − At )
2
= T (A)
Therefore, T is a projection. (7)

(b) The space onto which T projects is equal to R (T ) .

If we denote the standard basis for M2×2 (C) by
        
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
β = E11 = , E12 = , E21 = , E22 =
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

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 MAT3701/201

then

R(T ) = span {T (E11 ) , T (E12 ) , T (E21 ) , T (E22 )}

       
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 −1 0 0
= span , , ,
0 0 2 −1 0 2 1 0 0 0
 
0 1
= span
−1 0

so that a basis for the space onto which T projects is given by

 
0 1
γ1 = .
−1 0

(7)

(c) The space along which T projects is equal to N (T ) . Now,

A ∈ N (T ) ⇔ T (A) = 0
1
A − At = 0


⇔
2
⇔ At = A
 
a b
Let A = , then
c d

At = A
   
a c a b
⇔ =
b d c d
⇔ b=c      
1 0 0 1 0 0
⇔ A=a +b +d , a, b, d ∈ C
0 0 1 0 0 1

Thus,      
1 0 0 1 0 0
N (T ) = span , , ,
0 0 1 0 0 1

so that a basis for the space onto which T projects is given by

     
1 0 0 1 0 0
γ2 = , , .
0 0 1 0 0 1
(9)

(d) Since T is a projection,

R (T ) = E1 (T ) , N (T ) = E0 (T ) and M2×2 (C) = R (T ) ⊕ N (T ) ,

7
 hence        
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
γ = γ1 ∪ γ2 = , , ,
−1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
is a basis for M2×2 (C) such that [T ]γ is diagonal, and
 
1 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 
[T ]γ =  0 0 0

0 
0 0 0 0
since the first matrix in γ is an eigenvector of T corresponding to λ = 1 and the last three
matrices in γ are eigenvectors of T corresponding to λ = 0. (7)

[30]

Question 6

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let T : M2×2 (C) → M2×2 (C) be the linear operator defined by

   
a b a+c−d b+d
T = .
c d a+b+c b+d
(a) Show that T satisfies the test for diagonalizability.
(b) Find a basis τ for M2×2 (C) consisting of eigenvectors of T , and write down [T ]τ .
(c) Show that T satisfies the equation T 2 = 2T .

Solution

(a) We determine the matrix of T with respect to the basis

        
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
β = E11 = ; E12 = ; E21 = ; E22 =
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
of M2×2 (C) :
 
1 0
T (E11 ) = = 1 · E11 + 0 · E12 + 1 · E21 + 0 · E22
1 0
 
0 1
T (E12 ) = = 0 · E11 + 1 · E12 + 1 · E21 + 1 · E22
1 1
 
1 0
T (E21 ) = = 1 · E11 + 0 · E12 + 1 · E21 + 0 · E22
1 0
 
−1 1
T (E22 ) = = −1 · E11 + 1 · E12 + 0 · E21 + 1 · E22
0 1

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 MAT3701/201

Thus it follows that  

1 0 1 −1
 0 1 0 1 
[T ]β = 
 1
.
1 1 0 
0 1 0 1

The characteristic polynomial of T is therefore given by

 
P (λ) = det λI4 − [T ]β
λ−1 0 −1 1
0 λ−1 0 −1
=
−1 −1 λ − 1 0
0 −1 0 λ−1
λ − 1 −1 1 λ−1 0 −1
= (λ − 1) −1 λ−1 0 − −1 −1 λ − 1 (expansion by second row)
0 0 λ−1 0 −1 0
λ−1 −1 λ−1 −1
= (λ − 1)2 −1 (expanding both by the 3rd row)
−1 λ−1 −1 λ − 1
λ−1 −1
λ2 − 2λ


=
−1 λ − 1
= λ2 (λ − 2)2

which clearly splits. The eigenvalues of T are λ = 0 and λ = 2, both of multiplicity two.

 
−1 0 −1 1
 0 −1 0 −1 
E0 : 0I4 − [T ]β = 
 −1 −1 −1

0 
0 −1 0 −1
 
−1 0 −1 1
 0 −1 0 −1 
→
 0 −1

0 −1  R3 → R3 − R1
0 0 0 0 R4 → R4 − R2
 
−1 0 −1 1
 0 −1 0 −1  . . . (ii)
→ 
 0 0 0 0  R3 → R3 − R2
0 0 0 0

It follows that
dim (E0 ) = 2 = multiplicity of λ = 0.

9
  
1 0 −1 1
 0 1 0 −1 
E2 : 2I4 − [T ]β = 
 −1 −1

1 0 
0 −1 0 1
 
1 0 −1 1
 0 1 0 −1 
→
 0 −1

0 1  R3 → R3 + R1
0 −1 0 1
 
1 0 −1 1
 0 1 0 −1 
→ 
 0 0 0 0  R3 → R3 + R2 . . . (iii)
0 0 0 0 R4 → R4 + R2

Thus
dim (E2 ) = 2 = multiplicity of λ = 2.

Since in both cases the dimension of the eigenspace equals the multiplicity of its associated
eigenvalue, it follows that T is diagonalisable.
 
(b) We use (ii) to obtain a basis for E0 [T ]β : Let x3 = α and x4 = β, then x2 = −β and
x1 = −α + β. Thus

(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = {(−α + β, −β, α, β) : α, β ∈ C}

= {α (−1, 0, 1, 0) + β (1, −1, 0, 1) : α, β ∈ C}
=span{(−1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, −1, 0, 1)}

 
So that {(−1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, −1, 0, 1)} is a basis for E0 [T ]β .
Since  
−1 0
−E11 + E21 =
1 0

and  
1 −1
E11 − E12 + E22 =
0 1

it follows that    
−1 0 1 −1
τ1 = ,
1 0 0 1

is a basis for E0 (T ) .
 
We use (iii) to obtain a basis for E2 [T ]β : Let x3 = α and x4 = β, then x2 = β and x1 = α−β.
Thus

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 MAT3701/201

(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )= {(α − β, β, α, β) : α, β ∈ C}
= {α (1, 0, 1, 0) + β (−1, 1, 0, 1) : α, β ∈ C}
=span{(1, 0, 1, 0) , (−1, 1, 0, 1)}
 
so that {(1, 0, 1, 0) , (−1, 1, 0, 1)} is a basis for E2 [T ]β .
Since  
1 0
E11 + E21 =
1 0

and  
−1 1
−E11 + E12 + E22 =
0 1

it follows that    
1 0 −1 1
τ2 = ,
1 0 0 1

is a basis for E2 (T ) .
Therefore        
−1 0 1 −1 1 0 −1 1
τ = τ1 ∪ τ2 = , , ,
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

is a basis for M2×2 (C) consisting of eigenvectors of T, and

 
0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 
[T ]τ = 
 0 0 2
.
0 
0 0 0 2

(c)    
2 a b a+c−d b+d
T =T
c d  a+b+c b+d 
2a + 2c − 2d 2b + 2d
=
2a + 2b + 2c 2b + 2d
a+c−d b+d
=2
a+b+c b+d

so that T 2 = 2T.

Question 7

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

11
  → M2×2 (C) be the linear operator defined by T (X) = AX, where
Let T : M2×2 (C)
0 1
A= , and let W be the cyclic subspace generated by A.
−1 0
(a) Find the T –cyclic basis for W.
(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW .
(c) Explain whether or not    
2 1 −1 2
U = span ,
−1 2 −2 −1
is T –invariant.

Solution

(a)
2
T (A) =A 
−1 0
=
0 −1
T 2 (A) 3
= A = −A.

Note that {A, T (A)} is linearly independent since A is not a multiple of T (A) = −I2 , but that
{A, T (A) , T 2 (A)} is linearly dependent since
T 2 (A) + A = 0. (iv)

Therefore {A, T (A)} is the cyclic basis for W.

(b) It follows from (iv) that
p (t) = (−1)2 t2 + 1 = t2 + 1

is the characteristic polynomial of TW .

   
2 1 −1 2
(c) Let B = and C = and note that U = span{B, C} .
−1 2 −2 −1
Now,   
0 1 2 1
T (B) =
 −1 0  −1 2
−1 2
=
−2 −1
=C∈U
and   
0 1 −1 2
T (C) =
 −1 0  −2 −1
−2 −1
=
1 −2
= −B ∈ U

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 MAT3701/201

Therefore U is T -invariant.

Question 8

Let
1
 
2
0 1
 
 1

A=
 2
0 0 
.
 
0 1 0

(a) Show that A is a regular transition matrix.

(b) Find lim Am .

m→∞

(c) Describe the Gerschgorin discs in which the eigenvalues of A

Solution

(a) A is a transition matrix since all three of its column sums are equal to 1. A is also regular since
all the entries of  1
1 12
 1
1 12
  9 1 5 
4 4 16 4 8
A4 =  41 0 12   41 0 12  =  16 5 1
4
1 
8
1 1 1 1 1
2
0 0 2
0 0 8 2 4

are positive. (7)

(b) Apply Theorem 5.20(f).

     1    
x1 x1 2
0 −1 x1 0
1
A x2
  =  x2 ⇔ − 2
  1 0   x2 = 0 
 
x3 x3 0 −1 1 x3 0
   1 
x1 2
⇔  x2  = t  14  , t ∈ R (show)
1
x3 4

Thus,
1 1 1
 
2 2 2
lim Am =  1
4
1
4
1
4
.
m→∞ 1 1 1
4 4 4

(12)

13
 (c) Let Ci denote the Gerschgorin disk associated with the i–th row of A.Then

C1 = z ∈ C : z − 12 ≤ 1


= z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 12

C2
C3 = {z ∈ C : |z| ≤ 1}

(6)

[25]
Total [100]

14
 MAT3701/202/1/2014

Tutorial Letter 202/1/2014

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701

Semester 1

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions

for assignment 02.

BAR CODE

university
Learn without limits.
Open Rubric of south africa
 ASSIGNMENT 02
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 776521

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 1, 4, 6, and 7 will be marked.

Question 1
 
2 2 ∗ 1 i
Define <, >: C × C → C by < x, y >= y Ax, where A = and x and y are column vectors
−i 2
in C 2 . Show that <, > is an inner product on C 2 . [30]

Solution
     
x1 y1 z1
Let x = , y= and z = be column vectors in C 2 and let c ∈ C.
x2 y2 z2
IP1

hx + z, yi = y ∗ A (x + z)
= y ∗ Ax + y ∗ Az
= hx, yi + hz, yi.

Thus IP1 is satisfied. (5)

IP2

hcx, yi = y ∗ A (cx)
= c(y ∗ Ax)
= chx, yi.

Thus IP2 is satisfied. (5)

2
 MAT3701/202

IP3

hx, yi = y ∗ Ax
= ȳ t Ax
= y t Āx̄
= (y t Āx̄)t
= x̄t Āt (y t )t
= x∗ A ∗ y
= x∗ Ay, since A = A∗
= hy, xi.

Thus IP3 is satisfied. (8)

IP4
  
1 i x1
hx, xi = (x1 , x2 )
−i 2 x2
= x1 x1 + ix1 x2 − ix2 x1 + 2x2 x2
= (x1 − ix2 )(x1 + ix2 ) + x2 x2
= (x1 + ix2 )(x1 + ix2 ) + x2 x2
= |x1 + ix2 |2 + |x2 |2 ≥ 0.

Further,

hx, xi = 0 ⇔ |x1 + ix2 |2 + |x2 |2 = 0

⇔ |x1 + ix2 |2 = |x2 |2 = 0
⇔ |x1 + ix2 | = |x2 | = 0
⇔ x1 + ix2 = x2 = 0
 
x
⇔x= 1 =0
x2

Thus IP4 is satisfied.

Since all four conditions for an inner product are satisfied it follows that h, i is an inner product on
C 2. (12)
[30]

Question 2

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let fa , fb , fc be the Lagrange polynomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c
respectively.

3
 (a) Show that
hg, hi = g (a) h (a) + g(b)h (b) + g (c) h (c)

is an inner product on P2 (R) over R.

(b) Show that {fa , fb , fc } is an orthonormal basis for P2 (R) with respect to h, i in (a).

(c) Show that, with respect to h, i, the orthogonal projection P : P2 (R) → P2 (R) on W = span{fa }
is given by P (g) = g (a) fa .

Solution

(a) Let f, g and h denote polynomials in P2 (R) and let r ∈ R.

IP1

hf + g, hi = (f + g) (a) h (a) + (f + g) (b) h (b) + (f + g) (c) h (c)

= (f (a) + g (a)) h (a) + (f (b) + g (b)) h (b) + (f (c) + g (c)) h (c)
= (f (a) h (a) + f (b) h (b) + f (c) h (c)) + (g (a) h (a) + g (b) h (b) + g (c) h (c))
= hf, hi + hg, hi

Thus IP1 is satisfied.

IP2

hrg, hi = (rg) (a) h (a) + (rg) (b) h (b) + (rg) (c) h (c)
= (rg (a)) h (a) + (rg (b)) h (b) + (rg (c)) h (c)
= r (g (a) h (a) + g (b) h (b) + g (c) h (c))
= r hg, hi

Thus IP2 is satisfied.

IP3
Over R this axiom becomes hg, hi = hh, gi since g, h = hg, hi .
Now

hg, hi = g (a) h (a) + g (b) h (b) + g (c) h (c)

= h (a) g (a) + h (b) g (b) + h (c) g (c)
= hh, gi

Thus IP3 is satisfied.

IP4
hg, gi = g (a)2 + g (b)2 + g (c)2 ≥ 0

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 MAT3701/202

and

hg, gi = 0 ⇔ g (a) = g (b) = g (c) = 0

⇔ g=0

since a nonzero polynomial of degree at most 2 can have at most 2 zeros.

Thus IP4 is satisfied and it follows that h , i is an inner product on P2 (R).

(b)

hfa , fa i = fa (a) fa (a) + fa (b) fa (b) + fa (c) fa (c)

= 1.1 + 0.0 + 0.0
= 1

Similarly hfb , fb i = hfc , fc i = 1.

Further,

hfa , fb i = fa (a) fb (a) + fa (b) fb (b) + fa (c) fb (c)

= 1.0 + 0.1 + 0.0
= 0

Similarly hfa , fc i = hfb , fc i = 0.

Thus, it follows that {fa , fb , fc } is an orthonormal basis for P2 (R).

(c) By definition,

P (g) = hg, fa i fa
= (g (a) fa (a) + g (b) fa (b) + g (c) fa (c)) fa
= (g (a) .1 + g (b) .0 + g (c) .0) fa
= g (a) fa

Question 3

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

(a) If {v, w} is a basis for R2 over R, show that {v, w, iv, iw} is a basis for C 2 over R.

(b) Without any further computations, use (a) to explain why β = {(1, 0) , (i, 0) , (0, 1) , (0, i)} is a
basis for C 2 over R.

5
Solution

(a)

av + bw + civ + diw = 0, a, b, c, d ∈ R
⇔ av + bw + i(cv + dw) = 0
⇔ av + bw = 0 and cv + dw = 0, since av + bw and cv + dw lie in R2
⇔ a = b = 0 and c = d = 0 since {v, w} is a basis over R

Therefore, {v, w, iv, iw} is linearly independent, and hence also a basis for C 2 over R, since it contains
four vectors and dim(C 2 ) = 4 over R.

(b) Let v = (1, 0) and w = (0, 1) and apply the result in (a).

Question 4

Prove that if V = W ⊕ W ⊥ and T is the projection on W along W ⊥ , then T = T ∗ . Hint: Recall that
N (T ) = W ⊥ . [10]
Solution
Let v1 = w1 + w1⊥ and v2 = w2 + w2⊥ be arbitrary vectors in V , where w1 , w2 ∈ W and w1⊥ , w2⊥ ∈ W ⊥ .
Then

hT (v1 ) , v2 i = w1 , w2 + w2⊥
= hw1 , w2 i since w1 , w2⊥ = 0
= hv1 , w2 i since w1⊥ , w2 = 0
= hv1 , T (v2 )i since T is the projection on W along W ⊥

Thus T = T ∗ . [10]

Question 5

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let V be an inner product space, and let y, z ∈ V be nonzero vectors. Define T : V → V by

T (x) = hx, yi z for all x ∈ V .

(a) Prove that T is linear.

(b) Find a formula for T ∗ .

(c) Find a formula for T 2 .

6
 MAT3701/202

(d) Prove that T is a projection if and only if hz, yi = 1.

Solution
(a) Let v1 and v2 denote vectors in V and let a ∈ F.
Then

T (v1 + v2 ) = hv1 + v2 , yi z
= (hv1 , yi + hv2 , yi) z
= hv1 , yi z + hv2 , yi z
= T (v1 ) + T (v2 )

and

T (av1 ) = hav1 , yi z
= a hv1 , yi z
= aT (v1 ) .

Thus T is a linear operator on V .

(b) For all v1 , v2 ∈ V,

hT (v1 ) , v2 i = hhv1 , yi z, v2 i
= hv1 , yi hz, v2 i since hv1 , yi ∈ F
= hv1 , hz, v2 i yi since hz, v2 i ∈ F
= hv1 , hv2 , zi yi
= hv1 , T ∗ (v2 )i ,

hence it follows that T ∗ exists and

T ∗ (v2 ) = hv2 , zi y for all v2 ∈ V,

equivalently,
T ∗ (x) = hx, zi y for all x ∈ V.

(c)

T 2 (x) = T (hx, yi z)
= hx, yi T (z)
= hx, yi hz, yi z for all x ∈ V

(d)

T 2 = T ⇔ T 2 (x) = T (x) for all x ∈ V

⇔ hx, yi hz, yi z = hx, yi z for all x ∈ V
⇔ hx, yi hz, yi = hx, yi for all x ∈ V, since z 6= 0
⇔ hz, yi = 1

The last step follows by choosing x = y, since then hx, yi = hy, yi =

6 0.

7
Question 6

It is given that A ∈ M3×3 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and i and corresponding
eigenspaces
√ 
 
1 1
E1 = span √ (−1, 1, 0) , 1, 1, 2
2 2
and
√ 
  
1
Ei = span 1, 1, − 2 .
2

(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A. (25)

(b) Find A. (5)

[30]

Solution
(a)  −1   
√ 1 3 −1 1
√
2 2 4 4 2 2
−1 √1
 √ 0
   
 2 2
   
−1
P1 =  √12 1 = 3 1 
√

2   4 4 2 2
  1 1 √1  
  2 2 2  
0 √1 1
√ 1
√ 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

and  
 1  1 1 −1
√
2 4 4 2 2
 h  
i  
1 −1 −1
  1 1 1 1
Pi =  √ = √
  
 2  2 2 2 4 4 2 2
   
 
−1
√ −1 −1 1
√ √
2 2 2 2 2 2

The spectral decomposition is

A = 1 · P1 + i · Pi
 3 −1 1
  1 1 −1

√ √
4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
   
   
= 1 ·  −1 3 1 
√ + i · 1 1 −1
√ 
  
 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2

 
   
1
√ 1
√ 1 −1
√ −1
√ 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(25)
(b)  
3 i −1 i 1 i
4
+ 4 4
+ 4
√
2 2
− √
2 2
 
 
−1 i 3 i 1
A=

4
+ 4 4
+ 4
√
2 2
− 2√i 2 
.
 
 
1 i 1 i 1 i
√
2 2
− √
2 2
√
2 2
− √
2 2 2
+2

8
 MAT3701/202

(5)
[30]

Question 7

Eliminate the xy–term (cross term) in

3x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 = 1 ... (i)

by a rotation of the axes, that is, find a rotation matrix P ∈ M2×2 (R) such that (i), expressed in
terms of x0 , y 0 defined by    0 
x x
=P ,
y y0
contains no cross term.
Express x, y in terms of x0 , y 0 , and state the (counterclockwise) angle of rotation. [30]
Solution
The quadratic form (i) can be expressed as

X t AX = 1,

where    
3 1 x
A= and X=
1 3 y
The characteristic polynomial of A is given by

3−t 1
det (A − tI2 ) =
1 3−t
= (3 − t)2 − 1
= (3 − t − 1) (3 − t + 1)
= (t − 2) (t − 4) ,

yielding the eigenvalues t = 2 and t = 4.

To find E2 , we solve the homogeneous system with coefficient matrix
   
1 1 1 1
→
1 1 0 0 R2 − R1

Thus,
E2 = span {(1, −1)} ,
with orthonormal basis  
1
√ (1, −1)
2
To find E4 , we solve    
−1 1 1 −1 −R1
→
1 −1 0 0 R2 + R1

9
Thus,
E4 = span {(1, 1)} ,
with orthonormal basis  
1
√ (1, 1)
2
Thus,
P t AP = D,
where    
1 1 1 t 1 1 −1
P =√ , that is, P =√
2 −1 1 2 1 1
(note that det (P ) = 1), and  
2 0
D=
0 4
If we let
x0 x0
      
x 1 1 1
=P =√ ,
y y0 2 −1 1 y0
that is,
1
x = √ (x0 + y 0 )
2
1
y = √ (−x0 + y 0 ) ,
2
then (i) becomes
2 2
2 (x0 ) + 4 (y 0 ) = 1
Since " #
√1 √1 cos − π4
− sin − π4




2 2
P = = ,
− √12 √1
2
sin − π4 cos − π4
it means that the x– and y–axes are rotated through −45o .
[30]

Question 8

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let  
0 −1 −1
A =  −1 1 −1  .
−1 −1 0

(a) Find a nonsingular matrix Q such that Qt AQ = D, where D is diagonal.

10
 MAT3701/202

(b) Write down the rank, index and signature of A.

Solution

(a) Use the algorithm after Example 6 in Friedberg(see also SG: Section 16.3).
. ..
   
0 −1 −1 .. 1 0 0 1 −1 −1 . 0 1 0
 .   ..  [R1 ↔ R2 ]
 −1
 1 −1 .. 0 1 0  →  −1
  0 −1 . 1 0 0   and
. .. [C1 ↔ C2 ]
−1 −1 0 .. 0 0 1 −1 −1 0 . 0 0 1
.
 
1 0 −1 .. 0 1 0
 ..  [R2 → R2 + R1 ]
→   0 −1 −2 . 1 1 0   and
.. [C2 → C2 + C1 ]
−1 −2 0 . 0 0 1
..
 
1 0 0 . 0 1 0
 ..  [R3 → R3 + R1 ]
→ 
 0 −1 −2 . 1 1 0   and
. [C3 → C3 + C1 ]
0 −2 −1 .. 0 1 1
.
 
1 0 0 .. 0 1 0
 ..  [R3 → R3 − 2R2 ]
→ 
 0 −1 0 . 1 1 0 
 and
.. [C3 → C3 − 2C2 ]
0 0 3 . −2 −1 1

Therefore  t    
0 1 0 0 1 −2 1 0 0
Q= 1 1 0  =  1 1 −1  and D =  0 −1 0 
−2 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3

(b) rank (A) = 3

index (A) = 2
signature (A) = 1

[25]
Total [100]

11
 MAT3701/201/2/2014

Tutorial Letter 201/2/2014

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701

Semester 2

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions

for assignment 01.

BAR CODE

university
Learn without limits.
Open Rubric of south africa
 ONLY FOR SEMESTER 2 STUDENTS
ASSIGNMENT 01
Based on Study Units 1 - 9
FIXED CLOSING DATE: 15 AUGUST 2014
UNIQUE NUMBER: 20140815

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment Questions 2, 4, 5, and 8 will be marked.

QUESTION 1

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let V, W and U denote the subspaces of M2×2 (C) defined by

  
a b
V = : a−b−c+d=0 ;
c d
  
a b
W = : a−b−c=0 ;
c 0

and  
−1 0
U = span .
0 1

(a) Explain whether or not V = W ⊕ U .

(b) Is dim (V + W ) = dim (V + U )? Explain your answer.

Solution

(a) It follows that W ⊆ V by letting d = 0 in the definition of V , and since

        
−1 0 −1 0 −z 0
U = span = z :z∈C = :z∈C ,
0 1 0 1 0 z

it also follows that U ⊆ V by letting a = −z, b = c = 0 and d = z in the definition of V .

Hence,
W + U ⊆ V. (i)
From the definition of V we have d = −a + b + c, so the general form of a matrix in V is
 
a b
v= with a, b, c ∈ C.
c −a + b + c

2
 MAT3701/201

For V = W ⊕ U to be true it suffices to show that V = W + U and W ∩ U = {0}.

Now,      
a b z1 z2 −z4 0
v= = +
c −a + b + c z3 0 0 z4
with z1 − z2 − z3 = 0 and z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ∈ C implies that

z1 = z2 + z3
z1 − z4 = a
z2 = b
z3 = c
z4 = −a + b + c,

hence

z1 = b+c
z2 = b
z3 = c
z4 = −a + b + c

so that      
a b b+c b a−b−c 0
v= = + ,
c −a + b + c c 0 0 −a + b + c
and it follows that V ⊆ W + U . This, together with (i), shows that V = W + U .
Finally, since    
z1 z2 −z4 0
=
z3 0 0 z4
with z1 − z2 − z3 = 0 and z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 ∈ C implies that z1 = z2 = z3 = z4 = 0, it follows that
W ∩ U = {0} and therefore V = W ⊕ U .

(b) We showed in (a) that W ⊆ V and U ⊆ V , hence it follows that V = V + W and V = V + U ,

respectively, and therefore dim (V + W ) = dim (V + U ).

QUESTION 2

Let W1 and W2 be nonzero subspaces of a vector space V of dimension n.

(a) If dim (W1 ) = n − 1 and W1 ∩ W2 6= W2 , prove that dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = dim(W2 ) − 1. (10)

(b) If
dim (V ) = dim (W1 ) + dim (W2 ) ,

prove that V = W1 ⊕ W2 if and only if W1 ∩ W2 = {0} . (10)

[20]

Solution

3
(a) Since W1 ∩ W2 6= W2 , it follows that W2 * W1 . Hence V = W1 + W2 , since dim (W1 ) = n − 1.
Therefore

n = dim (W1 + W2 ) = dim (W1 ) + dim (W2 ) − dim (W1 ∩ W2 )

= n − 1 + dim (W2 ) − dim (W1 ∩ W2 ) ,

so that
dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = dim(W2 ) − 1.

(b) If V = W1 ⊕ W2 , then it follows from the definition of direct sum that W1 ∩ W2 = {0} .
Conversely, suppose W1 ∩ W2 = {0} . Then

dim (W1 + W2 ) = dim (W1 ) + dim (W2 ) − dim (W1 ∩ W2 )

= dim (W1 ) + dim (W2 ) , since dim (W1 ∩ W2 ) = {0}
= dim (V ) , given.

Hence V = W1 + W2 , since W1 + W2 ⊆ V , and it follows that V = W1 ⊕ W2 .

QUESTION 3 (Friedberg: Section 5.1, Exercise 18)

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let A, B ∈ Mn×n (C) .

(a) Prove that if B is invertible, then there exists a scalar c ∈ C such that A + cB is not invertible.
Hint: Examine det (A + cB) .

(b) Find nonzero 2 × 2 matrices A and B such that both A and A + cB are invertible for all c ∈ C.

Solution

(a) A + cB = (AB −1 + cIn )B, so that det (A + cB) = det(AB −1 + cIn ) det(B). Choose −c equal to
an eigenvalue of AB −1 , then det (A + cB) = 0 and therefore A + cB is not invertible.

(b) Choose A = I2 and B = [ 00 10 ], for example.

QUESTION 4

Let T : C 3 → C 3 be the linear operator defined by

T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 − z3 ) .

(a) Show that T is a projection. (9)

(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects. (8)

4
 MAT3701/201

(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects. (8)

[25]

Solution

(a)

T 2 (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = T (2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 − z3 )

= (4z1 + 2iz3 − 2z1 − iz3 , z2 , 4iz1 − 2z3 − 2iz1 + z3 )
= (2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 − z3 )
= T (z1 , z2 , z3 ).

Thus T 2 = T, which means that T is a projection.

(b) The space onto which T projects is

R(T ) = {T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) ∈ C 3 }

= {(2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 − z3 ) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) ∈ C 3 }
= {2z1 (1, 0, i) + z2 (0, 1, 0) + z3 (i, 0, −1) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) ∈ C 3 }
= span{(1, 0, i), (0, 1, 0)}, since the third vector is i times the first.

A basis is therefore {(1, 0, i), (0, 1, 0)}.

(c) The space along which T projects is N (T ). Now,

T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = 0 ⇔ (2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 − z3 ) = 0

⇔ 2z1 + iz3 = 0 and z2 = 0 and 2iz1 − z3 = 0
⇔ 2z1 + iz3 = 0 and z2 = 0, since the third equation is i-times the first
⇔ z3 = 2iz1 and z2 = 0
⇔ (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (z1 , 0, 2iz1 ) = z1 (1, , 0, 2i).

Thus, N (T ) = span{(1, 0, 2i)}, and a basis is therefore {(1, 0, 2i)}.

QUESTION 5

Let f0 , f1 , and f2 denote the Lagrange polynomials associated with 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Let
γ = {f0 , f1 , f2 } and β = {1, x, x2 } .

(a) Find f0 , f1 , f2 , and express each one in standard polynomial form, i.e. a + bx + cx2 , where a, b,
and c are real numbers. (10)

(b) Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to express 1, x, and x2 as linear combinations of
f0 , f1 , and f2 . (5)

(c) Without any further computations, explain why γ is a basis for P2 (R) . (5)

5
 (d) Write down the change of coordinate matrix P which changes β− coordinates to γ− coordinates.
(5)
(e) Without any further computations, write down P −1 . (5)

[30]

Solution

(a)
(x − 1) (x − 2) 3 1
f0 (x) = = 1 − x + x2
(0 − 1) (0 − 2) 2 2
(x) (x − 2)
f1 (x) = = 0 + 2x − x2
(1 − 0) (1 − 2)
(x − 0) (x − 1) 1 1
f2 (x) = = 0 − x + x2 .
(2 − 0) (2 − 1) 2 2

(b)

1 = f0 (x) + f1 (x) + f2 (x)

x = 0 · f0 (x) + 1 · f1 (x) + 2 · f2 (x)
x2 = 0 · f0 (x) + 1 · f1 (x) + 4 · f2 (x) .

(c) From (b), it follows that γ spans P2 (R) and since we further have that |γ| = dim (P2 (R)) = 3, it
follows that γ is a basis for P2 (R) .

(d) From (b)  

1 0 0
P =  1 1 1 .
1 2 4

(e) Since P −1 is the change of coordinate matrix which changes γ–coordinates to β–coordinates we
have  
1 0 0
P −1 =  − 32 2 − 12  .
1 1
2
−1 2

QUESTION 6

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let T : P2 (C) → P2 (C) be the linear operator defined by

T a + bx + cx2 = 3a + (a + 2b) x + (a + 2c) x2 .

6
 MAT3701/201

(a) Show that T satisfies the test for diagonalizability.

(b) Find a basis τ for P2 (C) consisting of eigenvectors of T, and write down [T ]τ .

(c) Show that 3I − T is a projection.

Solution

(a) Let β = {1, x, x2 } (the standard basis for P2 (C)).

Then,

T (1) = 3 + x + x2
T (x) = 2x
T x2 = 2x2 .

Thus,  
3 0 0
[T ]β =  1 2 0  .
1 0 2
It follows that the characteristic polynomial of T is

p (x) = (x − 3) (x − 2)2 ,

which splits. Hence, its eigenvalues are 3, 2 and 2.

Thus, T has a repeated eigenvalue λ = 2, and
 
1 0 0
[T ]β − 2I =  1 0 0  (ii)
1 0 0

which is of rank one. Since  

3 − rank [T ]β − 2I = 2
is equal to the multiplicity of λ = 2, it follows that T is diagonalisable.

(b) Considering (ii) as the coefficient matrix of a system of homogeneous linear equations, it follows
that
x = 0 and y and z are arbitrary.
Hence,

E2 = {(0, y, z) : y, z ∈ C}
= span {(0, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 1)}

and therefore the eigenspace of T corresponding to λ = 2 is

E2 (T ) = span x, x2 .


Similarly,
E3 (T ) = span 1 + x + x2 .


7
Thus,  
2 0 0
[T ]τ =  0 2 0 
0 0 3
where
τ = x, x2 , 1 + x + x2 .


(c)

(3IP2 (C) − T )2 = 3IP2 (C) − T (iii)

⇔ (3IP2 (C) − T )2 τ = 3IP2 (C) − T τ
   
 2  
⇔ 3IP2 (C) − T τ = 3IP2 (C) − T τ (iv)

Since
   
3IP2 (C) − T τ = 3IP2 (C) τ − [T ]τ
= 3I3 − [T ]τ
 
1 0 0
=  0 1 0 ,
0 0 0

it follows by direct multiplication that (iv) holds and therefore also (iii).

QUESTION 7

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
  
a b
Let T : M2×2 (R) → M2×2 (R) denote the projection on W = : a − b − c + d = 0 along
  c d
1 0
U = span .
0 1

       
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(a) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to β = , , ,
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

(b) Find the formula for T.

Solution

8
 MAT3701/201

(a) A typical element in W is of the form

 
a b
c −a + b + c

and a typical element in U is of the form

 
k 0
0 k

where k is a scalar. Therefore a typical element in W + U is of the form

 
a+k b
c k−a+b+c

Now,    
a+k b 1 0
=
c k−a+b+c 0 0

yields a + k = 1, b = c = 0, and k − a = 0. So k = a = 21 , from which we obtain that

   1   1 
1 0 0 0
= 2 + 2 1
0 0 0 − 21 0 2

with
1 1
   
0 0
2 ∈W and 2 ∈ U.
0 − 21 0 1
2

Continuing this process, we express the other elements of β as sums of elements in W and U as
follows:
   1   1 
0 1 2
1 −2 0
= +
0 0 0 12 0 − 21
   1   1 
0 0 2
0 − 2
0
= +
1 0 1 12 0 − 21
   1   1 
0 0 −2 0 0
= + 2 1
0 1 0 12 0 2

We have now expressed each of the elements of β in the form w + u, where w ∈ W and u ∈ U.
Since T is the projection on W along U, we have
   1 
1 0 2
0
T =
0 0 0 − 12
   1 
0 1 2
1
T =
0 0 0 21
   1 
0 0 2
0
T =
1 0 1 21
   1 
0 0 −2 0
T =
0 1 0 12

9
 Since β is the standard basis for M2×2 (R) , the matrix of T with respect to β is given by
 1 1 1
− 21

2 2 2
 0 1 0 0 
[T ]β = 
 0 0 1

0 
− 12 12 12 2
1

(b) Since          
a b 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
=a +b +c +d ,
c d 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

we have
     
a b 1 0 0 1
T = aT + bT
c d 0 0 0 0
   
0 0 0 0
+cT + dT
1 0 0 1
 1   1   1   1 
2
0 2
1 2
0 −2 0
= a +b +c +d
0 − 21 0 21 1 21 0 12
 a+b+c−d 
2
b
= −a+b+c+d
c 2

QUESTION 8

Let T : V → V be a linear operator on a finite–dimensional vector space V over F, and suppose

v ∈ V is such that
v, T (v) , T 2 (v)
is linearly independent and
T 3 (v) = T (v) + T 2 (v) . (v)
Let
W = span v, T (v) , T 2 (v) .


(a) Show that W is T –invariant. (10)

(b) Find the characteristic polynomial of TW . (5)

(c) Explain whether TW : W → W is one–to–one. (5)

(d) Explain whether TW : W → W is onto. (5)

[25]
Solution

10
 MAT3701/201

(a) It suffices to show that the image under T of each generator of W is again in W . This is clearly
the case for the first two generators of W . For the third generator we have

T (T 2 (v)) = T 3 (v) = T (v) + T 2 (v) , from (v)

and since the right-hand side lies again in W , it follows that W is T –invariant.

(b) It follows from (v) that the characteristic polynomial of TW is

cTW (t) = (−1)3 (t3 − t2 − t).

(c) TW is not one-to-one, since it follows from (b) that 0 is an eigenvalue of TW .

(d) Since TW is not one-to-one according to (c) and since W is finite dimensional, it follows that TW
is not onto.
[TOTAL 100]

11
 MAT3701/202/2/2014

Tutorial Letter 202/2/2014

LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701

Semester 2

Department of Mathematical Sciences

This tutorial letter contains solutions

for assignment 02.

BAR CODE

university
Learn without limits.
Open Rubric of south africa
 ASSIGNMENT 02
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 20140912

Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 1, 4, 6, and 8 will be marked.

Question 1

Let T : C 4 → C 4 be the linear operator such that

 
0 1 0 1
 1 0 1 0 
[T ]β = 
 −1
,
1 0 i 
0 i i 1+i

where β is the standard basis for C 4 , and let

W = span {(1, 0, 0, 0) , (0, 1, −1, 0)} .

(a) Show that W is T − invariant. (10)

(b) Find a basis for W ⊥ . (5)

(c) Show that W ⊥ is T ∗ − invariant. (10)

[25]
Solution

(a)

[T (1, 0, 0, 0)]β = [T ]β [(1, 0, 0, 0)]β

  
0 1 0 1 1
 1 0 1 0  0 
= 
 −1 1 0
 
i  0 
0 i i 1+i 0
 
0
 1 
 −1  ,
=  

2
 MAT3701/202

hence
T (1, 0, 0, 0) = (0, 1, −1, 0) ∈ W.
Similarly
T (0, 1, −1, 0) = (1, −1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 0, 0) − (0, 1, −1, 0) ∈ W.
Since the image under T of each spanning vector of W lies in W again, it follows that W is
T –invariant.
(b)
(a, b, c, d) ∈ W ⊥ ⇔ h(a, b, c, d) , (1, 0, 0, 0)i = 0 and h(a, b, c, d) , (0, 1, −1, 0)i = 0

a=0
⇔
b − c = 0.

Thus
W⊥ = {(0, b, b, d) : b, d ∈ C}
= {(0, b, b, 0) + (0, 0, 0, d) : d, b ∈ C}
= {b (0, 1, 1, 0) + d (0, 0, 0, 1) : b, d ∈ C}
... (i)
= span ({0, 1, 1, 0} , (0, 0, 0, 1)) .
Since these two spanning vectors are linearly independent, a basis of W ⊥ is
{(0, 1, 1, 0) , (0, 0, 0, 1)} .

(c) Since β is orthonormal with respect to the standard inner product,

[T ∗ ]β = [T ]∗β
 ∗
0 1 0 1
 1 0 1 0 
= 
 −1 1 0

i 
0 i i 1+i
 
0 1 −1 0
 1 0 1 −i 
=  .
 0 1 0 −i 
1 0 −i 1 − i

To show that W ⊥ is T ∗ –invariant, we show that the image under T ∗ of each spanning vector in
(i) again lies in W ⊥ .
[T ∗ (0, 1, 1, 0)]β = [T ∗ ]β [(0, 1, 1, 0)]β
  
0 1 −1 0 0
 1 0 1 −i  1 
=   
 0 1 0 −i  1 
1 0 −i 1 − i 0
 
0
 1 
= 
 1 ,


−i

3
 hence

T ∗ (0, 1, 1, 0) = (0, 1, 1, −i)

= (0, 1, 1, 0) − i (0, 0, 0, 1) ∈ W ⊥ .

Similarly,

T ∗ (0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, −i, −i, 1 − i)

= −i (0, 1, 1, 0) + (1 − i) (0, 0, 0, 1) ∈ W ⊥ .

Thus, W ⊥ is T ∗ –invariant.

Question 2

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Find the minimal solution in R3 to the system

x−y+z = 0
x + y = 0.

Solution

Let    
1 −1 1 0
A= and b = .
1 1 0 0
We follow the method outlined in Friedberg: Section 6.3, Example 3.
 
  1 1  
∗ 1 −1 1  3 0
AA = −1 1 =
1 1 0 0 2
1 0

so that      
∗ 3 0 x1 0 3x1 +0x2 = 0
AA x = b ⇔ = ⇔
0 2 x2 0 0x1 2x2 = 0
 
0
The solution to the system is , therefore the minimal solution is
0
   
1 1   0
∗ 0
s = A x = −1 1
  = 0 .

0
1 0 0

4
 MAT3701/202

Question 3

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Consider M2×2 (R) with respect to the Frobenius inner product defined by hA, Bi = tr (B ∗ A) . Find
the formula for the orthogonal projection P : M2×2 (R) → M2×2 (R) on W, where
    
1 1 1 1 1 1
W = span , .
2 −1 −1 2 1 1

Solution
It is easy to check that     
1 1 1 1 1 1
S= ,
2 −1 −1 2 1 1
is an orthonormal basis for W. Let  
a b
A= .
c d
Denoting the elements of S by S1 and S2 , respectively, we obtain that
P (A) = hA, S1 i S1 + hA, S2 i S2
1 1
= (a + b − c − d) S1 + (a + b + c + d) S2
2 2
1 2a + 2b 2a + 2b
=
4 2c + 2d 2c + 2d
i.e.    
a b 1 a+b a+b
P =
c d 2 c+d c+d

Question 4

√ √
It is given that A ∈ M3×3 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 0, 2 and − 2 and corresponding
eigenspaces
 
1
E0 = span √ (−1, 1, 0)
2
√ 
  
√
1
E 2 = span 1, 1, 2
2
√ 
  
√
1
E− 2 = span 1, 1, − 2
2

(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A. (22)

(b) Find A. (3)

5
 [25]
Solution

(a) Since the eigenspaces are all one-dimensional with basis vectors of unit length, the matrix
1 1 1
 
−√

 2 2 2  
 
 1 1 1 
 √
P =

2 2 

 2
 
 
 1 1 
0 √ −√
2 2
 
0 √0 0
with these basis vectors as columns will be unitary, and A = P DP ∗ with D =  0 2 0 .
√
0 0 − 2
Hence
     
1 0 0 √ 0 0 0 √ 0 0 0 √ √
A = 0 · P 0 0 0 P ∗ + 2 · P 0 1 0 P ∗ − 2 · P 0 0 0 P ∗ = 0 · P1 + 2 · P2 − 2 · P3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

is the spectral decomposition of A, where

 
1 1
 2 − 2 0
 1 
  −√ 
1 0 0   
 2  1 1  
P1 = P  0 0 0  P ∗ =  √1  − √ √ 0 = − 1 1 0
  
2 2
0 0 0 2  2 2
   

0  
0 0 0
1 1 1
 
√
 1   4 4 2 2
 
 2 
 
0 0 0    
∗
 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 
P2 = P 0 1 0 P =
    √ =
 √ 
2  2 2 4 4

0 0 0  1  2  2 2
√
 
 
2  1 1 1 
√ √
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
 
− √
 1  
 4 4 2 2  
 2 
 
0 0 0   
1 1 1 1  1 1 1 
= P  0 0 0 P∗ = 
 
P3 
 2  2 2 − √ =
 − √ 
4 4
 
0 0 1 2 2 2
1
   
−√
 
 
2  1 1 1 
− √ − √
2 2 2 2 2
are the associated orthogonal projections.

6
 MAT3701/202

(b) Substituting the values for P1 , P2 , P3 in (1) yields

 
0 0 1
A =  0 0 1 .
1 1 0

Question 5

(Friedberg: Section 6.4, Exercise 6)

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let V be a complex inner product space, and let T be a linear operator on V. Define
1 1
T1 = (T + T ∗ ) and T2 = (T − T ∗ ) .
2 2i
(a) Prove that T1 and T2 are self–adjoint and that T = T1 + iT2 .

(b) Suppose also that T = U1 + iU2 , where U1 and U2 are self–adjoint. Prove that U1 = T1 and
U2 = T2 .

(c) Prove that T is normal if and only if T1 T2 = T2 T1 .

Solution

(a)
1 1 1
T1∗ = (T + T ∗ )∗ = (T ∗ + (T ∗ )∗ ) = (T ∗ + T ) = T1 ,
2 2 2
and
1 −1 ∗ −1 ∗
T2∗ = (T − T ∗ )∗ = (T − (T ∗ )∗ ) = (T − T ) = T2 ,
2i 2i 2i
thus T1 and T2 are self-adjoint.
Further,
1 1
T1 + iT2 = (T + T ∗ ) + i (T − T ∗ ) = T,
2 2i
as required.

(b) (
T + T ∗ = 2U1 ⇒ T1 = U1
T = U1 + iU2 ⇒ T ∗ = U1∗ − iU2∗ = U1 − iU2 ⇒
T − T ∗ = 2iU2 ⇒ T2 = U2

7
as required.

(c)
T T ∗ = (T1 + iT2 )(T1 − iT2 ) = T12 − iT1 T2 + iT2 T1 + T22
and
T ∗ T = (T1 − iT2 )(T1 + iT2 ) = T12 + iT1 T2 − iT2 T1 + T22 .
Therefore,
T T ∗ = T ∗ T ⇔ −T1 T2 + T2 T1 = T1 T2 − T2 T1 ⇔ T1 T2 = T2 T1 ,
and the result follows.

Question 6

Let f : R2 → R2 be defined by
f (a, b) = (1 − b, 2 + a)

(a) Prove that f is a rigid motion. (10)

(b) Express f in the form f = g ◦ T , where g is a translation and T an orthogonal operator on R2 .

Find the vector v0 by which g translates. If T is a rotation, find the angle θ through which it
rotates; and if T is a reflection about a line L through the origin, find the equation of L and the
angle α it makes with the positive x–axis. (15)

[25]

Solution

(a) For all (a, b) , (c, d) ∈ R2 ,

f (a, b) − f (c, d) = (1 − b, 2 + a) − (1 − d, 2 + c) = (d − b, a − c)

so that

kf (a, b) − f (c, d) k2 = k (d − b, a − c) k2
= (d − b)2 + (a − c)2
= (a − c)2 + (b − d)2
= k (a, b) − (c, d) k2 ,

hence f is a rigid motion.

(b)

f (a, b) = (1, 2) + (−b, a)

= (g ◦ T ) (a, b) ,

where
g (a, b) = (1, 2) + (a, b) ,

8
 MAT3701/202

hence the translation is by (1, 2) = f (0) , and

T (a, b) = (−b, a)
Let β be the standard ordered basis for R2 , then
 
0 −1
[T ]β = ;
1 0
hence T is orthogonal, since
[T ]∗β [T ]β = [T ]β [T ]∗β = I2 .
Also,  
det [T ]β = 1,
so T is a rotation.
Since
cos π2 − sin π2
   
0 −1
[T ]β = = ,
1 0 sin π2 cos π2
π
it follows that T represents a rotation through θ = 2
around the origin in a counter-clockwise direction.

Question 7

(Friedberg: Section 6.5, Exercise 31)

This question was not marked.

It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.

Let Hu , u a unit vector, be a Householder operator on a finite–dimensional inner product space

V, i.e., Hu (x) = x − 2 hx, ui u for all x ∈ V. Prove the following results.
(a) Hu is linear.
(b) Hu (x) = x if and only if x is orthogonal to u.
(c) Hu (u) = −u.
(d) Hu∗ = Hu and Hu2 = I, and hence Hu is a unitary [orthogonal] operator on V .
(Note: If V is a real inner product space, then in the language of Section 6.11, Hu is a reflection.)

Solution

(a) Hu is a linear operator, since for x, y ∈ V and a ∈ F ,

Hu (x + y) = x + y − 2hx + y, uiu
= x + y − 2(hx, ui + hy, ui)u, property of the inner product
= (x − 2hx, uiu) + (y − 2hy, uiu)
= Hu (x) + Hu (y),

9
and
Hu (ax) = ax − 2hax, uiu = ax − 2ahx, uiu = a(x − 2hx, uiu) = aHu (x).

(b)

Hu (x) = x
⇔ x − 2 hx, ui u = x
⇔ hx, ui u = 0
⇔ hx, ui = 0, since u 6= 0
⇔ x is orthogonal to u

(c)
Hu (u) = u − 2 hu, ui u = −u, since hu, ui = 1.

(d) For all x, y ∈ V ,

hHu∗ (x), yi = hx, Hu (y)i

= hx, y − 2 hy, ui ui
= hx, yi + hx, −2 hy, ui ui
= hx, yi − 2hy, uihx, ui
= hx, yi − 2hu, yihx, ui
= hx, yi + h−2hx, uiu, yi
= hx − 2 hx, ui u, yi,

thus
Hu∗ (x) = x − 2 hx, ui u = Hu (x), i.e., Hu∗ = Hu .
Finally,

Hu2 (x) = Hu (x − 2 hx, ui u)

= x − 2 hx, ui u − 2hx − 2 hx, ui u, uiu
= x − 2 hx, ui u − 2(hx, ui − 2 hx, ui)u, since hu, ui = 1
=x
= I(x),

that is,
Hu2 = I.

Question 8

 √ √ 
2 − 2
Let A = and suppose k·k denotes the Euclidean norm.
1 1

10
 MAT3701/202

(a) Find kAk , kA−1 k and cond (A) . (15)

e such that Ax = b, kbk = 1, and kb − Ae

(b) Suppose that we have vectors x and x xk ≤ 0.001. Use (a)
to determine upper bounds for ke x − A−1 bk (the absolute error) and ke
x − A−1 bk / kA−1 bk (the
relative error). (10)

[25]

Solution

(a) √  √ √   
∗ √2 1 2 − 2 3 −1
A A= = ,
− 2 1 1 1 −1 3
thus
λ−3 1
det(λI − A∗ A) =
1 λ−3
= (λ − 3)2 − 1
= (λ − 4)(λ − 2),

so that
√ 1 2 √
kAk = 4 = 2, A−1 = √ , and cond (A) = kAk · A−1 = √ = 2.
2 2

(b)
1
e − A−1 b = A−1 (Ae
x x − b) ≤ A−1 kAe
x − bk ≤ √ (0.001),
2
and
x − A−1 bk
ke ke
x − xk kAe
x − bk √
= ≤ cond (A) ≤ 0.001 2.
kA−1 bk kxk kbk
Total [100]

11