ENTRY TEST LECTURE NOTES

PHYSICS
SESSION 2023
NMDCAT/NUMS/ETEA
In these lecture notes you will find:

 Key points of the topics prescribed by PMC

 Short cuts/ problem solving technique

COURSE INSTRUTOR: RAJA SHEHRYAR ALI

(1) LECTURER in PHYSICS,
PUNJAB COLLEGE, H-11 CAMPUS,
ISLAMABAD
(2) ENTRY TEST LECTURER
STEP by PGC,
ISLAMABAD CLUSTER.

CONTENTS OF LECTURE # 11 (UNIT 12B) (According to STEP SOS)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Learning outcomes:
(1) Radiation Exposure
(2) Dose and Absorbed Dose
(3) Biological effects of Radiation
(4) Biological and Medical uses of Radiation
(5) FISSION/FUSION (BRIEFLY)

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 LECTURE 11
RADIATION EXPOSURE

Dose & Equivalent Dose

RBE FACTORS
 X-rays, Gamma rays & alpha particles of 30 keV or more is 1.0
 Alpha particles of less than 30 keV is 1.7
 Neutrons & protons below 10 MeV to body 10 and to eyes 30
 Alpha particles from natural radioactivity have RBE is 10
 Heavy recoil nuclei has RBE 20

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 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS

 10 mGy to hand will deposit less energy than 1mGy to entire entire body
 Back ground radiations to which we are exposed on an average per year is 2mSv/year.
 3 Sv dose will cause radiation burn and soreness on the skin
 Dose of 1mSv is mainly considered safe for workers in nuclear facilities and mines
 The damages of alpha particles is small unless source enters the body
 Alpha and beta particles can cause redness and sores to skin
 Chromosomes abnormalities or mutation may cause delayed genetic effects such as
cancer eye cataracts etc.
 Nuclear wastes are of three types: (i) low level (ii) medium level (iii) high level
radiations
 Some low level radiations effects are loss of hair, ulceration, stiffness of lungs, white
blood cells deficiency which causes sickness pattern of diarrhea, vomiting, fever known
as radiation sickness.
 High levels of radiations may disrupt the blood cells, seriously leading to disease such
as anemia, leukemia

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 DOSAGE IN MICRO-SIVERT & EFFECTS (μSv)
 Radiation sickness 1,000,000
 Temporary low fertility 150,0000
 Sterility for two years 250,0000
 Death of 60 % people exposed 400,0000
AVERAGE TYPE OF RADIATION DOSES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
 Watching TV for a year 10 mSv
 Radiation from nuclear power station for a year 10 mSv
 Wearing radioactive luminous watch for a year 30 mSv
 Having a chest x-ray 200 mSv
 Radiation from brick house 750 mSv
 Maximum dose to general public from artificial source per year 1000 mSv
 Workers working in a uranium mine for 1 month 1000 mSv
 Typical doses received by members of general public from all sources per year 2500 mSv
 Max dose allowed to worker exposed to radiation for year is 50000 mSv

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 NUCLEAR REACTIONS

 NOTE: PRACTICE MCQS WERE PROVIDED IN THE LAST LECTURE OF

NUCLEAR PHYSICS WHICH INLCUDE BOTH LECTURES OF NUCLEAR

"To improve is to change; to be

perfect is to change often."
—Winston Churchill

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