Rock & Soil

Mechanics
Week #1
Rock Mass & Soil
Formation
Program Studi Teknik Geologi
 Selamat Datang
Pengajar
Mekanika Batuan dan Tanah Pendidikan:
Prodi Geologi UP S2 Teknik Geologi ITB | 2015-2017
S1 Teknik Geologi ITB | 2010-2014
Misbahudin, M.T.
misbahudin.mt@gmail.com
Karir:
Dosen Teknik Geologi Universitas Pertamina | 2019-saat ini
Engineering Geologist Consultant | 2017-saat ini
Asisten Riset Lab Geologi Teknik ITB | 2015-2017
 Ketentuan Perkuliahan
1. Jangan lupa presensi di SIUP. Toleransi keterlambatan 20 menit.
2. Harap matikan microphone saat tidak sedang ada pertanyaan atau diskusi.
3. Syarat bisa ikut UAS dan Reevaluasi adalah kehadiran minimal 80%.
4. Informasi perkuliahan akan disampaikan melalui e-learning dan Ketua Kelas.
5. Perkuliahan akan menggunakan Ms. Team.
6. Satu kali pertemuan kuliah adalah 2 x 50 menit.
7. Kuliah ini adalah Kuliah Teknik, jadi akan banyak menghitung. Siapkan perlengkapan yang memadai.
8. Akan ada Kontrak Kuliah yang harus ditandatangani oleh semua mahasiswa.
9. Partisipasi Aktif mahasiswa di kelas akan diberikan tambahan nilai untuk komponen nilai keaktifan.
10. Tugas dikumpulkan sesuai dengan tenggat waktu
11. Kesamaan tugas akan dikategorikan sebagai Plagiarisme
12. Tidak keluar-masuk ruang selama perkuliahan
13. Memasukkan foto diri di profil akun MS Team/ Zoom
Grade MK WAJIB MK PILIHAN

TUGAS AKHIR GEOLOGI

INFRASTRUKTUR
ENERGI
GEOLOGI TEKNIK
MK
MK WAJIB PILIHAN
LAINNYA
LAINNYA MEKANIKA BATUAN
GEOFLUIDA DAN TANAH MITIGASI
BENCANA
GEOLOGI
PETROLOGI GEOLOGI STRUKTUR

GEOLOGI FISIK

MK PRODI

MK UNIVERSITAS

MATA KULIAH NASIONAL

KONSOLIDASI KOMPAKSI KESTABILAN LERENG TEROWONGAN

APLIKASI

ROCK MASS RATING

INVESTIGASI

DEFORMASI PROPERTI KETEKNIKAN

MASSA BATUAN
TANAH PELAPUKAN DISKONTINUITAS/
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

MEKANIKA
BATUAN DAN TANAH
 Table of contents

01 02 03 04
Tectonic Geological Rock Soils
Activities Structures Weathering
During geological time, rocks are affected by natural processes
including tectonic movements, which result in the formation of
various geological structures. It is important to become familiar
with commonly occurring geological structures and have a good
understanding of their effect on rock mass properties. Objective
This Week#1 will introduce basic geology and discuss the effect Week #1
of rock structures in relation to rock properties. The knowledge
of geological settings of the study area gives us a better
understanding of the dominant material type, its spatial
variations and ground water conditions. It also allows us to
better assess geological and geotechnical problems that may
occur in different material types during or after construction.
 Introduction

Dam failures: (left) Malpasset after failure and (right) Vajont dam
currently.
Source: Sivakugan dkk. (2013)
1. Tectonic
Tectonic Activities

Tectonic plate movements resulting in the formation

of ridges (a) and trenches (b).

What is the typical rate of plate movement?

Structure of the Earth (not to scale).

Source: Gratchev, 2020

2. Geological Structures
 Geological Structures

Source:
Gratche,
2020

Schematic diagram of fault.

Tectonic fault that goes underneath the

bridge foundation. As a result, the bridge
experienced significant damage during an
earthquake.
Source: Sivakugan
dkk. (2013)
What is an active fault?

Dip and strike.

 Geological Structures

Heavily jointed rock mass at 0,080 km of the

Meja-Jirgo link canal, the site for the
construction of a canal head regulator,
Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Inclined faults: (a) normal fault and (b) reverse fault.

Source: Sivakugan dkk. (2013)

 Geological Structures

Folded rock beds.

Source: Sivakugan dkk. (2013)
 Geological Structures

Folds in Rock

The quarry wall consists of heavily fractured rock, which makes it

rather difficult to excavate due to slope stability issues.

Source: Gratchev, 2020

 Geological Structures

It is noted that over time, bedding planes

can become potential weathered
zones and contain pockets of ground
water.

Why are sedimentary rocks commonly

stratified?

Bedding planes exposed by a road cut.

Source: Gratchev, 2020

 Geological Structures

A typical geological map with the presence of an

unconformity.

A dam resting on rock beds (rock

foundation) dipping upstream.

Source: Sivakugan dkk. (2013)

3. Weathering
 Rock Weathering Over geologic time, rocks are exposed to
weathering, a process that transforms
hard rocks into soft soil. It is important
for engineers to learn how rocks respond
to surface weathering because most of
civil work intersects rock at shallow
depths where rocks have likely
undergone significant changes.

When you mention

‘geologic time’, how
is it different from
A view of the shear zone that crosses the tunnel’s ‘normal time’?
roof.

Source: Gratchev, 2020

Geologic time and divisions (after Verhoogen et al., 1970)
The age of rocks gives
important information about
the rock properties.

Older Precambrian rocks

(relatively old rocks) tend to be
very hard, crystalline material
with many fractures, while some
Pliocene sandstones (relatively
young rocks) can be as porous as
soil.

Does the
weathering rate
depend on location?
 Rock Weathering
Description of weathering degrees (after ISRM, 1981).
 Rock Weathering
As weathered rocks pose a
threat to the stability of
engineering structures, it is
important
to carefully map the
weathering profiles during
site exploration.

Is there any type of rock that

is very susceptible to
weathering?

Weathering profile showing different zones of rock weathering: CW –

completely weathered, HW – highly weathered, MW – moderately
weathered, and SW – slightly weathered.
Source: Gratchev, 2020
 Rock Weathering
Soils are a product of rock weathering.

Although rocks are hard materials, they

tend to lose their strength and
deteriorate due to weathering over a
geological period of time (i.e., hundreds/
millions of years).

Heavily weathered rocks eventually

transform into soil, a process that may
undermine the stability of natural slopes
(Kim et al., 2015; Cogan et al., 2018).

As the strength of soil is significantly lower

than that of rock, heavily weathered
Landslide in weathered rock on Gold Coast (Australia). The rock material, may not be able to hold the steep
is heavily weathered and partially disintegrated into soil. slope anymore during rainfalls.

Source: Gratchev dkk., 2019

4. Soils
Source: Knappett dan Craig (2012)
Soils
Source: Knappett dan Craig (2012)
Soils

Particle size distribution of sediments from different

depositional environments.
Common depositional environments: a.
glacial, b. fluvial, c. desert
Source: Knappett dan Craig (2012)
Soils

Typical ground profile in the West Midlands, UK.

After soil is formed, it can
remain in the place of its
Soils
origin (such soil is known
as “residual” soil) for many
years or it can be
transported to new places
(“transported” soil).

Why do we need to know soil

origin? Every soil consists of
the same components such
as gravel, sand, silt and clay,
then what is the origin for?
Very soft and saturated mud from the Port
of Brisbane (Australia). It undergoes large
settlements under stresses.
Source: Gratchev dkk., 2019
 Soils Source: Gratchev dkk., 2019

Lateral spread and cracks in the pavement (photo)

observed at sea dike in Sumatra (Indonesia) caused by
the Sumatra earthquake of September 30, 2009. Part
of the dike was built on soft swamp deposits which
underwent large deformations during the earthquake,
resulting in pavement damage (Gratchev et al., 2011).
 Soils
Village was built on an ancient landslide (a) which resulted in
collapse of several buildings (b) during the 2008 Sichuan
earthquake in China.
Source: Gratchev dkk., 2019

What shall we do
about the topsoil,
is it important?

When rocks undergo
the weathering
process, their
mineral composition
changes; i.e., rock
minerals turn into
secondary or clay
minerals.
Is it essential for each project to determine the clay mineralogy?
Soil Mineralogy
There are a few common clay minerals Soils with smectite
such as kaolinite, illite and smectite (or montmorillonite or
montmorillonite) that play an important frequently cause
role in soil behavior because they problems during
determine the properties such as construction
plasticity, permeability, compressibility because such soils
and strength (Gratchev and Towhata, can absorb and
2009, 2016). hold lots of water,
which would make
them loose and
weak.
 Soils

Bowen’s reaction series.

Source: Sivakugan dkk. (2013)

 Clay minerals: basic units.

Clay minerals: a. kaolinite,

b. illite, c. montmorillonite

Source: Knappett dan Craig (2012)

 Clay structures: a. dispersed, b. flocculated, c. bookhouse, d.
turbostratic, e. example of a natural clay.

Source: Knappett dan Craig (2012)

 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
misbahudin.mt@gmail.com

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