Mitigasi Bencana Geologi

2024

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Mentimeter

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 ▪ Memahami proses yang terjadi di pantai.

▪ Memahami bahaya-bahaya pantai.

▪ Mengetahui daerah-daerah yang berisiko bahaya pantai.

▪ Memahami dampak dari proses-proses pantai.

TUJUAN ▪ Mengenali kaitan proses-proses pantai dan bahaya alam lainnya.

PEKAN 12 ▪ Mengetahui keuntungan yang dihasilkan dari proses pantai.

▪ Memahami bagaimana manusia menggunakan zona pantai yang akhirnya

mempengaruhi proses-proses pantai.

▪ Mengetahui apa yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisasi bahaya pantai.

▪ Memahami penyesuaian yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari bahaya dari

erosi pantai dan kenaikan level air laut.

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 Pengenalan Bahaya Pantai

❑ Area pantai merupakan lingkungan dinamik. Continental and oceanic processes converge to produce
landscapes that are capable of rapid change.
❑ Dampak dari proses-proses pantai terbilang besar karena banyak masyarakat yang bermukim di dekat
pantai.
❑ Coastal problems will increase as more people live in coastal areas where the hazards occur.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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 Pengenalan Bahaya Pantai
❑ Aktivitas manusia terus berlanjut
dan berhadapan dengan proses
alam.
Pic Source: ripcurrents.noaa.gov Pic Source: aol.co.uk

❑ Bahaya pantai yang paling serius:

✓ Strong coastal currents, including rip
currents and tidal currents.
✓ Coastal erosion,
✓ Storm surge from tropical cyclones
✓ Tsunamis

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Wave in Mentawai, Indonesia for surfing

Proses Pantai
Waves

❑Waves that batter the coast are generated by offshore

winds.
❑ Angin yang bertiup di atas air menghasilkan gesekan di
sepanjang permukaan air. Udara yang bergerak mentransfer
sebagian energinya ke air dan menghasilkan gelombang,
akhirnya menghabiskan energi mereka di garis pantai.

❑ Ukuran gelombang di lautan atau danau bergantung pada

kombinasi:
✓ The velocity or speed of the wind.
✓ The duration of the wind.
✓ The distance that the wind blows across the water surface. This
distance is referred to as the fetch.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
Pic Source: youtube.com
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 Proses Pantai
Waves

Waves & Beaches

Motion of water particles as waves approach the shore. The water particles follow the path of the arrows in
the circles. The waves are approaching the shore from right to left.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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Waves

Proses
Pantai

Convergence and Divergence of Wave Energy

Idealized diagram of the process of wave refraction and concentration of wave energy at rocky points called headlands. Refraction, or
bending of wave fronts, causes the convergence of wave normals on the headland and their divergence in low-energy areas along the
coast away from the headland. Wave normals are the imaginary long curving black arrows. The red arrow indicates that the waves are
approaching the shore from right to left.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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 Proses Pantai
Waves

Convergence and
Divergence of Wave
Energy
Large waves striking a
rocky headland along
the Pacific coast at
Pebble Beach in San
Mateo County,
California. (Robert H.
Blodgett in Keller &
DeVecchio, 2012)
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Proses Pantai
Breaking Waves

▪ Plunging breakers →
steep beaches, more
erosive.

▪ Spilling breakers → flat

beaches, more deposit sand.

▪ Large plunging breakers

(result of storms) → coastal
erosion.
Types of Breakers
Idealized diagrams and photographs showing (upper) plunging breakers on a steep beach and
(below) spilling breakers on a gently sloping beach. ([a] Peter Cade/Getty Images [b] Penny
Tweedie Photolgraphy)in Keller & DeVecchio, 2012)
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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 Proses Pantai
Breaking Waves

▪ Plunging breakers →
steep beaches, more
erosive.

▪ Spilling breakers → flat

beaches, more deposit sand.

▪ Large plunging breakers

(result of storms) → coastal
erosion.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Proses Pantai
Beach Form & Processes

❑ Pasir atau gravel di Pic Source: alphayachting.com

pantai terakumulasi oleh
aksi gelombang di Pic Source: intl.gohawaii.com

garis pantai.

❑ Warna dan komposisi

pasir pantai secara
langsung berkaitan
dengan sumber
pasir.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012 Pic Source: californiabeaches.com

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 Proses Pantai
Beach Form & Processes

Beach Terms
Basic terminology for landforms and wave action in the beach and near-shore environment. A sea cliff or line of coastal sand dunes on the left marks the landward extent of the beach. Two
berms are shown in the beach sand, each gently sloping toward the cliff or dunes. The beach face, where the land meets the water, is more steeply sloping toward the water. One long-shore
sand bar and long-shore trough are shown underwater; the sand bar forms below the breaker zone. The zone of littoral transport includes both beach drift in the swash zone and long-shore
drift in the surf zone
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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 Proses Pantai
Beach Form & Processes

Transport of Sediment
Along a Coast
Block diagram illustrating
the processes of beach drift
and long-shore drift.
Direction of beach drift is
shown by the many arrows
in the swash zone. The long-
shore drift direction is shown
by the straight, thick (dark
blue) arrow in the surf zone.
Collectively, these two types
of drift move sand along the
coast in a process known as
littoral transport.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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 Proses Pantai
Sea Level Change

▪ Seperti pantai, level air laut di pantai secara konstan berubah.

▪ Perubahan level air laut disebabkan oleh sejumlah proses di antaranya yang bekerja
secara lokal dan lainnya mempengaruhi seluruh samudera.
▪ Posisi muka laut di pantai, disebut sebagai relative sea level, dipengaruhi oleh
pergerakan daratan dan air.

▪ Global sea level, atau disebut eustatic sea level, dipengaruhi oleh proses-proses yang
mempengaruhi volume keseluruhan air di samudera dan bentuk dari cekungan samudera.
▪ Changes in eustatic sea level are just one of many factors that cause a change in relative sea
level.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Wilayah
Geografis
yang
Berisiko
Bahaya
Pantai

Pic Source: http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com

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Rising Sea Level

Wilayah
Geografis
yang
Berisiko
Bahaya
Pantai

Rising Sea Level will have the Greatest Effect on Low Coastlines
Low, tectonically passive coastlines will be most affected by rising sea level. As sea level rises, the shoreline will shift the farthest
distance inland on low coastlines.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019
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 Dampak Proses
Pantai
Barrier Islands Continually
Change Shape and Location
Hog Island in Northampton County,
Virginia, shifted location and changed
form from the mid-nineteenth to mid-
twentieth
centuries. The island was once covered
with pine forest and was the site of
Broadwater, a town of 300 people, 50
houses, a school, church, and lighthouse.
A hurricane inundated the entire island
in 1933, and by the early 1940s, the
inhabitants had left. The town site is
now under several meters of water.
(Based on Williams, S. J., Dodd, K., and
Gohn, K. K. 1991. “Coasts in Crisis,”
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1075.)
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

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 Dampak Proses
Pantai
Rip Currents

❑ Rip currents, develop when a

series of large waves pile up
water between the long-shore bar
and the swash zone.
Rip Currents
(Edward A. Keller)
❑ Air tidak kembali ke lepas
pantai seperti saat kedatangan,
sebaliknya, terkonsentrasi di
zona sempit untuk membentuk rip
current.
❑These currents are not tides and don’t pull people
under the water, but they can pull people away
from shore.
Flow in rip Current
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Dampak Proses
Pantai
Rip Currents

Large rip cell on a popular

beach; notice the center of
the photo where the line of
breakers have a gap –
that is the rip current.
(Source: Prof. Hyeong-
Dong Park, Seoul National
University, Korea)

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

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Video

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 Dampak Proses
Pantai
Costal Erosion: Beach Erosion

❑ Erosi pantai menjadi masalah nasional dan dunia. Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

❑ Erosi pantai umumnya lebih berkelanjutan dan dapat lebih diprediksi prosesnya dibandingkan bahaya alam lainnya.

❑ Large sums of money are spent in attempts to control coastal erosion.

❑ If extensive development of coastal areas for vacation and recreational living continues, coastal erosion will certainly
become a more serious problem.
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 Dampak Proses Pantai
Coastal Erosion: Sea Cliff Erosion

❑Erosi tebing laut merupakan kombinasi dari aksi

gelombang dan erosi daratan.

❑The problem is further compounded when people alter

a cliff through poor development.

❑Aktivitas manusia dapat meningkatkan erosi tebing.

Sea Cliff Erosion

Apartment buildings on the edge of a sea cliff in the university community of Isla Vista,
California. The sign states that the outdoor deck is now open. Unfortunately, the deck is
not particularly safe, as it is overhanging the cliff by at least 1 m. Notice the exposed
cement pillars in the sea cliff, originally in place to help support the buildings. These decks
and apartment buildings are in imminent danger of collapsing into the sea and were
condemned in 2004. (Edward A. Keller in Keller & DeVecchio, 2012)
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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Kaitan Proses Pantai dan Bahaya Lain
Badai yang berpengaruh pada Erosi Pantai di Vero Beach, Pantai timur Florida.

Setelah badai Hurricane Frances, dune berpindah ke

samping rumah.

Sebelum terjadi hurricanes, ada sand

dune yang berfungsi untuk menahan Setelah Hurricane Jeanne, rumah hancur karena badai. Panah merah
rumah dari kerusakan. merupakan titik yang menunjukkan tempat yang sama (USGS).
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019
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 Kaitan Proses Pantai dan Bahaya Lain
❑ Gempabumi M 9,1 Sumatera (2004), erupsi vulkanik, dan tsunami dapat secara radikal mengubah bentuk
garis pantai.
❑ Storm waves, storm surge, and coastal flooding from cyclones are closely linked to coastal erosion.
❑ Hazard caused by coastal processes is landslides.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Kaitan Proses Pantai dan
Bahaya Lain
▪ Proses pantai
berkaitan dengan
masalah
lingkungan.

▪ Minyak berpindah
karena didorong
oleh gelombang
sehingga
menghasilkan
kontaminasi di
Pantai dan dapat Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill 2010
Map of the extent of the spill by mid-June
masuk ke daerah (NOAA with modification) & Cleaning oil from
a Louisiana beach. (UPI/Newscom in Keller &
hutan bakau DeVecchio, 2012)

(mangrove).
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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Natural Process Service
Functions of Coastal Processes
▪ Indahnya wilayah pesisir hasil
dari aksi gelombang dan erosi.

▪ Erosi Pantai → input signifikan

untuk pasir.

▪ Gangguan di zona pesisir

pantai memperbarui ekosistem
dan merawat keragaman yang
ada.

▪ Berkontribusi terhadap
Kesehatan ekologis dan nilai
estetik serta aktivitas rekreasi.
Pic Source: www.twelveapostles.com.au
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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Natural Process Service Functions of Coastal
Processes
Sea Arch
Eroded from
Rocky
Headland
Fitur erosi
Pantai ini → Pacific coast in Mendocino, California,
keindahan garis
Pantai (Robert
H. Blodgett).

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

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Interaksi Manusia dengan
Proses Alam
▪ Aktivitas manusia pada proses pantai menyebabkan erosi
pantai yang cukup besar.

▪ Upaya untuk mengontrol erosi Pantai → struktur rekayasa

→ structures that impede littoral transport; interrupt the movement

of sand, thus damaging valuable beachfront property.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019 Urban Development With Jetty Increases Beach
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 Minimalisasi Dampak Bahaya Sea Wall

Pantai
“Hard- Mitigation”

Most efforts to minimize beach erosion focus on hard

stabilization: engineering structures to protect a shoreline
from direct wave erosion.
Pic Source: japantimes.co

Beach Gryone Breakwater & Jetties

Pic Source: alamy.com

Pic Source: gambardearah.blogspot.com

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Minimalisasi Dampak
Bahaya Pantai
“Hard- Mitigation”

Seawalls Increase Beach Erosion

Pembangunan dinding laut → awalnya
untuk mitigasi erosi dan melindungi
Breakwater & Jetties
bangunan dari kenaikan muka air laut.

A seawall acts as a reflector for storm

waves and can result in the permanent
loss of a beach.

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

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 Minimalisasi Dampak Bahaya
Pantai
“Hard- Mitigation”

Breakwater & Jetties

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2019

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 Minimalisasi Dampak
Bahaya Pantai
“Soft-Mitigation”

Soft stabilization: adding

sand to replace sand that has
been eroded from the beach,
a process known as beach
nourishment.

Beach Nourishment in South Hayling,

UK
Pic Source: www.escp.org.uk/beach-nourishment

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Persepsi dan Penyesuaian Bahaya Pantai
Perception

▪ Orang-orang menganggap lahan (tanah) sebagai

barang yang stabil dan aset permanen.
▪ This perception of stability is appropriate for most land
where geologic changes are relatively slow. Coastlines,
however, are dynamic. A Hazardous Room With A View
These homes perched on a sea cliff along Puget Sound west of Port Townsend, Washington, were spared
in this 1997 landslide. Additional landslides in the future will cause further retreat of the cliff face.
(Geology and Earth Resources Washington Division in Kelelr & DeVecchio, 2012)

Cooling of the Pacific has slowed pace of global warming as changes in ocean currents absorb excess heat

Pic Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Persepsi dan Penyesuaian Bahaya Pantai
Adjustment

o Education about and awareness of the conditions that

create this hazard.

o For many ocean beaches, it may be best to restrict

swimming to supervised locations when a live guard are
on duty. On these beaches, warnings about rip currents
and tidal currents are often posted.

Pic Source: https://pxhere.com

Pic Source: http://www.lampost.co/berita-bupati-lampung-selatan-

minta-penempatan-penjaga-pantai

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Persepsi dan Penyesuaian Bahaya Pantai
Adjustment

o Beach nourishment →
“soft solution.”

o Shoreline stabilization
through structures →
“hard solution.”

o Perubahan tata guna

lahan yang menghindari
masalah dengan tidak
adanya bangunan di
daerah berbahaya
atau merelokasi
bangunan yang
terancam —“managed
retreat solution”. Komodo Island, Indonesia Pic Source: travelalltogether.com

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Persepsi dan Penyesuaian Managing the Coastal Hazards
Bahaya
Adjustment
Pantai 1. Rates of erosion.
2. Future erosion rates.
3. Concerning set-backs.

Pic Source: phippinesbeaches.org

Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012

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 Persepsi dan Penyesuaian
Bahaya
Adjustment
Pantai
Remember:

▪ Hard stabilization →
erosi pantai yang cukup
besar.

▪ Persepsi bahaya pantai

terutama bergantung
pada pengalaman
individu dengan bahaya
dan kedekatan dengan
bahaya.
Source: Keller & DeVecchio, 2012
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PENGUMUMAN
TUGAS #2

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 TUGAS #2
- Cari pantai dan download data Landsat 10 tahun terakhir!
- Digitasi garis pantai selama 10 tahun terakhir (terjadi erosi atau sedimentasi)!
- Digitasi pemukiman atau infrastruktur (contoh: jalan) yang dekat dengan pantai!
- Lakukan estimasi di masa mendatang (setelah tahun 2024), trend-nya akan
semakin tererosi atau malah semakin banyak sedimen!
- Apakah pemukiman atau infrastruktur tersebut dapat terancam bahaya erosi
Pantai di masa mendatang? (setelah 2024)

Dikumpulkan di E-Learning maksimal 5 Juni 2024 dalam bentuk PDF.

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 THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION AND SEE YOU
ON NEXT SESSION !

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