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6 Table 6 shows the heats of combustion of some common fuels.

Jadual 6 menunjukkan haba pembakaran beberapa bahan api yang biasa digunakan.

Fuel Heat of combustion (kJ mol-1)

Bahan api Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1)

Methane -890
Metana
Propane -2 230
Propana
Ethanol -1 376
Etanol
Propanol -2 016
Propanol
Table 6
Jadual 6

(a) The combustion of the fuels is an exothermic reaction.

What is meant by exothermic reaction?
Pembakaran bahan api adalah tindak balas eksotermik.
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas eksotermik?

[1 mark]

(b) Diagram 6 shows the energy profile for the combustion of ethanol.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi pembakaran etanol.

Energy
Tenaga

C2H5OH + 3O2

2CO2 + 3H2O

Diagram 6
Rajah 6

Mark H for the reaction in Diagram 6.

Tandakan H bagi tindak balas itu dalam Rajah 6.
[1 mark]

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(c) (i) Compare the heat of combustion of methane and propane.

Bandingkan haba pembakaran metana dan propana.

..
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in (c)(i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di (c)(i)

..

. .

..

..
[3 marks]

(d) Calculate the fuel value of propanol.

[Molar mass of propanol, C3H7OH = 60 g mol-1]
Hitungkan nilai bahan api bagi propanol.
[Jisim Molar propanol, C3H7OH = 60 g mol-1]

[2 marks]

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Section B
Bahagian B

[20 marks/ 20 markah]

Answer any one question.

Jawab mana-mana satu soalan.

7. (a) A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation by using
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide solution. Table 7 shows the results of the experiment.
Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba
peneutralan dengan menggunakan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 dan
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-3. Jadual 7 menunjukkan keputusan
eksperimen tersebut.

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid (ºC)

29.0
Suhu awal larutan asid hidroklorik (ºC)
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution (ºC)
28.0
Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida (ºC)
Highest temperature of the reaction mixture (ºC)
35.0
Suhu tertinggi campuran tindak balas (ºC)
Table 7/ Jadual 7

(i) Calculate:
Hitungkan:

The heat change during the reaction.

The number of moles of water formed.
The heat of neutralisation for this reaction.
[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 J g-1 ºC-1;
Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]

Perubahan haba semasa tindak balas.

Bilangan mol air terbentuk.
Haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas tersebut.
[Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan = 4.2 J g-1 ºC-1;
Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]

[4 marks]
3 -3
(ii) The experiment is repeated using 50 cm of 1.0 mol dm hydrochloric acid
solution and 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.
Predict the temperature change and give your reason.
Experimen ini diulangi dengan menggunakan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik
1.0 mol dm-3 dan 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-.3
Ramalkan perubahan suhu dan berikan alasan anda.
[2 marks]

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Section C
[ 20 marks ]
Answer any one question.
Jawab mana-mana satu soalan.

9. Diagram 9 shows the energy level diagram for two reactions.

Rajah 9 menunjukkan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi dua tindak balas.

Energy Energy
Tenaga Tenaga

Reactants Product
Products
Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindakbalas
Hasil tinkak balas

Reactants
Product
Products Bahan
Hasil tindak
Hasil tinkak balas
balas tindak balas

Reaction I Reaction II
Tindak balas I Tindak balas II
Diagram 9
(a) Compare and contrast between the energy level diagrams for Reaction I
and Reaction II.
Banding bezakan di antara gambarajah aras tenaga bagi Tindak balas I dan
Tidak balas II.
[4 marks]

(b) Table 9 shows the molecular formula and the heat of combustion for
ethanol and propanol.
Jadual 9 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi etanol dan
propanol.

Alcohol Molecular formula

Alkohol Formula molekul
Heat of combustion/kJ mol-1
Haba pembakaran /kJ mol-1

Ethanol C2H5OH -1376

Etanol

Propanol C3H7OH -2026

Propanol
Table 9

Based on the information in Table 9, compare the heat of combustion

between ethanol and propanol. Explain why there is a difference in the
values of the heat of combustion between ethanol and propanol.
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 9, bandingkan haba pembakaran di antara
etanol dan propanol. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan nilai haba
pembakaran bagi etanol dan propanol.
[4 marks]
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(c) The heat of combustion of ethanol can be determined in the laboratory.

Describe how to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol.
Haba pembakaran etanol boleh ditentukan di makmal. Huraikan bagaimana
untuk menentukan haba pembakaran etanol.

Your answer should include the following :

Jawapan anda perlu mengandungi perkara-parkara berikut :

Diagram of apparatus set-up

Gambarajah susunan radas

Procedure of the experiment

Prosedur eksperimen

Three precautionary steps to get better results

Tiga langkah berjaga-jaga untuk mendapat keputusan lebih baik

[ 12 marks]

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(b) Diagram 7.1 shows the energy level diagram for two chemical reactions.
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi dua tindak balas kimia.

Energy/ kJ
Energy/ kJ Products
Tenaga/kJ
Tenaga/kJ Hasil tindak balas
Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
H = +x kJ mol-1
H = -x kJ mol-1 Reactants
Products Bahan tindak balas
Hasil tindak balas

Set I Set II

Diagram 7.1
Rajah 7.1

(i) Based on Diagram 7.1, suggest one example for each reaction in Set I and Set
II.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, cadangkan satu contoh bagi setiap tindak balas
dalam Set I dan Set II.
[2 marks]

(ii) Construct a table to compare the energy level diagram of Set I and Set II in
terms of:
Type of reaction
Temperature change
Energy content
Energy change.

Bina sebuah jadual untuk membandingkan gambar rajah aras tenaga Set I
dan Set II dari segi:
Jenis tindak balas
Perubahan suhu
Kandungan tenaga
Perubahan tenaga

[8 marks]

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(c) Diagram 7.2 shows the structural formulae of propanol and butanol.
Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan formula struktur propanol dan butanol.

Propanol Butanol

Diagram 7.2
Rajah 7.2

Based on Diagram 7.2, compare the heat of combustion of propanol and butanol.
Explain your answer.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2, bandingkan haba pembakaran bagi propanol dan butanol.
Terangkan jawapan anda.

[4 marks]

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10 (a) Table 10 shows the heat released for Experiment I, II and III for different acids that has
been reacted with sodium hydroxide solution.
Jadual 10 menunjukkan haba yang dibebaskan bagi Eksperimen I , II dan III
menggunakan asid berlainan yang ditindakbalaskan dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.

Heat of Neutralisation
Experiment Type of acid
Haba Peneutralan
Eksperimen Jenis asid
(kJ mol-1)
I P 57

II Q 54
Sulphuric acid
III 57
Asid sulfurik

Table / Jadual 10

Acid P is a strong monoprotic acid while acid Q is a weak monoprotic acid.

Suggest acid P and acid Q.
Asid P merupakan asid kuat monoprotik manakala asid Q merupakan asid lemah
monoprotik.
Cadangkan asid P dan asid Q.

Based on Table 10, explain the difference in heat released between:

Berdasarkan Jadual 10, terangkan perbezaan dalam haba dibebaskan antara :

(i) Experiment I and Experiment II

Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II

(ii) Experiment I and Experiment III

Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen III [6 marks]

(b) The thermochemical equation for the combustion of butanol is given as follows:
Persamaan termokimia bagi pembakaran butanol adalah seperti berikut:

C4H9OH + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O ∆H = - 2679 kJ mol-1

[Relative atomic mass : H=1, C=12, O=16; specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 Jg-1 oC-1]
[Jisim atom relatif : H=1, C=12, O=16; muatan haba tentu bagi air = 4.2 Jg-1 oC-1]

Calculate the mass of butanol that must be burnt to raise the temperature of 400 cm3 of
water by 25 °C.
Hitungkan jisim butanol yang perlu dibakar untuk menaikkan suhu 400 cm3 air sebanyak
25 °C.
[4 marks]

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(c) Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of combustion of a named

alcohol with a number of carbon atoms per molecule less than four. In your description,
include the steps involved in the calculation.
[Relative atomic mass: C =12, O =16, H = 1]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 OC-1 ; Density of water = 1 g cm-3 ]
Huraikan eksperimen makmal untuk menentukan haba pembakaran bagi alkohol yang
dinamakan dengan bilangan atom karbon per molekul kurang daripada empat. Dalam
penerangan anda sertakan langkah pengiraan yang terlibat.
[Jisim atom relatif: C =12, O =16, H = 1]
[Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g-1 OC-1 ; Ketumpatan air = 1 g cm-3 ]
[10 marks]

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