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MASTER INDEX .
VOLUME 1:
Units and Measurements & Basic Mathematics
Motion in a Straight line
Motion in a Plane & Relative Motion
Laws of Motion & Friction
VOLUME 2:
Work, Energy and Power
Circular Motion
Centre of Mass, Momentum and Collision
Rotational Motion
Gravitation
VOLUME 3:
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Fluid Mechanics
Simple Harmonic Motion
Waves
VOLUME 4:
Thermal Physics
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Thermodynamics
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THERMAL PHYSICS
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 06
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 46
14
THERMAL PHYSICS
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THERMAL PHYSICS
Chapter 14
THERMAL PHYSICS 6
THERMAL PHYSICS
1. TEMPERATURE AND HEAT The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two
thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with
1.1 Introduction to Temperature and Heat a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each
Temperature : Temperature is a relative measure of hotness other.
or coldness of a body.
There are also various ways to state the zeroth law of
SI Unit : Kelvin (K) thermodynamics. However, in simple terms, it can be said,
Commonly Used Unit : °C or °F 'System that are in thermal equilibrium exist at the same
Conversion : t(k) = t°C + 273.15 temperature'.
Heat : Heat is a form of energy flow (i) between two bodies Zeroth law of thermodynamics takes into account that
or (ii) between a body and its surroundings by virtue of temperature is something worth measuring because it predicts
temperature difference between them. whether the heat will transfer between objects or not. This is
SI Unit : Joule (J) true regardless of how the objects interact. Even if two objects
are not in physical contact, heat still can flow between them,
Commonly Used Unit : Calorie (Cal)
by means of radiation mod of heat transfer. Whereas, zeroth
Conversion : 1cal = 4.186 J law of thermodynamics states that, if system are in thermal
Note: equilibrium, no heat flow will takes place
Heat always flows from a higher temperature system to a Thermal Equilibrium
lower temperature system. Temperature is a property that distinguishes thermodynamics
1.2 Zeroth law of thermodynamics from other sciences. This property can distinguish between
Zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four laws of hot and cold. When two or more bodies at different
thermodynamics. The credit for formulating the law goes to temperatures are brought into contact then after some time
Ralph H. Fowler. Interestingly, the zeroth law of they attain a common temperature and they are said to exist
thermodynamics was actually developed much later than the in thermal equilibrium.
original three laws. However, there was some confusion Systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no
regarding the nomenclature, whether it should be named the heat transfer, even if they are in a position to transfer heat,
fourth law of some other name. The complication arose based on other factors. For example, if we put food in the
because the new law gave a much clearer definition of the refrigerator overnight then that food is in thermal equilibrium
temperature and basically replaced what the other three laws with the air of that refrigerator. Heat no longer flows from
had to state. Fowler finally came up with the name to end this food to the air or from the air to the food, this state is known
conflict. as thermal equilibrium.
The zeroth law of Thermodynamics frames an idea of 1.3 Temperature Scales
temperature as an indicator of thermal equilibrium.
Measurement of Temperature
When a body 'A' is in thermal equilibrium with another body
Principle : Observation of Thermometric property with the
'b', and also separately in thermal equilibrium with a body 'C',
change in temperature and comparing it with certain reference
then body 'B' and 'C' will also be in thermal equilibrium with
situations.
each other. This statement defines the zeroth law of
thermodynamics. The law is based on temperature Reference situation is generally ice point or steam point.
measurement.
Celcius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales
Fig. 14.1
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THERMAL PHYSICS 7
Gas B
Ice
273.15 K 0°C 32°F
Point
Absolute
0K –273.15°C –459.67°F
zero
Kelvin Scale Celcius Scale Fahrenheit Scale
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 8
At the atomic level, thermal expansion may be understood by as shown in figure, the average position of an atom will not
considering how the potential energy of the atoms varies be at the minimum point.
with distance. The equilibrium position of an atom will be at When the temperature is raised the amplitude of the vibrations
the minimum of the potential energy well if the well is increases and the average position is located at a greater
symmetric. At a given temperature, each atom vibrates about interatomic separation. This increased separation is manifested
its equilibrium position and its average position remains at as expansion of the material.
the minimum point. If the shape of the well is not symmetrical,
2.1 Linear, Areal and Volumetric Expansion
x
KT constant (K)
x
Linear Expansion Coefficient of Linear expansion () :
L
L T Increase in length per unit length per
L
degree rise in temp.
A
T
A Increase in area per unit area per degree
rise in temp.
V
T
V Increase in volume per unit volume per
degree rise in temp.
V
Fig. 14.6
Coefficient of volume expansion of Cu as a function of temperature.
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 9
For ideal gases is inversely proportional to temperature at From the figure it is observed that,
constant pressure CB = CA+AB
nRT Real expansion = Apparent expansion + expansion of the
V
P container
V T So, Vr = Va + Vc
V T Unlike solids, liquids have no fixed length or surface area but
1 always take up the shape of the containing vessel. When a
liquid is heated in a container, heat flows through the container
T
to the liquid; which means that the container expands first,
2.2 Relation between Real Expansion and Apparent
Expansion due to which the level of the liquid falls. When the liquid gets
heated, it expands more, beyond its unique level. We cannot
If the liquid is heated directly without using any container
monitor the intermediate state. We can only observe the initial
then the expansion that you observe is termed as a real
and final levels. This observed expansion of the liquid is
expansion of the liquid. The expansion of the liquid apparently
known as the apparent expansion of the liquid.
observed without considering the expansion of the container
is called the apparent expansion of the liquid. If we consider The real expansion of liquid = Apparent expansion of liquid
the expansion of the container also and measure the total + Volume expansion of the container.
expansion in the volume of the liquid, then the expansion is Therefore, in the case of liquids, we are concerned only with
termed as the absolute expansion of the liquid. volume changes when they are heated. The real (or absolute)
Explanation: A glass bulb with a long graduated stem is filled expansivity of a liquid is the fraction of its volume by which
with liquid up to the mark A. Now keeping an eye on the it expands per kelvin rise in temperature.
liquid column the bulb is heated and it is observed that the 2.3 Anomalous Expansion of Water
upper level of the liquid comes down from position A to
As an exception, water contracts on heating from 0°C to 4°C
position B. After that, it moves up from the graduated line B
and hence its density increases from 0°C to 4°C. Thus is called
crossing the mark A and reaches to mark C.
as anamolous expansion
The reason is that when the heat is applied the volume of the
1 gm/cc
bulb increases at first. Due to this cause liquid comes down
Density
to B from A. Later on as soon as the liquid gets heated its
volume starts to increase and reaches from B to C. It happens
so as the expansion of liquid is more than the expansion of
solid.
Apparently it appears to us that the liquid was at mark A and
4°C 4°C
finally reaches to mark C. Therefore, CA is the apparent (a) (b)
expansion. CB is the real expansion and AB indicates the Fig. 14.8 Fig. 14.9
expansion of the container.
Note:
In general
3
3
2
Proof : Imagine a cube of length, l that expands equally in
all directions, when its temperature increases by small T;
We have
l = lT
Also
3 3 3 2 2 2 3
V = (l l) – l = l + 3l l + 3ll + l – l
2
= 3l l ...(1)
Fig. 14.7
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THERMAL PHYSICS 10
2 3
In Equation (1) we ignore 3ll & l as l is very small as
compared to l.
So
3V V
V l = 3VT [Using l2 ] ...(2)
l l
V
3T
V
Fig. 14.11
= 3
For example, when the temperatures of a brass rod and a steel
Similarly we can prove for area expansion coefficient
rod of equal length are raised by the same amount from some
In case, thermal expansion is prevented inside the rod common initial value, the brass rod expands more than the
by fixing its ends rigidly, then the rod acquires a compressive steel rod because brass has a greater average coefficient of
strain due to external fones at the ends corresponding stress expansion than steel. Such type of bimetallic strip is found in
set up in the rod is called thermal stress. practical devices such as thermostats to break or make
we know electrical contact.
V
T compressive strain
V
YL
Also Thermal stress
L
T YT
Where Y = young madulus of elasticity ...(3)
Practical applications in railway tracks, metal tyres of
cart wheels, bridges and so many other applications.
Fig. 14.12
If a solid object has a hole in it, what happens to the size
of the hole, when the temperature of the object increases. Variation of Density with Temperature
A common misconception is that if the object expands, ariation of density with temperature
the hole will shrink because material expands into the Most substances expand when they are heated, i.e. volume of
hole. But the truth is that if the object expands, the hole a given mass of a substance increases on heating, so the density
will expand too, because every linear dimension of an
object changes in the same way when the temperature 1
should decrease as as . Let us see how the density
changes. V
m
V
1
or (for a given mass)
V
Fig. 14.10 V V V 1
2.4 Applications of Thermal Expansion p V V t V T 1 T
Expansion of a Bimetallic Strip
Each substance has its own characteristic average coefficient
of expansion. 1 T
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This expression can also be written as Weight of the solid = Upthrust on solid from liquid
–1
1 T VS g Vi l g ...(1)
V V T 1 1
S S S 1 l
VS 1 L T 1 S
1 S T
or F F f 1 l
or
1 L T f 1 S
Now, if S L , F F
Now, if l S , f f or immersed fraction will increase.
or Wapp and vice-versa.
Waoo
If l S , f f or immersed fraction will remain unchanged
and if S L , F F
or Wapp
Wapp and if, l S , then f f or immersed fraction will
decrease.
Effect of Temperature on Immersed Fraction of a Solid
Effect of temperature on the time period of a pendulum
in Floating condition
The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
When a solid, whose density is less than the density of liquid
is floating in it, then l
T 2
g
or T l
As the temperature is increased, length of the pendulum and
hence, time period gets increased or a pendulum clock
becomes slow and it loses the time.
Fig. 14.13
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THERMAL PHYSICS 12
T l l l F YAT
T l l Expansion of Liquids
Here, we l = l in place of l T so as to avoid the For heating a liquid it has to be ut in some container. When
confusion with change in time period. Thus, the liquid is heated, the container will also expand. We define
coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid as the apparent
T l l 12
increase in volume per unit origional volume per °C rise in
1
T l temperature. It is represented by a . Thus,
1
or T T – T T
2
3. CALORIMETRY
Time lost in time t (by a pendulum clock whose actual time
period is T and the changed time period at some higher When two systems at different temperatures are connected
temperature is T ) is together then heat flows from higher temperature to lower
temperature till the time their temperatures do not become
T same.
t t
T Principle of calorimetry states that, neglecting heat loss to
At some higher temperature a scale will expand and scale surroundings, heat lost by a body at higher temperature is
reading will be lesser than true value. equal heat gained by a body at lower temperature.
However, at lower temperature scale reading will be more heat gained = heat lost
or true value will be less. Whenever heat is given to any body, either its temperature
When a rod whose ends are rigidly fixed such as to prevent changes or its state changes.
from expansion or contraction undergoes a change in 3.1 Change in Temperature
temperature, thermal stresses are developed in the rod.
This is because, if the temperature is increased, the rod When the temp changes on heating,
has a tendency to expand with since it is fixed at two Then
ends it is not allowed to expand. So, the rod exerts a force
Heat supplied change in temp (T)
on supports to expand.
amount of substance (m/n)
nature of substance (s/C)
H = msT
m = Mass of body
s = specific heat capacity per kg
T = Change in temp
Fig. 14.14 or H = nCT
n = Number of moles
l
Thermal strain T C = Specific/Molar heat Capacity per mole
l
T = Change in temp
So thermal stress (thermal strain) YT Specific Heat Capacity : Amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of unit mass of the substance through one
or force on supports F = A (stress) YAT degree.
Here, Y = Young’s modulus of elasticity of the rod.
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Units In case any material is not at its B.P or M.P, then on heating
the temperature will change till the time a particular state
SI J/KgK SH O L = 1 cal/g°C
2
change temperature reaches.
Common cal/g°C SH O ice = 0.5 cal/g°C
2
For Example : If water is initially at –50°C at 1 Atm pressure
in its solid state.
Molar Heat Capacity : Amount of heat required to raise the
On heating.
temperature of unit mole of the substance through one degree
Step - 1 : Temp changes to 0°C first
Units
Step - 2 : Ice melts to H2O(l) keeping the temp constant
SI J/mol K
Step - 3 : Temp. increase to 100°C
Common Cal/g°C
Step - 4 : H2O(l) boils to steam keeping the temp constant
Heat Capacity : Amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a system through one degree Step - 5 : Further temp increases
H = ST
where S = Heat Capacity
Units
SI J/K
Common Cal/°C
For H2O specific heat capacity does change but fairly very
less.
Materials with higher specific heat capacity require a lot
of heat for same one degree rise in temperature Fig. 14.15
3.2 Change in State The slope is inversely proportional to heat capacity.
Length of horizontal line depends upon mL for the process.
When the phase changes on heating
Then 3.3 Pressure dependence on melting point and boiling
point
Heat supplied amount of substance which changes the state (m)
nature of substance (L) For some substance melting point decreases with increase
in pressure and for other melting point increases
H = mL
Melting poing increases with increase in temperature. We
Where L = Latent Heat of substance
can observe the above results through phaser diagrams.
Latent Heat : Amount of heat required per mass to change
the state of any substance. P P
B B
(atm) (atm)
Units
C C
Liq Liq
SI J/Kg Solid
Solid
Common Cal/g
O Vapour O Vapour
The change in state always occurs at a constant
A A
temperature. T(°C) T(°C)
For H2O For CO2
For example
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HEAT TRANSFER
Water equivalent of a container
Normally, a liquid is heated in a container. So, some heat is
wasted in heating the container also. Suppose water
equivalent of a container is 10 g, then it implies that heat 1. HEAT TRANSFER
required to increase the temperature of this container is equal
to heat required to increase the temperature of 10 g of water. 1.1 Introduction to heat transfer
3.5 Calorimeter Heat transfer is the process of the movemnet of energy dut to
Calorimeter, device for measuring the heat developed during a temperature difference. The calculations we are interested
a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction, and for in include determining the final temperatures of materials and
calculating the heat capacity of materials. how long it takes for these materials to reach these
A calorimeter consists of an insulated container, water, a temperatures.
thermometer, a stirring rod, and an object that will either
1.2 Modes of Heat Transfer
absorb or emit heat. To do a Calorimetry experiment, an object
with a certain mass and temperature is placed in the water There are three modes of heat transfer.
and the change in the temperature measured .
Conduction
A calorimeter is a device that is in use for measuring the
warmth of chemical reactions or physical changes also as heat Convection
capacity. The most common types of calorimeters are
Radiation
differential scanning calorimeters, titration calorimeters,
isothermal micro calorimeters, and accelerated rate
calorimeters.
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THERMAL PHYSICS 16
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THERMAL PHYSICS 17
dense as it gets colder. As a result, close to freezing, colder George D. Ashton states, "As a lake cools from above 4° C,
water floats to the top and the warmer water sinks to the the surface water loses heat, becomes more dense and sinks.
bottom. The density of water as a function of temperature This process continues until all the water in the lake is at 4°
can be seen in the plot on the right. Eventually, the coldest C, when the density of water is at its maximum. With further
water, which has floated to the top of the lake in wintry cooling (and without mechanical mixing) a stable, lighter layer
conditions, freezes to form a layer of ice. Right when the of water forms at the surface. As this layer cools to its freezing
water freezes to ice, the ice becomes significantly less dense point, ice begins to form on the surface of the lake."
than the water and continues to float on the lake's surface.
In deep lakes, water pressure may also play a role. The
gravitational weight of all the water higher up in the lake
presses down on the water deep in the lake. The pressure
allows the water near the bottom of the lake to get cold without
expanding and rising. Because of the pressure, the water at
the bottom of deep lakes can become cold without freezing
to ice.
2.5 Convection
The process in which heat is transferred from one point to
another by the actual movement of the heated material particles
from a place at higher temperature to another place of lower
temperature is called as thermal convection.
If the medium is forced to move with the help of a fan or
a pump, it is called as forced convection.
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THERMAL PHYSICS 18
The proportion of energy absorbed depends upon the colour 3.2 Ideal Black Body
of the body.
A body that absorbs all the radiation incident upon it and has
3.1 Basic Fundamental Terms in Radiation an emissivity equal to 1 is called a perfectly black body. A
black body is also an ideal radiator. It implies that if a black
Radiant Energy
body and an identical another body are kept at the same
All bodies radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves temperature, then the black body will radiate maximum power
by virtue of their temperature. This energy is called the radiant 4
as is obvious from equation P = eA also. Because
energy. e = 1 for a perfectly black body while for any other body
Absorptive Power ‘a’ e <1.
“It is defined as the ratio of the radiant energy absorbed by it Materials like black velvet or lamp black come close to being
in a given time to the total radiant energy incident on it in the ideal black bodiies, but the best practical realization of an
same interval of time.” ideal black body is a small hole leading into a cavity, as this
absorbs 98% of the radiation incident on them.
energy absorbed
a
energy incident
As a perfectly black body absorbs all radiations incident on
it, the absorptive power of a perfectly black body is maximum
and unity.
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dQ
Rate of loss of heat RH = = σ A(T 4 – T04 )
dt
It is also equal to emitted power or radiation emitted per
second
Rate of fall in temperature (Rate of cooling)
dθ σA 4 4 dQ dθ
RF = dt = ms J (T – T0 ) dt = m s J dt
Fig. 14.26
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THERMAL PHYSICS
THERMAL PHYSICS 20
Fig. 14.27
For small temp diff, the rate of cooling, due to conduction,
convection & radiation combined is proportional to
difference in temperature.
Approximation : If a body cools from Ta to Tb in t times
in medium where surrounding temp is T0, then
Ta Tb T Tb
K a T0
t 2
1
m
Fig. 14.28 T
Set Up : A double walled vessel (v) containng water in Here, m is the wavelength corresponding to the
between two walls.
maximum spectral emissive power e . The second effect
A copper calorimeter (C) containing hot water placed inside is that the total amount of energy the black body emits per
the double walled vessel. Two thermometers through the lids
unit area per unit time T increases with fourth
4
are used to note the temperature T2 of H2O in calorimeter and
T1 of water in between the double walls respectively. power of absolute temperature T. This is also known as the
emissive power. We know
Experiment : The temperature of hot water in the calorimeter
after equal intervals of time is measured. e e d Area under e – graph T 4
0
Result : A graph is plotted between log (T2 – T1) and time (t). 2
or Area T 4 A 2 2 A1 16A1
The nature of the graph is observed to be a straight line as it
should be from Newton’s law of cooling.
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Fig. 14.30
Fig. 14.31
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THERMAL PHYSICS 22
(a) all substances exist in solid form (a) R (b) 2 R
13. Two metal rods A and B are having their initial length in 19. Steel wire of length L at 40°C is suspended from the ceiling
the ratio 2 : 3 and the co-efficients of linear expansion in and then a mass m is hung from its free end. The wire is
the ratio 3 : 4. When they are heated through the same cooled down from 40°C to 30°C to regain its original length
temperature difference, the ratio of their linear expansion L. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion of steel is
is 10–5/°C. Young’s modulus of steel is 1011N/m2 and radius
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 of the wire is 1 mm. Assume that length (L) >> diameter (d)
of the wire. Then the value of ‘m’ (in kg to nearest, integer).
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 3
14. A bi-metallic strip is made of two strips A and B having 20. Two rods of different materials having coefficients of
co-efficients of linear expansion A and B. If A <B, thermal expansion 1 , 2 and Young’s moduli Y1, Y2
then on heating the strip will respectively are fixed separately between two rigid walls.
(a) bend with A on outer side The rods are heated such that they undergo the same
(b) bend with B on outer side increase in temperature. There is no bending of the rods.
SA
if found to be 28°C. The ratio of specific heats S is
B
(a) SA > SB ; LA < LB (b) SA > SB ; LA > LB
(c) SA < SB ; LA < LB (d) SA < SB ; LA > LB
cal
30. If mass-energy equivalence is taken into account, when water 35. A 50 gm lead bullet (specific heat 0.020 gC ) is initially
is cooled to form ice, the mass of water should
at 30°. It is fired vertically upwards with a speed of 84 m/
(a) increase
s. On returning to the starting level, it strikes a slab of ice
(b) remain unchanged
kept at 0°C. (A × 100) mg of ice is melted due to this. Find
(c) decrease the value of ‘A’.
(d) first increase then decrease
(Take:- Lice = 80 cal/gm and 1 cal = 4.2 J)
THERMAL PHYSICS 25
36. A liquid at 30°C is poured very slowly into an open 43. Two metal rods A and B of equal lengths and equal cross
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. The boiling sectional areas are joined end-to-end. The co-efficients of
temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It is found that the first 5 thermal conductivity of A and B are in the ratio 2 : 3. When
gm of the liquid completely evaporated. After pouring the free end of A is maintained at 100°C and the free end of
another 80 gm of the liquid the equilibrium temperature is B is maintained at 0°C, the temperature of the junction is
found to be 50 °C. The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid (a) 30°C (b) 40°C
to its specific heat will be ____ °C. (Neglect the heat
(c) 50°C (d) 60°C
exchange with surrounding)
44. In steady state
37. How much heat is required to convert 8.0 g of ice at –
15°C to steam at 100°C? (Given, Cice = 0.53 cal/g–°C, Lf (a) temperature does not change with time
= 80 cal/g and Lv = 539 cal/g, and cwater = 1 cal/g–°C) (b) all parts of the body are at same temperature
Give the answer in kcal correct to one decimal place. (c) there is no flow of heat
38. The temperature of equal masses of three different liquids (d) all of the above
A, B and C are 12°C, 19°C and 28°C respectively. the 45. Two metallic plates of equal thicknesses and thermal
temperature when A and B are mixed is 16° C and when B conductivities K1 and K2 are put together face to face and
and C are mixed it is 23°C. What should be the temperature a common plate is constructed, figure. The equivalent
when A and C are mixed (in °C, correct to two decimal thermal conductivity will be:
places)?
k1 k2
39. An ice cube of mass 0.1 kg at 0°C is placed in an isolated
container which is at 227°C. The specific heat s of the l l
255
Teq , then fill the value of x.
x k1 k 2 2k1 k 2
(a) k k (b) k k
1 2 1 2
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gram, latent heat of
vaporization of water = 540 cal/gram, specific heat of water
k1 k 2
= 1 cal/gm K (c) (d) k1 k 2
2
specific heat capacity of ice specific heat of steam =
0.5 cal/gram-K. 47. The ends of a copper rod of length 1m and area of cross
2
section 1 cm are maintained at 0°C and 100°C. At the
Heat Transfer
centre, power is supplied at a constant rate of 25 J/s. The
Heat Transfer, Conduction and Convection temperature gradient on higher temperature side of the rod
42. Dimension of co-efficient of thermal conductivity are in steady state (in °C/m) will be
(a) [L0M1T–3K–1] (b) [L1M1T–3K–1] (K = 400 J/m-K-s)
1 1 –3 1 –1 –2 –1
(c) [L M T K] (d) [L M T K ]
THERMAL PHYSICS 26
48. Three rods made of same material and having same cross 51. The temperature of the two outer surface (end surfaces
- section have been joind as shown in the figure. Each rod shown) of a composite slab, consisting of two materials
is of same length. The left end is kept at 0°C and both the having coefficients of thermal conductivity K and 2K,
right ends are kept at 90°C. The temperature of the junction thickness ‘x’ and ‘4x’ are T2 and T1(T2 > T1). The rate of
of the three rods (in degree Celsius) will be heat transfer through the slab in steady state is
A T2 – T1 K 1
, where ‘f’ is equal to
x f
(all quantities measured in S.I unit)
k x k 0 sec x . If the end A is maintained at
6L
temperature T0 , the rod carries a thermal current I0 (from
Radiation
I0 L
B to A) in steady state and k AT 3 ; find the 53. A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate, all of same
0 0 material and same mass, are initially heated to same high
temperature of the end B of the rod. Let’s say this temperature. Choose the correct statement.
temperature is kT0, find integer value k. (a) The plate will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
(b) The sphere will cool fastest and cube the slowest.
(c) The plate will cool fastest and sphere the slowest.
(d) The cube will cool fastest and plate the slowest.
54. Velocity of heat radiation v as related to the velocity of
light c is
(a) v > c (b) v = c
(c) v < c (d) no definite relation
THERMAL PHYSICS 27
Temperature
expression,
(a) ( – 0) = Kt + C (b) log ( – 0) = –Kt + C
(a) (b)
(c) log = Kt + C (d) = K0 + C
Time Time 64. Two spheres of the same material have radii 1 m and 4 m
and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K respectively. The
ratio of the energy radiated per second by the first sphere
Temperature
Temperature
B
(c) nanometer (d) photometer
A
Time
THERMAL PHYSICS 28
67. A liquid in a beaker has temperature (t) at time t and 0 is 71. A piece of metal is heated to temperature and then allowed
temperature of surroundings, then according to Newton’s to cool in a room which is at temperature 0. The graph
law of cooling, the correct graph between loge ( – 0) and between the temperature T of the metal and time t will be
closed to :
t is :
T
T
(a) (b)
O t O t
T T
(c) (d)
O t O t
75. A body cools in 7 minutes from 60°C to 40°C. What will be 78. A glass of boiling water at 100°C cools down to 90°C in 10
its temperature in °C after next 7 minutes? The temperature minutes when placed in surrounding temperature of 30°C.
of surrounding is 10°C. It will cool down to 80°C in an additional time
76. A solid cube of side a, density d and specific heat ‘s’ is at nx – n x –1
t 10
temperature 400 K. It is placed in an ambient temperature n x 1 – nx minutes. Assume Newton’s law of
of 200 K.
–3 3 3 cooling to hold. Find x
Take: a = 0.9 m, d = 4.8 ×10 kg/m , s = 2.0 × 10 J/kg K.
79. The emissive power of a black body at T = 300 K is 460 W/
Stefan’s constant 6 10 –8 W K 4 m 2 . Consider the m2. Consider a body B of area A = 100 cm2 , coefficient of
cube to be a black body. If the time for the temperature of reflectivity r = 0.3 and coefficient of transmission t = 0.5.
the cube to drop by 5 K is 1000x second, find x in nearest Its temperature is 300 K. Then the power radiated by B is
integer. ____ W.
4 3
(c) a T (d) 4a 3 T
3
Questions marked with asterisk (*) are (a) 675°C (b) 1600°C
(c) 17.85°C (d) 6.75°C
deleted from JEE Main 10. A solid metallic cube having total surface area 24 m2 is
5. At what temperature a gold ring of diameter 6.230 cm uniformly heated. If its temperature is increased by
be heated so that it can be fitted on a wooden bangle of 10°C calculate the increase in volume of the cube.
diameter 6.241cm? Both the diameters have been
(Given 5.0 104C 1 ). (JEE Main 2022)
measured at room temperature (27°C). (Given:
(a) 2.4 × 106 cm3 (b) 1.2 × 105 cm3
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of gold
(c) 6.0 × 104 cm3 (d) 4.8 × 105 cm3
L 1.4 10 5 K 1 ) (JEE Main 2022)
11. A copper block of mass 5.0 kg is heated to a
(a) 125.7°C (b) 91.7°C temperature of 500°C and is placed on a large ice
(c) 425.7°C (d) 152°C block. What is the maximum amount of ice that can
6. An ice cube of dimensions 60 cm × 50 cm × 20 cm is melt? (JEE Main 2022)
placed in an insulation box of wall thickness 1 cm. The (a) 1.5 kg (b) 5.8 kg
box keeping the ice cube at 0°C of temperature is
(c) 2.9 kg (d) 3.8 kg
brought to a room of temperature 40°C. The rate of
melting of ice is approximately: (Latent heat of fusion 12. A block of ice of mass 120 g at temperature 0°C is put
of ice is 3.4 × 105 J kg–1and thermal conducting of in 300 gm of water at 25°C. The xg of ice melts as the
insulation wall is 0.05 Wm–10C–1) temperature of the water reaches 0°C. The value of x is
(JEE Main 2022) [Use: Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 JKg–1K–1,
(a) 61 × 10–1 kg s–1 (b) 61 × 10–5 kg s–1 Latent heat of ice = 3.5 × 105 Jkg–1]
–1
(c) 208 kg s (d) 30 × 10–5 kg s–1 (JEE Main 2022)
7. If K1 and K2 are the thermal conductivities L1 and L2
are the lengths and A1 and A2 are the cross sectional 13*. In an experiment to verify Newton's law of cooling, a
areas of steel and copper rods respectively such that graph is plotted between, the temperature difference
K2 A L (ΔT) of the water and surroundings and time as shown
9, 1 2, 1 2 . Then, for the arrangement as
K1 A2 L2 in figure. The initial temperature of water is taken as
shown in the figure. The value of temperature T of the 80°C. The value of t2 as mentioned in the graph will
steel – copper junction in the steady state will be : be___________. (JEE Main 2022)
(JEE Main 2022)
9. A sphere of aluminium of 0.06 kg placed for sufficient time 14. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a
in a vessel containing boiling water, so that the sphere is at temperature of 500 °C and then placed on a large ice block.
100°C. It is then immediately transfered a vessel containing What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt ? (Specific
0.25 kg of water at 20°C. The temperature of water rises and heat of copper = 0.39 J g–1 K–1; heat of fusion of water = 335 J
attains a steady state at 24°C. Calculate the specific heat g–1).
capacity of aluminium. (neglect heat loss to vessel and (a) 2.6 kg (b) 10 kg
surroundings)
(c) 3.8 kg (d) 1.5 kg
(a) 870 J kg–1 k–1 (b) 1024 J kg–1 k–1
15. A block of ice of mass M = 10 kg is moved back and forth
(c) 921 J kg–1 k–1 (d) 708 J kg–1 k–1 over the flat horizontal surface of a large block of ice. Both
10. A metal block is made from a mixture of 2.4 kg of aluminium blocks are at 0°C and the force that produces the back–and
1.6 kg of brass and 0.8 kg of copper. The amount of heat –forth motion acts only horizontally. The coefficient of
required to raise the temperature of this block from 20°C to friction between the two surfaces is 0.060. If m = 15.2 g of
80°C is (specific heats of aluminium, brass and copper are water is produced, the total distance travelled by the upper
0.216,0.0917 and 0.0931 cal/kg°C respectively): block relative to the lower is : (Lice = 3.34 × 105 J/kg)
(a) 96.2 cal (b) 44.4 cal (a) 432 m (b) 863 m
(c) 86.2 cal (d) 62.8 cal (c) 368 m (d) 216 m
11. Suppose the specific heat capacity of a substance is varying Multiple Choice Questions
with temperature according to, s = A + BT2 where A and B 16. Two identical beakers are filled with water to the same level
are positive constants and T is temperature in °C. If at 4°C. If one say A is heated while the other B is cooled,
temperature of m kg of this substance has to raise from T°C then:
to 2T°C, then the amount of energy supplied to the substance
is (a) water level in A will rise
(b) water level in B will rise
7BT 3 5BT 3 (c) water level in A will fall
(a) m AT J (b) m AT J
3 3
(d) water level in B will fall
(c) m [AT + 2BT3] J (b) None of these 17. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated from 0°C
12. A mass of a material exists in its solid form at its melting to 100°C. Its volume changes by (given that coefficient of
temperature 10°C. The following processes then occur to linear expansion for aluminium Al = 23 × 10–6/°C)
the material. (a) 28.9 cc (b) 2.89 cc
Process I : An amount of thermal energy Q is added to the (c) 9.28 cc (d) 49.8 cc
material and 3/4 of the material melts.
Assertion & Reason
Process II : An identical additional amount of thermal energy
Q is added to the material and the material is now a liquid at (A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a
50°C. correct explanation for Statement–I.
What is the ratio of the latent heat of fusion to the specific (B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
heat of the liquid for this material ? NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(c) 40°C (d) None of these (D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
13. When 0.15 kg of ice of 0°C mixed with 0.30 kg of water at 18. Statement -1 : A drop of cool water accidentally falls on an
50°C in a container, the resulting temperature is 6.7°C. incandescent lamp which is continuously glowing from long
Calculate the heat of fusion of ice. time, then the bulb breaks.
19. Statement - 1 : The expanded length l of a rod of original 23. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of different
length l0 is not correctly given by (assuming to be constant material. Both the layers have the same thickness. The
with T) l = l0 (1 + T), thermal conductivity for A is twice that of B and, under steady
if T is large. condition, the temperature difference across the wall is 36°C.
Statement - 2: It is given by l = l0 eT, which cannot be The temperature difference across the layer A is:
treated as being approximately equal to l = l0 (1 + T) for (a) 6°C (b) 12°C
large values of T.
(c) 24°C (d) 18°C
(a) A (b) B
24. Three rods of same dimensions have thermal conductivities
(c) C (d) D
3k, 2k and k. They are arranged as shown, with their ends at
20. Statement - 1 : The coefficient of volume expansion has 100°C, 50°C and 0°C. The temperature of their junction is :
dimension K–1.
Statement - 2 : The coefficient of volume expansion is
defined as the change in volume per unit volume per unit
change in temperature.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
Heat transfer
Assertion & Reason
(A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a 200
(a) 75°C (b) C
correct explanation for Statement–I. 3
(B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I. 100
(c) 40°C (d) C
3
(C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
(D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True. 25. Equal temperature differences exist between the ends of two
metallic rods 1 and 2 of equal lengths. Their thermal
21. Statement - 1 : In natural convection, the fluid motion is
conductivities are Kl and K2 and area of cross-section are
caused by density difference produced by temperature
Al and A2, respectively. The condition of equal rates of heat
gradient.
transfer is :
Statement - 2 : In forced convection, the fluid is forced to
flow along the solid surface by means of fans or pumps. (a) K1A2 =K2A1 (b) K1A1 = K2A2
(a) A (b) B (b) K1A12 = K2A22 (d) K12A2 = K22A1
(c) C (d) D 26. Two rods of copper and brass (KC > KB ) of same length
22. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature and area of cross-section are joined as shown. End A is kept
T1 and the other at T2. The rod is composed of two sections at 100°C and end B at 0°C. The temperature at the junction:
of lengths l1 and l2 and thermal conductivities K1 and K2
respectively. The temperature at the interface of the two A Copper Brass B
sections is
(a) will be more than 50°C
l1 l2
T1 T2 (b) will be less than 50°C
(c) will be 50°C
(d) may be more or less than 50°C depending upon the size
of rods
K1 K2
(a) (K2l2T1 + K1l1T2)/(K1l1 + K2l2)
(b) (K2l1T1 + K1l2T2)/(K2l1 + K1l2)
(c) (K1l2T1 + K2l1T2)/(K1l2 + K2l1)
(d) (K1l1T1 + K2l2T2)/(K1l1 + K2l2)
THERMAL PHYSICS 36
27. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to 30. The length of the two rods made up of the same metal and
the other end under steady–state. The variation of having the same area of cross-section are 0.6 m 0.8 m and
temperature along the length x of the bar from its hot end respectively. The temperature between the ends of first rod
is best described by which of the following figure ? (2009) is 90°C and 60°C and that for the other rod is 150°C and
110°C. For which rod the rate of conduction will be greater
(a) first (b) second
(c) same for both (d) none of these
31. A ring consisting of two parts ADB and ACB of same
conductivity K carries an amount of heat H. The ADB part
is now replaced with another metal keeping the temperatures
T1 and T2 constant. The heat carried increases to 2 H. What
should be the conductivity of the new ADB part ? Given
ACB
3:
ADB
A T2 T1 K
through the slab, in a steady state is x
f, with
f equals to
x 4x
7
(a) K (b) 2 K
3
T2 K 2K T1
5
(c) K (d) 3 K
2
Use the following passage, solve Q. 33 to Q. 36 36. A cylindrical rod of length 50 cm and cross–sectional area 1
PASSAGE –1 cm2 is fitted between a large ice chamber at 0°C and an
evacuated chamber maintained at 27°C as shown in figure.
The rate of flow of heat depends on the nature of material,
Only small portions of the rod are inside the chambers and
cross-sectional area and temperature gradient. If a material
the rest is thermally insulated from the surrounding. The
of conductivity k has set up a temperature gradient in x
cross–section going into the evacuated chamber is blackened
direction, then rate of heat flow at cross-section having area
so that it completely absorbs any radiations falling on it.
dQ dT The temperature of the blackened end is 17°C when steady
A is kA
dt dx state is reached. Stefan constant = 6 × 10–8 W/m2–K4. Find
the thermal conductivity of the material of the rod.
Between any two points of conductor, if temperature difference
is T and rate of heat flow is H, then the resistance or
17°C
T
opposition offered by the material to flow is defined as =.
H 0°C 27°C
Now consider two very thin concentric metallic shells A and 37. A hot body, obeying Newton’s law of cooling is cooling
B of radii R1 and R2 (R2 > R1) and temperature T1 and T2 down from its peak value 800C to an ambient temperature
(T1 > T2) respectively. The hollow space between them is of 300C. It takes 5 minutes in cooling down from 800C to
filled with sand of thermal conductivity k. 400C. How much time will it take to cool down from 620C
33. Thermal resistance offered by the sand is to 320C? (Given ln 2 = 0.693, ln 5 = 1.609)
(a) 3.75 minutes (b) 8.6 minutes
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) 4k R R (c) 6.5 minutes (d) 9.6 minutes
2k R1 R 2 1 2
38. If wavelength of maximum intensity of radiation emitted
by sun and moon are 0.5 × 10–6 m and 10–4 m respectively
1 1 1 1 the ratio of their temperature is :
(c) 4k (d) 2k
R1 R 2 R1 R 2 (a) 2000 (b) 1000
34. The rate of heat flow through the sand is (c) 100 (d) 200
39. In the figure, the distribution of energy density of the
R1R 2 R1R 2
(a) 4k T1 T2 (b) 2k T1 T2 radiation emitted by a black body at a given temperature is
R1 R 2 R1 R 2 shown. The possible temperature of the black body is :
T1 T2 1 1 T1 T2 1 1
(c) (d)
4k R1 R2 2k R
1 R 2
R 2 r R1
(a) T1 T2 r R R
2 1
R r R1
(b) T1 T1 T2 2
r R R
2 1 (a) 1500 K (b) 2000 K
(c) 2500 K (d) 3000 K
R1 r R1 40. If a black body radiates 10 cal/s at 227°C, it will radiate at
(c) T1 T2 r R R
2 1
727°C :
(a) 10 cal/s (b) 80 cal/s
R r R2 (c) 160 cal/s (d) none of these
(d) T1 T1 T2 1
r R R
2 1
THERMAL PHYSICS 38
42. If a body cools down from 80°C to 60°C in 10 min when the
temperature of the surrounding is 30°C. Then, the Assertion & Reason
temperature of the body after next 10 min will be : (A) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–II is a
(a) 50°C (b) 48°C correct explanation for Statement–I.
(c) 30°C (d) none of these (B) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; Statement–2 is
NOT a correct explanation for Statement–I.
43. A liquid cools from 50°C to 45°C in 5 min and from 45°Cto
41.5°C in the next 5 min. The temperature of the surrounding (C) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
is : (D) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True.
(a) 27°C (b) 40.3°C 46. Statement - 1 : Two stars S1 and S2 radiate maximum energy
(c) 23.3°C (d) 33.3°C at 360 nm and 480 nm, respectively. Ratio of their absolute
temperature is 4 : 3.
Statement - 2 : According to Wien’s law T = b (constant).
Multiple Choice Questions
(a) A (b) B
44. Two identical objects A and B are at temperatures TA and
TB respectively. Both objects are placed in a room with (c) C (d) D
perfectly absorbing walls maintained at a temperature 47. A black body radiates power P and maximum energy is
T (TA > T > TB). The objects A and B attain the temperature radiated by it around a wavelength 0 . The temperature of
T eventually. Select the correct statements from the following the black body is now changed such that it radiates maximum
(a) A only emits radiations, while B only absorbs it until 3 0
energy around the wavelength . The power radiated by
both attain the temperature T. 4
(b) A loses more heat by radiation than it absorbs, while B it now is :
absorbs more radiation than it emits, until they attain the
256 27
temperature T (a) P (b) P
81 64
(c) Both A and B only absorb radiation, but do not emit it, until
they attain the temperature T. 64 81
(c) P (d) P
(d) Each object continues to emit and absorb radiation even 27 256
after attaining the temperature T. 48. The maximum energy in thermal radiations from a blackbody
occurs at wavelength 4000 Å. The effective temperature of
the source is :
(a) 7000 K (b) 80000 K
(c) 104 K (d) 106 K
THERMAL PHYSICS 39
Match the Column 50. A black coloured solid sphere of radius R and mass M is
49. A ball has surface temperature T initially at time t = 0, that inside a cavity with vacuum inside. The walls of the cavity
is less than surrounding constant temperature T0. On the are maintained at temperature T0. The initial temperature
vertical axis of the graph shown has either thermal energy of the sphere is 3T0. If the specific heat of the material of
radiated/absorbed per unit time or total energy radiated/ the sphere varies as T3 per unit mass with the temperature
absorbed till time t by the ball. Correctly match the curves T of the sphere, where is a constant, then the time taken
marked in the graph : for the sphere to cool down to temperature 2T0 will be ( is
Stefan Boltzmann constant)
M 3 M 16
(a) 2
n (b) n
2
4R 2 16R 3
M 3 M 16
(c) n
2 (d) 2
n
16R 2 4R 3
Column I Column II
7. A liquid at 30° C is poured very slowly into a open 11. An ideal black-body at room temperature is thrown into a
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. The boiling furnace. It is observed that (2002)
temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It is found that the first 5
(a) initially it is the darkest body and at later times the
gm of the liquid completely evaporates. After pouring brightest
another 80 gm of the liquid the equilibrium temperature is
found to be 50°C. The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid (b) it is the darkest body at all times
to its specific heat will be _____ ºC. (Neglect the heat (c) it cannot be distinguished at all times
exchange with surrounding]
(d) initially it is the darkest body and at later times it cannot
(2019) be distinguished.
8. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased from 0ºC
12. The graph, shown in the adjacent diagram, represents the
to 10ºC, its length increases by 0.02%. The percentage
variation of temperature (T) of two bodies, x and y having
change in its mass density will be closest to :
same surface area, with time (t) due to the emission of
(2020) radiation. Find the correct relation between the emissivity
(a) 0.06 (b) 0.008 and absorptivity powers of the two bodies (2003)
(c) 2.3 (d) 0.8
Heat Transfer
9. The plots of intensity versus wavelength for three black
bodies at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 respectively are as
shown. Their temperature are such that (2000)
(a) 2 (b) 4
(a) T1 > T2 > T3 (b) T1> T3 > T2
(C) T2 > T3 > T1 (d) T3 > T2 > T1 1 1
(c) (d)
10. When a block of iron floats in mercury at 0ºC, fraction k1 of 2 4
its volume is submerged, while at the temperature 60ºC, a 14. Three discs, A, B and C having radii 2 m, 4 m and 6 m
fraction k2 is seen to be submerged. If the coefficient of respectively are coated with carbon black on their outer
volume expansion of iron is Fe and that of mercury is Hg, surfaces. The wavelengths corresponding to maximum
then the ratio k1/k2 can be expressed as (2001) intensity are 300 nm, 400 nm and 500 nm, respectively. The
power radiated by them are QA, QB and QC respectively
1 60 Fe 1 60 Fe (2004)
(a) (b)
1 60 Hg 1 60 Hg
(a) QA is maximum (b) QB is maximum
15. Variation of radiant energy emitted by sun, filament of 20. A metal rod AB of length 10x has its one end A in ice at 0°C
tungsten lamp and welding arc as a function of its and the other end B in water at 100°C. If a point P on the rod
wavelength is shown in figure. (2005) is maintained at 400°C, then it is found that equal amounts
of water and ice evaporate and melt per unit time. The latent
heat of evaporation of water is 540 calg–1 and latent heat of
melting of ice is 80 calg–1. If the point P is at a diatance of x
from the ice end A, find the value of . (Neglect any heat
loss to the surrounding). (2009)
21. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius 18 cm)
are at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively. The maximum
intensity in the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in
that of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to be black bodies,
what will be the ratio of the rate of total energy radiated by
Which of the following option is the correct match?
A to that of B ? (2010)
(a) Sun-T3, tungsten filament-T1, welding arc-T2
22. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D and E of
(b) Sun-T2, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T3 different thermal conductivities (given in terms of a
(c) Sun-T3, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T1 constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length L) as shown
(d) Sun-T1, tungsten filament-T2, welding arc-T3 in the figure. All slabs are of same width. Heat Q flows
16. In which of the following processes, convection does not only from left to right through the blocks. Then in steady
take place primarily? (2005) state (2011)
(a) sea and land breeze
(b) boiling of water
(c) heating air around a furnace
(d) warming of glass of bulb due to filament.
17. A spherical body of area A and emissivity e = 0.6 is kept
inside a perfectly black body. Energy radiated per second
by the body at temperature T is (2005)
(a) 0.4 AT T 4 (b) 0.8 ATT 4
(c) 0.6 AT T4 T4
(d) l.0 AT
18. Water of volume 2 litre in a container is heated with a coil of
1 kW at 27°C. The lid of the container is open and energy (a) heat flown through A and E slabs are same
dissipates at rate of 160 J/s. In how much time temperature
(b) heat flown through slab E is maximum
wil rise from 27°C to 77°C.
[Given specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg] (2005) (c) temperature difference across slab E is smallest
(a) 7 min (b) 6 min 2 s (d) heat flown through C = heat flow through B + heat
(c) 8 min 20s (d) 14 min flown through D.
19. Initially a black body at absolute temperature T is kept inside 23. Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and
a closed chamber at absolute temperature T0. Now the close to each other. They are considered as ideal black
chamber is slightly opened to allow sun rays to enter. It is surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first
observed that temperatures T and T0 remains constant. and third plates are maintained at temperatures 2T and 3T
Which of the following statements is/are true? (2006) respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e., second)
(a) The rate of emission of energy from the black body plate under steady state condition is : (2012)
remains the same
1 1
(b) The rate of emission of energy from the black body 65 4 97 4
increases (a) T (b) T
2 4
(c) The rate of absorption of energy by the black body
increases. 1
(d) The energy radiated by the black body equals the energy 97 4 1
(c) T (d) 97 4 T
absorbed by it. 2
THERMAL PHYSICS 43
24. Two rectangular blocks, having indentical dimensions, can 28. A water cooler of storage capacity 120 litres can cool water
be arranged either in configuration I or in configuration II at a constant rate of P watts. In a closed circulation system
as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal (as shown schematically in the figure), the water from the
conductivity K and the other 2K. The temperature difference cooler is used to cool an external device that generates
between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the constantly 3 kW of heat (thermal load). The temperature of
configurations. It takes 9s to transport a certain amount of water fed into the device cannot exceed 30°C and the entire
heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration I. stored 120 litres of water is initially cooled to 10°C. The
The time to transport the same amount of heat in the entire system is thermally insulated. The minimum value of
configuration II is : (2013) P (in watts) for which the device can be operated for 3
Configuration II hours is (2016)
Configuration I
2K
K 2K K
X
(a) 2.0 s (b) 3.0 s
(c) 4.5 s (d) 6.0 s
25. Heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and (Specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ kg–1 K–1 and the density of
diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to raise the temperature of 0.5 water is 1000 kg m–3)
kg water by 40 K. This heater is replaced by a new heater
(a) 1600 (b) 2067
having two wires of the same material, each of length L and
diameter 2d. The way these wires are connected is given in (c) 2533 (d) 3933
the options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise 29. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is kept above
the temperature of the same amount of water by 40 K? the metal surface to read the power radiated (P) by the
(2014) metal. The sensor has a scale that displays log2 (P/P0), where
P0 is a constant. When the metal surface is at a temperature
(a) 4 if wires are in parallel (b) 2 if wires are in series
of 487°C, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that the
(c) 1 if wires are in series (d) 0.5 if wires are in parallel emissivity of the metallic surface remains constant. What
26. Two spherical stars A and B emit black body radiation. The is the value displayed by the sensor when the temperature
radius of A is 400 times that of B and A emits 104 times the of the metal surface is raised to 2767°C?
(2016)
A
30. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but different radii
power emitted from B. The ratio of their
B are connected in series between two heat baths kept at
temperatures T1 = 300 K and T2 = 100 K, as shown in the
wavelengths A and B at which the peaks occur in their figure. The radius of the bigger cylinder is twice that of the
respective radiation curves is (2015) smaller one and the thermal conductivities of the materials
27. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, are soldered of the smaller and the larger cylinders are K1 and K2
(joined) together. Initially each of the wires has a length of respectively. If the temperature at the junction of the two
1 m at 10°C. Now the end P is maintained at 10°C, while the cylinders is the steady state is 200 K, then K 1 /K 2
end S is heated and maintained at 400°C. The system is = _________.
thermally insulated form its surroundings. If the thermal (2018)
conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of the wire RS and the
coefficient of linear thermal expansion of PQ is 1.2 × 10–5 K–
1
, the change in length of the wire PQ is
(2016)
(a) 0.70 mm (b) 0.90 mm
(c) 1.56 mm (d) 2.34 mm
THERMAL PHYSICS 44
31. Match the temperature of a black body given in List-I with (a) P 3, Q 5, R 2, S 3
an appropriate statement in List-II, and choose the correct (b) P 3, Q 2, R 4, S 1
option. (c) P 3, Q 4, R 2, S 1
3
[Given: Wien’s constant as 2.9 10 m-k and (d) P 1, Q 2, R 5, S 3
hc
1.24 10 6 v-m ] (2023)
e
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
THERMAL PHYSICS
15
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES &
THERMODYNAMICS
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Chapter
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OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 46
The molecules of a gas are in a state of incessant planar wall parallel to yz-plane of area A (= l2). Since
random motion. They move in all directions with the collision is elastic, the molecule rebounds with the
different speeds., (of the order of 500 m/s) and same velocity; its y and z components of velocity do not
obey Newton’s laws of motion. change in the collision but the x-component reverses
The size of the gas molecules is very small as sign. That is, the velocity after collision is
compared to the distance between them. If typical v , v , v .
x y z The change in momentum of the
size of molecule is 2Å, average distance between
molecule is: mv x mv x 2mv x . By the principle
the molecules is 320Å. Hence volume occupied by
the molecules is negligible in comparison to the of conservation of momentum, the magnitude of
volume of the gas. momentum imparted to the wall in the collision = 2mvx.
The molecules do not exert any force of attraction
or repulsion on each other, except during collision.
The collisions of the molecules with themselves
and with the walls of the vessel are perfectly
elastic. As such, that momentum and the kinetic
energy of the molecules are conserved during
collisions, though their individual velocities
change.
There is no concentration of the molecules at any
point inside the container i.e. molecular density is Fig 15.1
uniform throughout the gas.
To calculate the force (and pressure) on the wall, we
A molecule moves along a straight line between
need to calculate momentum imparted to the wall per
two successive collisions and the average straight
unit time, if it is within the distance v x t from the wall,
distance covered between two successive collisions
is called the mean free path of the molecules. that is, all molecules within the volume. Av x t only
The collisions are almost instantaneous, i.e., the 1
can hit the wall in time T is A v x t n, where n is
time of collision of two molecules is negligible as 2
compared to time interval between two successive the number of molecules per unit volume. The total
collisions. momentum transferred to the wall by these molecules in
1
time t is: Q 2mv x nAv x t . The force on the
2
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Consider two gases 1 and 2. We can write empirical law of Boyle, the law of Charles, the law of
2 2 Avogadro, and the law of Gay-Lussac. In an empirical
P1V1 N1 K1 , P2 V2 N 2 K 2
3 3 form, the ideal gas law is also written:
PV nRT
If their pressures, volumes and temperatures are the Real Gas Law
same, then By explicitly including the effects of molecular size and
intermolecular forces, the Dutch physicist Johannes van
P1 P2 , V1 V2 , K1 K 2 .
der Waals modified the ideal gas law to explain the
Clearly, N1 = N2 Thus: behavior of real gases. The Vander Waal real gas
Equal volumes of all ideal gases existing under the equation is given below.
same conditions of temperature and pressure contain Real gas law equation,
equal number of molecules which is Avogadro’s Law or
hypothesis. n2a
P 2 V nb nRT
V
This law is named after the Italian physicist and
chemist, Amedeo Avogadro (1776 – 1856). Where a and b represent the empirical constant which is
PV unique for each gas.
Aliter: As PV Nk B T, N
k BT n2
represents the concentration of gas.
If P, V and T are constants, N is also constant. V2
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2. SPEEDS OF GAS
MOLECULES
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In general if
A = number of particles in the system Fig 15.4
R = number of independent relations among the Linear
particles A=3
N = Number of degrees of freedom of the system R=2
N = 3A – R N=33–2=7
Monoatomic Gases Non-Linear
The molecules of a monoatomic gas (like neon, argon,
helium etc) consists only of one atom.
A=1
R=0
N=3
Here 3 degrees of freedom are for translational motion Fig 15.5
A=3
R=3N=33–3=6
Here again vibrational energy is ignored.
Diatomic Gases
Polyatomic Gas
A=2
A polyatomic gas has 3 translational, 3 rotational
Assuming the distance between the two molecules is
degrees of freedom. Apart from them if there V
fixed then R = 1
vibrational modes then there will be additional 2V
N 3 2 1 5
vibrational degrees of freedom.
Here 5 degrees of freedom implies combination of
Total degree of freedom
3 translational energies and 2 rotational energies.
n = 3 + 3 + 2V = 6 + 2V
3.2 Internal Energy and Kinetic Energy
Internal Energy: As studied in thermodynamics,
Internal Energy of any substance is the combination of
Potential Energies and Kinetic Energies of all
molecules inside a given gas.
In real gas
Internal Energy = P.E of molecules + K.E of
Molecules
In real gas: Internal Energy = K.E of Molecules
Here PE of molecules is zero as assumed in Kinetic
theory postulates; There is no interaction between
the molecules hence its interactional energy is zero.
Average KE per Molecule of the Gas:
1 M 2
We know, P v
3V
1 2
PV Mv
Fig 15.3 3
If vibrational motion is also considered then [only at 1 2
Hence, nRT Mv
very high temperatures] 3
N=7 1 2
where 3 for translational nRT Nmv
3
2 for rotational
n 3RT 1 2
2 for vibrational mv
N 2 2
Triatomic Gas
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= 3 for translational Q U
C 3R
+ 3 for rotational T T
+ 2V for vibrational The above equation is called as Dulong and Petit’s
= 6 + 2V Law.
If v = Number of vibrational modes At low temperatures the vibrational mode may not
RT be that active hence, heat capacity is low at low
U 6 2V K
2 temperatures for solids.
Cv 3 V R
Cp 4 V R
4V
and
3 V
Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Water is treated like solid. Fig 15.6
Water has three atoms, 2 of hydrogen and one of
oxygen
Total degree of freedom for every atom
=32=6
Total degree of freedom for every molecule of water 3.5 Mean Free Path
= 3 6 = 18 The path traversed by a molecule between two
1 successive collisions with other molecule is called the
18 RT
Q U 2
mean free path
C Total distance travelled by a molecule
T T T l
No. of collisions it makes with other molecules
C 9R
Expression:
Specific Heat Capacity of Solids Mean Free Path
In solids, there is very less difference between heat
capacity at constant pressure and at that constant
volume. Therefore we do not differentiate between
Cp and Cv for solids.
Q U
C
T T
{As solids hardly expand or expansion is
negligible} Now in solid the atoms are arranged in
an array structure and they are not free to move
independently like in gases. Fig 15.7
Therefore the atoms do not possess any Suppose the molecules of a gas are spheres of diameter
translational or rotational degree of freedom. d. Focus on a single molecule with the average speed
On the other hand, the molecules do possess V. It will suffer collision with any molecule that comes
vibrational motion along 3 mutually perpendicular within a distance d between the centres. In time t, it
directions.
sweeps a volume d 2 V t wherein any other
Hence for 1 mole of a solid, there are NA number of
atoms. The energy associated with every molecule molecule will collide with it (as shown in figure). If n is
the number of molecules per unit volume, the molecule
1
3 2 k B T 3K B T
2 suffers nd 2 V t collisions in time t. thus the rate of
U = 3 RT for one mole
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collisions is nd 2 V or the time between two condition of system are called thermodynamic state
variables.
1
successive collisions is on the average. 2 In thermodynamics we deal with the
n V d thermodynamic systems as a whole and study the
interaction of heat and energy during the change of
The average distance between two successive
one thermodynamic state to another.
collisions, called the mean free path l, is:
Thermal Equilibrium
1
lV τ The term ‘equilibrium’ in thermodynamics implies the
nπd 2
state when all the macroscopic variables characterising
the system (P, V, T, mass etc) do not change with time.
In this derivation, we imagined the other molecules to
Two systems when in contact with each other come
be at rest. But actually all molecules are moving and the
to thermal equilibrium when their temperatures
collision rate is determined by the average relative
become same.
velocity of the molecules. Thus we need to replace V Based on this is zeroth law of thermodynamics.
by 2V in equation. A more exact treatment. According to zeroth law, when the thermodynamic
systems A and B are separately in thermal
1
equilibrium with a third thermodynamic system C,
2nd 2 then the systems A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other also.
4.1 Basic Terms of Thermodynamics
State Variables: P, V, T, no. of moles and internal
Result energy They can be extensive or intestive.
Equation of State: The equation which connects the
1
pressure (P), the volume (V) and absolute temperature
2nπd 2 (T) of a gas is called the equation of state.
PV = constant (Boyle’s law)
for N molecules PV = NKBT
V
cons tan t (Charle’s law)
N P T
n
V K BT PV = nRT
K BT Thermodynamic Process: A thermodynamic process
is said to take place when some changes occur in the
2 d 2 P
state of a thermodynamic system, i.e., the
NOTE: thermodynamic parameters of the system change with
Mean free path depends inversely on the number time. Types of these thermodynamic process are
density and size of the molecule. Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isobaric and Isochoric.
Quasi Static Process: A thermodynamic process which
It is is infinitely slow is called as quasi-static process.
4. INTRODUCTION TOthe In quasi static process, system undergoes change so
THERMODYNAMICS stud slowly, that at every instant, system is in
y of equilibrium, both thermal and mechanical, with the
interrelations between heat and other forms of energy surroundings.
Thermodynamic System: A collection of large number Quasi-static process is an idealised process. We
of molecules of matter (solid, liquid or gas) which are generally assume all the processes to be quasistatic
so arranged that these possess certain values of unless stated.
pressure, volume and temperature forms a Indicator or P-V, Diagram: A graph between pressure
thermodynamic system. and
The parameters pressure, volume, temperature, volume of a gas under thermodynamic operation is
internal energy etc which determine the state or called P-V. diagram.
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Fig 15.11
Therefore, pi Vi , Ti p f , Vf , Tf
6. CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PROCESSES Internal energy is a state function which only depends
on temperature (in case of an ideal gas).
Ti Tf
6.1 Introduction to Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Processes
Ui U f
Cyclic Process: A cyclic process is one in which the
system returns to its initial stage after undergoing a Or, U net 0
series of changes. If there are three process in a cyclic abc, then
Indicator Diagram U ab U bc U ca 0
From first law of thermodynamics,
Q W U,if U net 0, then
Q net Wnet
Or, Qab Qbc Qca Wab Wbc Wca
Further, Wnet area under P-V diagram. For example,
Wnet area of triangle ‘abc’ in the shown diagram.
Cycle is clockwise. So, work done will be positive.
Fig 15.10 6.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
U = 0
W = Area enclosed by the loop. Reversible Process: A reversible process is the process
Q = W as per First Law of thermodynamics where it never occurs; on the contrary the irreversible
Here W is positive if the cycle is clockwise and it is process is the one which can be said to be the natural
negative if the cyclic is anti clockwise. process and cannot be reversed.
Thermodynamics is the example of the reversible
process. Here the system and the surroundings return to
the same stage at the end of the process.
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NOTE:
A Reversible process takes two processes into account
while in the first process participants convert into
another form, tin the case of this second process the
Fig 15.12
reverse reaction takes space where the resultants get
back to the initial state. dP
Slope of P – V curve is at any point.
dV
Types of reversible processes: There are two types of
reversible processes. The internally reversible process PV = nRT
and the external reversible process. Internal reversible dP V P dV 0
process involves no irreversibility within the system
boundaries. This states that the system undergoes the dP P
stage of equilibrium but when it returns it again passes dV V
through the same stage.
U = 0 (Temperature remains constant)
In the externally reversible process there are no
v2
irreversibility’s
W Pg dV
Irreversible Process: an irreversible process is a
v2
naturally occurring phenomenon, which does not go
v2
back to its original state. nRT
Factors behind Irreversibility of process: dV [Using PV = nRT]
v2
V
An irreversible process can be said to be the
thermodynamics process that departs equilibrium. V2
nRT ln
When we talk in terms of pressure, we can say that it V1
occurs when the pressure of the system changes and the
volume does not have time to reach equilibrium. Since P1V1 P2 V2
The system and the surrounding does not come back to P
the original state even after the completion of the Therefore, W nRT ln 1
process in the spontaneous process. P2
Hence, The Reversible Nature of a Process is First Law of Thermodynamics
Dependent on Multiple Factors Such as non-elasticity,
Q U W
friction, viscosity, electrical resistance etc.
V2
7. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES Q nRT ln
V1
7.1 Isothermal Process NOTE:
Description: A thermodynamic process in which All the heat supplied is used entirely to do work against
temperature remains constant external surroundings. If heat is supplied then the gas
Condition: The walls of the container must be perfectly expands and if heat is withdrawn then the gas contracts.
conducting to allow free exchange of heat between gas Practical Examples:
and its surroundings.
The process of compression or expansion should be Melting of ice at 0C
slow so as to provide time for exchange of heat. Boiling of water at 100C
These both conditions are perfectly ideal. 7.2 Adiabatic Process
Equation of State: T = Constant or PV = Constant Description: When there is no heat exchange with
Indicator Diagram: surroundings.
Conditions: The walls of the container must be
perfectly non-conducting in order to prevent any
exchange of heat between the gas and its surroundings.
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W P dv U
nfRT
v2 2
v2 Work
dV
cons tan t
W = 0 as gas does not expands
v2 V First Law of thermodynamics
Q U W
PV constant
nfRT
P constant Q
2
V
NOTE:
1 V2
V constant 1 1 Since we have studied earlier, that when heat is
constant 1 1
1 V1 1 V
2 V1 supplied to any process. Its temperature increases
according to relation.
Also we know
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U mL v P V2 V1 Key Elements:
7.7 Polytropic Process
9. CARNOT CYCLE A source of heat at higher
temperature
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that
obeys the relation: A working substance
n
PV C A sink of heat at lower temperature.
Where P is the pressure, V is volume, n is the Working:
polytropic index, and C is a constant. The polytropic The working substance goes through a cycle
process equation can describe multiple expansion and consisting of several processes.
compression processes which include heat transfer.
In some processes it absorbs a total amount of heat
Particular Cases:
Some specific values of n correspond to particular Q1 from the source at temperature T1.
cases: In some processes it rejects a total amount of heat
n 0 for an isobaric process, Q2 to the sink at some lower temperature T2.
n for an isochoric process The work done by the system in a cycle is
In addition, when the ideal gas law applies: transferred to the environment via some
n 1 for an isothermal process, arrangement.
n for an isentropic process. Schematic Diagram
Where is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant
pressure CP to heat capacity at constant volume Cv
7.8 Free-Expansion
A process in which gas is allowed to expand in vacuum
and this happens so quickly that no heat leaves or enters
the system this type of process is also known as Fig 15.16
adiabatic process and because this happens so fast the
gas does not cross the system boundaries, hence no First Law of Thermodynamics
work is done by the system or on the system, then the Energy is always conserved
expansion is called the free expansion. Q1 W Q 2
We can for the equate free expansion into
Uf Ui Q W
8.1 Thermal Efficiency
Now, as know heat is exchange and no work is done Thermal Efficiency of a heat engine is defined of the
Q 0 and W 0 i.e., U f U i ratio of net work done per cycle by the engine to the
Further, as we see there is no change in the internal total amount of heat absorbed per cycle by the working
energy, Hence, the temperature remains constant. substance from the source.
7.9 Limitation of First Law of Thermodynamics W
It is denoted by ... 1
Q1
The first law does not indicate the direction in Using equation 1 and 2 we get
which the change can occur. Q
The first law gives no idea about the extent of 1 2 ... 2
Q1
change.
Ideally engines should have efficiency = 1
The first law of thermodynamics gives no
information about the source of heat. i.e. whether it NOTE:
is a hot or a cold body. The mechanism of conversion of heat into work vanes
for different heat engines.
8. HEAT ENGINE The system heated by an external furnace, as in a steam
engine. Such engines are called as external combustion
It is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical engine.
energy.
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V4 T2
q3 RT2 ln n Carnot 1
V3 T1
q3 = Heat absorbed in this process Carnot engine depends only upon source
W3 = Work done by gas
temperature and sink temperature.
Adiabatic Compression: The cylinder is again
Carnot engine 1 only when T2 = 0 K or T1 =
placed on the insulating pad, such that the process
remains adiabatic. Here the gas is further which is impossible to attain.
compressed to its initial P1 and V1. If T2 T1 0 Heat cannot be converted to
R T1 T2 mechanical energy unless there is some difference
U 4
1 between the temperature of source and sink.
R T1 T2 9.3 Carnot Theorem
W4 area DAKLD
1 Statement: Carnot theorem states that all reversible
q4 0 engines working between same two temperatures have
W4 = work done by the gas same efficiency irrespective of the nature of working
substance. The source and the sink works between the
9.1 Analysis of Carnot Cycle
same temperature.
Total work done by the engine per cycle. Working between two given temperatures, T1 of
W1 W2 W3 W4 hot reservoir (the source) and T2 of cold reservoir
(the sink), no engine can have efficiency more than
W1 W3
that of the Carnot engine.
V2 V The efficiency of the Carnot engine is independent
W RT1 ln RT2 ln 4
V1 V3 of the nature of the working substance.
Q1 = Total heat absorbed = q1 Engine used for realizing this ideal cycle is called as
V Carnot heat engine.
RT1 ln 2 Proof:
V1
Step - 1: Imagine a reversible engine R and an
Q2 = Total heat released = q3 irreversible engine-I working between the same source
[q3 = Heat absorbed and not heat released] (hot reservoir T1) and sink (cold reservoir T2).
V Step - 2: Couple two engines such that I acts like heat
RT2 ln 3
V4 engine and R acts like refrigerator.
We can see that for heat engine Step - 3: Let engine I absorb Q1 heat from the source
W Q1 Q2 deliver work W1 and release the balance Q1 W1 to the
sink in one cycle.
= Area under ABCDA
9.2 Efficiency of Carnot Engine
W Q
1 2
Q1 Q1
Now steps 2 is adiabatic and step 4 is also adiabatic
T1V2 1 T2 V31
Fig 15.19
and T1V11 T2 V4 1
Step - 4: Arrange R, such that it returns same heat Q, to
V2 V3 the source, taking Q2 from the sink and requiring work
... 21
V1 V4 W = Q1 – Q2 to be done on it.
From equation 19, 20 and 21 we get Step - 5: Suppose R I (i.e.) If R were to act as an
Q1 T1 engine it would give less work output than that of I
Q 2 T2 (i.e.) W < W1 for a given Q1 and Q1 – W > Q1 – W1
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Step - 6: In totality, the I-R system extracts heat (Q1 Heating up of the vapour due to external work
W) (Q1 W1) = W1 W and delivers same amount of done on the working substance.
work in one cycle, without any change in source or Release of heat by the vapour to the surroundings
anywhere else. This is against second Law of bringing it to the initial state and completing the
Thermodynamics. (Kelvin - Planck statement of second cycle.
law of thermodynamics) Schematic Diagram.
Hence the assertion 1 R is wrong.
Similar argument can be put up for the second
statement of Carnot theorem, (i.e) Carnot efficiency is
independent of working substance.
We use ideal gas for calculating but the relation.
Q1 T1 Fig 15.20
will always hold true for any working
Q 2 T2
First Law of Thermodynamics
substance used in a Carnot engine.
Q2 W Q1 ... 1
9.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.1 Coefficient of Performance
The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat
energy cannot transfer from a body at a lower Coefficient of Performance of refrigerator () is
temperature to a body at a higher temperature without defined as the ratio of quantity of heat removed per
the addition of energy. cycle from contents of the refrigerator (Q2) to the
There are number of ways in which this law can be energy spent per cycle (W) to remove this heat.
stated. Though all the statements are the same in their Q
contents, the following two are significant. 2 ... 2
W
Kelvin Planck Statement: No process is possible whose Using equation 1 and 2 we get
sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and
Q2
the complete conversion of the heat into work.
Q1 Q 2
Clausius Statement: No process is possible whose sole
result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a Ideally heat pumps should have =
hotter object.
Significance: 100% efficiency in heat engines or
infinite CoP in refrigerators is not possible.
10. REFRIGERATION
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12. A cubic vessel (with faces horizontal + vertical) 16. 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical vessel,
contains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being ABCDEFGH at 300 K, figure.
carried by a rocket which is moving at a speed of
B C
500 m/s in vertical direction. The pressure of the gas
inside the vessel as observed by us on the ground:
(a) remains the same because 500 m/s is very much A D
smaller than vrms of the gas
F G
(b) remains the same because motion of the vessel as
a whole does not affect the relative motion of the E
H
gas molecules and the walls
2 2 One face (EFGH) of the vessel is made up of a
vrms 500
(c) will increase by a factor equal to 2 , material which totally absorbs any gas molecule
vrms
incident on it. At any given time:
where vrms was the original root mean square
velocity of the gas (a) the pressure on EFGH would be zero
(d) will be different on the top wall and bottom wall (b) the pressure on all the faces will be equal
of the vessel (c) the pressure on EFGH would be double the
Energy of gas molecules pressure on ABCD
13. The increase in internal energy of a gas per unit mass (d) the pressure on EFGH would be half that on
per unit rise in temperature is equal to ( Cv and C p ABCD
are specific heat capacities at constant volume and
17. If C p and Cv denote the specific heats of nitrogen
pressure respectively)
(a) Cp (b) Cp + Cv per unit mass at constant pressure and constant
(c) Cp – Cv (d) Cv volume respectively, then
14. Which of the following statements is correct for any
R
thermodynamic system? (a) CP – CV 28 R (b) CP – CV
28
(a) The internal energy changes in all processes
(b) Internal energy and entropy are state functions R
(c) CP – CV (d) CP – CV R
(c) The change in entropy can never be zero 14
(d) The work done in an adiabatic process is always
18. Two monoatomic gases are at absolute temperature
zero
15. A system goes from A to B via two process I and II as 300K and 350K respectively. The ratio of average
shown in figure. If U1 and U 2 are the changes in kinetic energies of their molecules is
internal energies in the processes I and II 3.5 3
respectively, then (a) (b)
3 3.5
(c) 6 : 7 (d) 36 : 49
19. A sample of oxygen and a sample of hydrogen have
the same mass, volume and pressure. The ratio of
their absolute temperature is
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/16
(c) 4 (d) 16
(a) U 2 U1
(b) U 2 U1
(c) U1 U 2
(d) relation between U1 and U 2 cannot be
determined
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 65
20. In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with 23. An air sample consists of 78% N2 and 22% oxygen.
changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the The values of Cv for N2 and O2 is 0.2 kcal/kg/K and
path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas 0.15 kcal/kg/K. Heat required to raise the temperature
will be of 1 kg of air through 1°C is
(a) 0.350 cal (b) 0.189 cal
(c) 0.350 kcal (d) 0.189 kcal
24. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of
molecular mass M and ratio of specific heats . It is
moving with speed v and it is suddenly brought to rest
Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, its
temperature increases by
1 Mv 2
(a) Mv 2 K (b) K
2 R 2R
1 1
(c) Mv 2 K (d) Mv 2 K
2R 2 1 R
25. The difference between two principal specific heats of
nitrogen is 300 J/kg.K and ratio of the two specific
heats is 1.4. Value of Cp (in J/kg.K ) is:
(a) Positive in all cases (i) to (iv) Introduction to Thermodynamics
(b) Positive in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) 26. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on:
case (a) Pressure (b) Volume
(c) Negative in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) (c) Temperature (d) Size of the molecule
case 27. Which one of the following is not a thermodynamic
(d) Zero in all four cases co-ordinate?
21. Consider a process shown in the figure. During this (a) V (b) R
process the work done by the system (c) T (d) P
28. Which one of the following gases possesses the
largest internal energy
(a) 2moles of helium occupying 1m 3 at 300 K
(b) 56kg of nitrogen at 107 Nm 2 and 300 K
(c) 8 grams of oxygen at 8atm and 300 K
(d) 6 1026 molecules of argon occupying 40 m 3 at
(a) Continuously increases 900 K
(b) Continuously decreases 29. If the gases have initial temperature 300K and they
(c) First increases, then decreases are mixed in an adiabatic container having the same
(d) First decreases, then increases
22. Three perfect gases at absolute temperature T1, T2 and volume as the previous containers. Now the
T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules are m1, m2 temperature of the mixture is T and pressure is P.
and m3 and the number of molecules are n1, n2 and n3 Then
respectively.
Assuming no loss of energy, the final temperature of
the mixture is
n T n T n3T3 n T 2 n2T22 n3T32
(a) 1 1 2 2 (b) 1 1
n1 n2 n3 n1T1 n2T2 n3T3
(a) P PA , T 300K (b) P PB , T 300K
n 2T 2 n22T22 n32T32 T1 T2 T3
(c) 1 1 (d) (c) P PA , T 300K (d) P PA , T 300K
n1T1 n2T2 n3T3 3
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 66
30. The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic 34. A and B are two adiabatic curves for two different
Q gases. Then A and B correspond to
gas if it does a work of when a heat of Q is
4
supplied to it is
2 5
(a) R (b) R
5 2
10 6
(c) R (d) R
3 7
First Law of Thermodynamics
31. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50 N/m2 (a) Ar and He respectively (b) He and H2
from a volume of 10 m3 to a volume of 4 m3. Energy
respectively
of 100 J is then added to the gas by heating. Its
(c) O2 and H2 respectively (d) H2 and He
internal energy is:
(a) increased by 400 J (b) increased by 200 J respectively
(c) increased by 100 J (d) decreased by 200 J 35. In a given process for an ideal gas,
32. The slopes of the isothermal and adiabatic curves are dW = 0 and dQ < 0. Then for the gas,
related as: (a) temperature will decrease
(a) isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope (b) volume will increase
(c) pressure will remain constant
(b) isothermal curve slope = × adiabatic curve slope
(d) temperature will increase
(c) adiabatic curve slope = × isothermal curve slope
36. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas
(d) adiabatic curve slope = (1/2) × isothermal curve
expands from volume V1 to V2 in three different
slope
33. Consider P-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in ways. The work done by the gas is W1 if process is
figure isothermal, W2 if isobaric and W3 if adiabatic. Then,
P (a) W2 > W1 > W3 (b) W2 > W3 > W1
1 (c) W1 > W2 > W3 (d) W1 = W2 = W3
constant
P 37. At 27°C, a gas is compressed suddenly such that its
V
pressure becomes (1/8)th of its original pressure. Final
2
temperature will be ( = 5/3):
V (a) 420 K (b) 300 K
Out of the following diagrams, which represents the (c) –142°C (d) 327°C
T-P diagram? 38. In an adiabatic change, the pressure P and
T
T temperature T of a diatomic gas are related by the
2
2 relation P TC, where c is equal to:
(i) (ii) (a) 5/3 (b) 2/5
1 1 (c) 3/5 (d) 7/2
P P 39. The P-V diagram shows seven curved paths
T T (connected by vertical paths) that can be followed by
a gas. Which two of them should be parts of a closed
2 1 1 2
cycle if the net work done by the gas is to be at its
(iii) (iv) maximum value
P a
b
P P
c
(a) (iv) (b) (ii) d
(c) (iii) (d) (i) e
f
g
V
(a) ac (b) cg
(c) af (d) cd
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 67
40. Consider two containers A and B containing identical (c) zero (d) cannot say
gases at the same pressure, volume, and temperature. 45. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work
The gas in container A is compressed to half of its done by the gas in one cycle is
original volume isothermally while the gas in
container B is compressed to half of its original value
adiabatically. The ratio of final pressure of gas in B to
that of gas in A is:
1
1
(a) 2–1 (b)
2
1 2
1 1
(c) (d)
1 1
41. In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of (a) 28PV (b) 14PV
1 1 1 1
work done by the gas will be
(c) 18PV
1 1 (d) 9PV
1 1
P
46. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a
cyclic process shown in figure is
1 2
V
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) Infinity
42. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise
the temperature by 10K, when heated at constant
pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume (a) 107 J (b) 104 J
to raise the temperature by 10K, then heat required (in (c) 102 J (d) 10 3 J
joules) is (R = 8.3 J/mol.K) 47. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is
Cyclic and Non-cyclic Processes (a) zero
(b) Equal to heat given to the system
43. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as
(c) More than the heat given to system
shown in given P-V diagram
(d) Independent of heat given to the system
P
48. In a cyclic process, the internal energy of the gas
D C
2P0
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
P0 B
A (c) Remains constant (d) Becomes zero
V 49. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle
V0 3V0
The amount of work done by the gas is: PQRSP process. The net work done (in joules) on the
(a) 6P0V0 (b) –2P0V0 system is
(c) +2P0V0 (d) +4P0V0
44. Work done by the gas in the process shown in figure
is
4
3
2
1
1 2
V (a) (b)
3 3
1 1
(c) (d)
2 4
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 69
60. The shown P-V diagram represents the (b) find ideal sources
thermodynamics cycle of an engine, operating with (c) reach absolute zero temperature
an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, (d) eliminate friction
extracted from the source in a single cycle is:
67. Which statement is incorrect?
(a) all reversible cycles have same efficiency
(b) reversible cycle has more efficiency than the
irreversible one
(c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one
(d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all
cycles
1
68. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of as
10
heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work done
on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed
from the reservoir at lower temperature is
13 (a) 100 J (b) 99 J
(a) P0V0 (b) PV 0 0 (c) 90 J (d) 1 J
2
69. A Carnot engine takes 3 × 106 cal of heat from a
11 reservoir at 627°C, and gives it to a sink at 27°C. The
(c) PV 0 0 (d) 4PV0 0
2 work done by the engine is
61. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the heat (a) 4.2 × 106 J (b) 8.4 × l06 J
input into work. When the temperature of the sink is 6
(c) 16.8 × l0 J (d) zero
reduced by 62C , the efficiency of the engine is 70. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in
doubled. The temperatures of the source and sink are
succession. The first one, A receives heat form a
(a) 80C ,37C (b) 95C , 28C
source at T = 800 K and rejects to sink at T2 . The
(c) 90C ,37C (d) 99C ,37C
second engine B receives heat rejected by the first
62. A heat engine operates between a cold reservoir at engine and rejects to another sink at T3 300K . If
temperature T2 300 K and a hot reservoir at
the work outputs of two engines are equal, then the
temperature T1 . It takes 200 J of heat from hot
value of T2 is
reservoir and delivers 120 J of heat to cold reservoir
in a cycle. What could be the minimum temperature (a) 100 K (b) 300 K
of hot reservoir? (c) 550 K (d) 700 K
(a) 200K (b) 300K Refrigeration
(c) 400K (d) 500K 71. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at
63. An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 77C is to 9C . If room temperature is 36C , calculate the
have a 30% efficiency. It must take heat at coefficient of performance.
(a) 127C (b) 227C (a) 10.9 (b) 20.9
(c) 327C (d) 673C (c) 30.9 (d) 40.9
72. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot
64. A reversible heat engine coverts one-fourth of the
heat input into work. When the temperature of the refrigerator working between 30C and 0C is
sink is reduced by 52K, its efficiency is doubled. (a) 10 (b) 1
The temperature in Kelvin of the source will be (c) 9 (d) 0
……… 73. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at
65. For an ideal heat engine, the temperature of the 9C , calculate the coefficient of performance?
source is 127C . In order to have 60% efficiency the (a) 10.44 (b) 11.44
temperature of the sink should be ……… kelvin (c) 12.44 (d) 13.44
(Round off to the Nearest Integer).
Carnot Cycle 74. The coefficient of performance for a refrigerator
should be:
66. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency
because we cannot (a) Greater than 1 (b) smaller than 1
(a) prevent radiation (c) Equal to 1 (d) None of these
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 70
Questions marked with asterisk (*) are 14. A diatomic gas, having CP
7 5
R and CV R, is
2 2
deleted from JEE Main heated at constant pressure. The ratio dU : dQ : dW :
12. n moles of a perfect gas undergoes a cyclic process
[2021]
ABCA (see figure) consisting of the following
(a) 5 : 7 : 2 (b) 3: 5 : 2
processes.
(c) 5 : 7 : 3 (d) 3: 7 : 2
A → B: Isothermal expansion at temperature T so
15. Thermodynamic process is shown below on a P-V
that the volume is doubled from V1 to V2 = 2V1 and
diagram for one mole of an ideal gas. If V2 = 2V1 then
pressure changes from P1 to P2.
T
B → C: Isobaric compression at pressure P2 to initial the ratio of temperature 2 is: [2021]
volume V1. T1
C → A: Isochoric change leading to change of
pressure from P2 to P1.
Total work done in the complete cycle ABCA is:
[2021]
1
(a) (b) 2
2
1
(c) (d) 2
2
16. The volume V of an enclosure contains a mixture of
1
(a) 0 (b) nRT ln 2 three gases, 16 g of oxygen, 28 g of nitrogen and 44 g
2 of carbon dioxide at absolute temperature T. consider
1 R as universal gas constant. The pressure of the
(c) nRT ln 2 (d) nRT ln 2 mixture of gases is: [2021]
2
88RT 5 RT
13. If one mole of an ideal gas at (P1, V1) is allowed to (a) (b)
V 2 V
expand reversibly and isothermally (A to B) its
3RT 4RT
pressure is reduced to one-half of the original (c) (d)
pressure (see figure). This is followed by a constant V V
volume cooling till its pressure is reduced to one- 17*. A Carnot’s engine working between 400 K and 800 K
has a work output of 1200 J per cycle. The amount of
fourth of the initial value (B → C). Then it is restored
heat energy supplied to the engine from the source in
to Initial state by a reversible adiabatic compression each cycle is: [2021]
(C to A). The net work done by the gas is equal to (a) 3200 J (b) 1800 J
[2021] (c) 1600 J (d) 2400 J
18. Which one is the correct option for the two different
thermodynamic processes? [2021]
1 RT
(a) RT ln 2 (b)
2 1
2 1
(c) RT ln 2 (d) 0
Questions marked with asterisk (*) are 24*. A reversible heat engine converts one-fourth of the
heat input into work. When the temperature of the
deleted from JEE Main
sink is reduced by 52 K, its efficiency is doubled. The
19. The P-V diagram of a diatomic ideal gas system
temperature in Kelvin of the source will be ………
going under cyclic process is shown in figure. The
[2021]
work done during an adiabatic process CD is (use
25. A container is divided into two chambers by a
1.4) : [2021]
partition. The volume of first chamber is 4.5 litre and
second chamber is 5.5 litre. The first chamber contain
3.0 moles of gas at pressure 2.0 atm and second
chamber contain 4.0 moles of gas at pressure 3.0 atm.
After the partition is removed and the mixture attains
equilibrium, then, the common equilibrium pressure
existing in the mixture is x 101 arm.
Value of x is ……… [2021]
26. The volume V of a given mass of monoatomic gas
changes with temperature T according to the relation
2
V KT 3 . The work done when temperature changes
(a) – 400 J (b) 400 J by 90 K will be xR. The value of x is: (Assume one
(c) 200 J (d) – 500 J mole of gas only)
20. Consider a sample of oxygen behaving like an ideal [R = universal gas constant] [2021]
gas. At 300 K, the ratio of root mean square (rms) Q
27. 1 mole of rigid diatomic gas performs a work of
velocity to the average velocity of gas molecule 5
would be: when heat Q is supplied to it. The molar heat capacity
(Molecular weight of oxygen is xR
32 g/mol; R = 8.3 J K-1 mol-1) [2021] of the gas during this transformation is . The
8
3 3 value of x is:
(a) (b)
8 8 [R = universal gas constant] [2021]
8 8 28*. For an ideal heat engine, the temperature of the
(c) (d)
3 3 source is 127°C. In order to have 60% efficiency the
21. For an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas, the temperature of the sink should be ……… °C. (Round
fractional change in its pressure is equal to (where off to the Nearest Integer) [2021]
is the ratio of specific heats): [2021] 29. The relation between root mean square speed (vrms) and
1 dV V most probable speed (vp) for the molar mass M of
(a) (b)
V dV oxygen gas molecule at the temperature of 300 K will
dV dV be: (JEE Main 2022)
(c) (d)
V V 2 3
(a) vrms vp (b) vrms vp
22. An ideal gas in a cylinder is separated by a piston in 3 2
such a way that the entropy of one part is S1 and that
1
of the other part is S2. Given that S1 > S2. If the piston (c) vrms v p (d) vrms vp
is removed then the total entropy of the system will 3
be: [2021] C
(a) S1 S2 (b) S1 S2 30. The ratio of specific heats P in terms of degree of
CV
S1 freedom (f) is given by: (JEE Main 2022)
(c) S1 S2 (d)
S2
f 2
23. In a certain thermodynamical process, the pressure of (a) 1 (b) 1
3 f
a gas depends on its volume as kV3. The work done
when the temperature changes from 100°C to 300°C f 1
(c) 1 (d) 1
will be ……… nR, where n denotes number of moles 2 f
of a gas. [2021]
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 74
31. A flask contains argon and oxygen in the ratio of 3 : 2 37. Which statements are correct about degrees of
in mass and the mixture is kept at 27°C. The ratio of freedom?
their average kinetic energy per molecule respectively. (A) A molecule with n degrees of freedom has n2
(JEE Main 2022) different ways of storing energy.
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 9 : 4 1
(B) Each degree of freedom is associated with RT
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 1 2
32. According to kinetic theory of gazes. average energy per mole.
A. The motion of the gas molecules freezes at 0 C. (C) A monoatomic gas molecule has 1 rotational
B. The mean free path of gas molecules decreases if degree of freedom where as diatomic molecule has
the density of molecules is increased. 2 rotational degrees of freedom.
C. The mean free path of gas molecules increases if (D) CH4 has a total to 6 degrees of freedom
temperature is increased keeping pressure constant. Choose the correct answer from the option given
D. Average kinetic energy per molecule per degree of below: (JEE Main 2022)
3 (a) B and C only (b) B and D only
freedom is k B T (for monoatomic gases).
2 (c) A and B only (d) C and D only
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options 38. Given below are two statements :
given below: (JEE Main 2022) Statement I : The average momentum of a molecule
(a) A and C only (b) B and C only
in a sample of an ideal gas depends on temperature.
(c) A and B only (d) C and D only
33. A vessel contains 16 g of hydrogen and 128 g of Statement II : The rms speed of oxygen molecules in
oxygen at standard temperature and pressure. The a gas is v. If the temperature is doubled and the oxygen
volume of the vessel in cm3 is: (JEE Main 2022)
molecules dissociate into oxygen atoms, the rms speed
(a) 72 × 105 (b) 32 × 105
(c) 27 × 10 4
(d) 54 × 104 will become 2v. In the light of the above statements,
34. 7 mole of certain monoatomic ideal gas undergoes a choose the correct answer from the options given
temperature increase of 40K at constant pressure. The
below (JEE Main 2022)
increase in the internal energy of the gas in this process
is (Given R = 8.3 JK–1 mol–1) (JEE Main 2022) (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(a) 5810 J (b) 3486 J (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(c) 11620 J (d) 6972 J (c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
35. A gas has n degrees of freedom. The ratio of specific
heat of gas at constant volume to the specific heat of (d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
gas at constant pressure will be : (JEE Main 2022) 39. A vessel contains 14 g of nitrogen gas at a temperature
n n2 of 27°C. The amount of heat to be transferred to the
(a) (b)
n2 n gap to double the r.m.s. speed of its molecules will be :
n n
(c) (d) (Take R = 8.32 J mol-1 k-1) (JEE Main 2022)
2n 2 n2
(a) 2229 J (b) 5616 J
36. Same gas is filled in two vessels of the same volume at (c) 9360 J (d) 13,104 J
the same temperature. If the ratio of the number of 40. The root mean square speed of smoke particles of mass
molecules is 1:4, then
5 × 10–17 kg in their Brownian motion in air at NTP is
A. The r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules in two vessels
will be the same. approximately. [Given k = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1]
B. The ratio of pressure in these vessels will be 1 : 4 (JEE Main 2022)
C. The ratio of pressure will be 1 : 1 –1
(a) 60 mm s (b) 12 mm s–1
D. The r.m.s. velocity of gas molecules in two vessels
will be in the ratio of 1 : 4 (JEE Main 2022) (c) 15 mm s–1 (d) 36 mm s–1
(a) A and C only (b) B and D only
(c) A and B only (d) C and D only
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 75
Questions marked with asterisk (*) are 48. A monoatomic gas at pressure P and volume V is
suddenly compressed to one eight of its original
deleted from JEE Main volume. The final pressure at constant entropy will be:
41. Following statements are given: (JEE Main 2022)
(1) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule
(a) P (b) 8P
decreases when the temperature is reduced.
(2) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule (c) 32P (d) 64P
increases with increase in pressure at constant 49*. Read the following statements :
temperature. A. When small temperature difference between a
(3) The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule liquid and its surrounding is doubled the rate of loss
decreases with increases in volume.
of heat of the liquid becomes twice.
(4) Pressure of a gas increases with increase in
temperature at constant pressure. B. Two bodies P and Q having equal surface areas are
(5) The volume of gas decreases with increase in maintained at temperature 10°C and 20°C. The
temperature. thermal radiation emitted in a given time by P and
Choose the correct answer from the options given Q are in the ratio 1:1.15.
below: (JEE Main 2022) C. A carnot Engine working between 100 K and 400
(a) (1) and (4) only K has an efficiency of 75%
(b) (1), (2) and (4) only
D. When small temperature difference between a
(c) (2) and (4) only
(d) (1), (2) and (5) only liquid and its surrounding is quadrupled, the rate of
42. 0.056 kg of Nitrogen is enclosed in a vessel at a loss of heat of the liquid becomes twice.
temperature of 127°C. The amount of heat required to Choose the correct answer from the options given
double the speed of its molecules is _________k cal. below : (JEE Main 2022)
(JEE Main 2022) (a) A, B, C only (b) A, B only
43. The total internal energy of two mole monoatomic (c) A, C only (d) B, C, D only
ideal gas at temperature T = 300 K will be ____ J. 50*. In 1st case, Carnot engine operates between
(JEE Main 2022) temperatures 300 K and 100 K. In 2nd case, as shown
44. At a certain temperature, the degrees of freedom per in the figure, a combination of two engines is used.
molecule for gas is 8. The gas performs 150 J of work The efficiency of this combination (in 2nd case) will
when it expands under constant pressure. The amount be : (JEE Main 2022)
of heat absorbed by the gas will be …….. J.
(JEE Main 2022)
45. One mole of monatomic gas is mixed with three mole
of a diatomic gas. The molecular specific heat of
mixture at constant volume is volume is
2
RJ / molK ; then the value of α will be ______,
4
(Assume that the given diatomic gas has no vibration
mode) (JEE Main 2022)
76. A flask contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of Choose the correct answer from the options given
2 : 1 by mass at temperature 27C . The ratio of below: (JEE Main 2023)
average kinetic energy per molecule of hydrogen and (a) (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
oxygen respectively is : (JEE Main 2023) (b) (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1 (d) (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
77. The average kinetic energy of a molecule of the gas is 83. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4
(JEE Main 2023) moles of neon at temperature T. Neglecting all
(a) Proportional to absolute temperature vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the
(b) Proportional to volume system will be, (JEE Main 2023)
(c) Proportional to pressure (a) 16RT (b) 4RT
(d) Dependent on the nature of the gas (c) 11RT (d) 8RT
78. The number of air molecules per cm3 increased from 84. Three vessel of equal volume contain gases at the same
temperature and pressure. The first vessel contains
3 1019 to 12 1019 . The ratio of collision frequency
neon (monoatomic), the second contains chlorine
of air molecules before and after the increase in
(diatomic) and third contains uranium hexafloride
number respectively is: (JEE Main 2023)
(polyatomic). Arrange these on the basis of their root
(a) 1.25 (b) 0.75
(c) 0.25 (d) 0.50 mean square speed vrms and choose the correct
79. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 200 answer from the options given below:
K to 800 K. If r.m.s. speed of gas at 200 K is v0 . Then, (JEE Main 2023)
r.m.s. speed of the gas at 800 K will be: (a) vrms dia vrms poly vrms mono
(JEE Main 2023)
v0 (b) vrms mono vrms dia vrms poly
(a) (b) v0
4 (c) vrms mono vrms dia vrms poly
(c) 4v0 (d) 2v0
(d) vrms mono vrms dia vrms poly
80. The ratio of speed of sound in hydrogen gas to the
speed of sound in oxygen gas at the same temperature 85. The root mean square speed of molecules of nitrogen
is: (JEE Main 2023) gas at 27C is approximately: (Given mass of a
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 nitrogen molecule 4.6 10 26 kg and take Boltzmann
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
81. The temperature at which the kinetic energy of oxygen constant k B 1.4 10 23 JK 1 ) (JEE Main 2023)
molecules becomes double than its value at 27C is (a) 91 m / s (b) 1260 m / s
(JEE Main 2023) (c) 523 m / s (d) 27.4 m / s
(a) 1227C (b) 927C
86. If the r.m.s speed of chlorine molecule is 490 m / s at
(c) 627C (d) 327C
82. Match List I with List II: 27C , the r.m.s speed of argon molecules at the same
List I List II temperature will be (Atomic mass of argon 39.9 u ,
molecular mass of chlorine 70.9 u )
(A) 3 Translational (I) Monoatomic gases (JEE Main 2023)
degrees of freedom
(a) 451.7 m / s (b) 651.7 m / s
(B) 3 Translational, 2 (II) Polyatomic gases (c) 551.7 m / s (d) 751.7 m / s
rotational degrees of 87. A flask contains Hydrogen and Argon in the ratio 2:1
freedoms by mass. The temperature of the mixture is 30C . The
(C) 3 Translational, 2 (III) Rigid diatomic gases ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule of the two
rotational and 1 gases (K argon/K hydrogen) is:
vibrational degrees of (Given: Atomic Weight of Ar = 39.9)
freedom (JEE Main 2023)
(D) 3 Translational, 3 (IV) Nonrigid diatomic 39.9
(a) (b) 1
rotational and more than gases 2
one vibrational degrees (c) 2 (d) 39.9
of freedom
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 79
Questions marked with asterisk (*) are volume. The ratio of final pressure of gas in B to that
of gas in A is (JEE Main 2023)
deleted from JEE Main 1
(a) (b) 8
103. For three low density gases A, B, C pressure versus 8
temperature graphs are plotted while keeping them at 3
constant volume, as shown in the figure. (c) 4 (d) 8 2
(JEE Main 2023) 109. A gas is compressed adiabatically, which one of the
following statement is NOT true. (JEE Main 2023)
(a) The change in the internal energy is equal to the
work done on the gas.
(b) There is no heat supplied to the system
(c) The temperature of the gas increases.
(d) There is no change in the internal energy
The temperature corresponding to the point 'K' is:
(a) –273°C (b) –100°C 110. The Thermodynamic process, in which internal energy
(c) –373°C (d) 40°C of the system remains constant is (JEE Main 2023)
104. A source supplies heat to a system at the rate of 1000 (a) Isothermal (b) Isochoric
W. If the system performs work at a rate of 200 W. (c) Adiabatic (d) Isobaric
The rate at which internal energy of the system 111*. An engine operating between the boiling and freezing
increases is (JEE Main 2023) points of water will have
(a) 600 W (b) 1200 W A. efficiency more than 27%.
(c) 500 W (d) 800 W B. efficiency less than the efficiency of a Carnot
105. Given below are two statements: engine operating between the same two temperatures.
Statement I: If heat is added to a system, its C. efficiency equal to 27%
temperature must increase. D. efficiency less than 27% (JEE Main 2023)
Statement II: If positive work is done by a system in a (a) B, C and D only (b) B and D only
thermodynamic process, its volume must increase. (c) A and B only (d) B and C only
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct 112. A thermodynamic system is taken through cyclic
answer from the options given below process. The total work done in the process is:
(JEE Main 2023) (JEE Main 2023)
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(b) Statement I is true but Statement II are false
(c) Statement I is false but Statement II are true
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
106. An air bubble of volume 1 cm3 rises from the bottom
of a lake 40 m deep to the surface at a temperature of
12°C. The atmospheric pressure is 1×105 Pa, the
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and g = 10 m/s2 . There (a) Zero (b) 300 J
is no difference of the temperature of water at the (c) 100 J (d) 200 J
depth of 40 m and on the surface. The volume of air 113. Under isothermal condition, the pressure of a gas is
bubble when it reaches the surface will be: given by P = aV-3 , where a is a constant and V is the
(JEE Main 2023) volume of the gas. The bulk modulus at constant
(a) 3 cm3 (b) 4 cm3 temperature is equal to (JEE Main 2023)
3
(c) 2 cm (d) 5 cm3 (a) 3P (b) P
107*. Work done by a Carnot engine operating between P
temperatures 127°C and 27°C is 2kJ. The amount of (c) (d) 2P
2
heat transferred to the engine by the reservoir is:
114. The initial pressure and volume of an ideal gas are PO
(JEE Main 2023)
and VO. The final pressure of the gas when the gas is
(a) 4 k J (b) 8 kJ
(c) 2.67 kJ (d) 2 kJ V
suddenly compressed to volume o will be:
108. Consider two containers A and B containing 4
monoatomic gases at the same Pressure (P), Volume (Given ratio of specific heats at constant pressure
(V) and Temperature (T). The gas in A is compressed and at constant volume) (JEE Main 2023)
1 1
isothermally to
8
of its original volume while the gas (a) Po 4 (b) 4 Po
in B is compressed adiabatically to
1
of its original (c) Po 4 (d) Po
8
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 82
12. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T1, is 17. The temperature of a hypothetical gas increases to
enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. 2 times when compressed adiabatically to half the
The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a volume. Its equation can be written as
temperature. T2 by releasing the piston suddenly. If L1 (a) PV3/2 = constant (b) PV5/2 = constant
and L2 are the lengths of the gas column before and (c) PV7/3 = constant (d) PV4/3 = constant
after expansion respectively, then T1/T2 is given by 18. When an ideal gas ( = 5/3) is heated under constant
2/3
L L1 pressure, then what percentage of given heat energy
(a) 1 (b)
L2 L2 will be utilised in doing external work
2/3
(a) 40 % (b) 30 %
L L (c) 60 % (d) 20 %
(c) 2 (d) 2
L1 L1 19. The shown P–V diagram represents the
13. A mono atomic gas is supplied the heat Q very slowly thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with an
keeping the pressure constant. The work done by the ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, extracted
gas will be from the source in a single cycle is:
2 3
(a) Q (b) Q
3 5
2 1
(c) Q (d) Q
5 5
14. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V1
to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure
is P3. The total work done is W. Then
(a) P3 > P1, W > 0 (b) P3 < P1, W < 0 13
(a) P0V0 (b) PV
(c) P3 > P1, W < 0 (d) P3 = P1, W = 0 2
0 0
22. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are 25. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A B C
placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of A, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied
nitrogen at temperature T0, while Box B contains one to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas
mole of helium at temperature (7/3) T0. The boxes are in the process C A is
then put into thermal contact with each other and heat
flows between them until the gases reach a common
final temperature. (Ignore the heat capacity of boxes).
Then, the final temperature of the gases, Tf, in terms
of T0 is
5 3
(a) T f T0 (b) T f T0
2 7 (a) – 5 J (b) – 10 J
7 3 (c) – 15 J (d) – 20 J
(c) T f T0 (d) T f T0 26. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work
3 2
done by the gas in one cycle is
23. An ideal gas of mass m in a state A goes to another
state B via three different processes as shown in
figure. If Q1, Q2 and Q3 denote the heat absorbed by
the gas along the three paths, then
P A
3
2
1
28. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic 32. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in
process ABC as shown in figure. The process BC is succession. The first one, A receives heat from a
adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are 400 K, source at T = 800 K and rejects to sink at T2. The
800 K and 600 K respectively. Choose the correct second engine B receives heat rejected by the first
statement: engine and rejects to another sink at T3 = 300 K. If
the work outputs of two engines are equal, then the
value of T2 is
(a) 100 K (b) 300 K
(c) 550 K (d) 700 K
33. A reversible engine converts one-sixth of the heat
input into work. When the temperature of the sink is
reduced by 62°C, the efficiency of the engine is
(a) The change in internal energy in the process CA is doubled. The temperatures of the source and sink are
700 R.
(b) The changes in internal energy in the process AB (a) 80°C, 37°C (b) 95°C, 28°C
is –350 R. (c) 90°C, 37°C (d) 99°C, 37°C
(c) The change in internal energy in the process BC is 34. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a cylinder by
–500 R. a spring-loaded piston of cross section 8.0 × 10–3m2.
(d) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic Initially the gas is at 300 K and occupies a volume of
process is 250 R. 2.4× 10–3 m3 and the spring is in its relaxed state as
29. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process shown in figure. The gas is heated by a small heater
ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the until the piston moves out slowly by 0.1 m. The force
system is constant of the spring is 8000 N/m and the
P
C B atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 N/m2. The cylinder
3P0
and the piston are thermally insulated. The piston and
2P0 O the spring are massless and there is no friction
between the piston and the cylinder. The final
P0 temperature of the gas will be:
A D
V
(Neglect the heat loss through the lead wires of the
V0 2V0 heater. The heat capacity of the heater coil is also
(a) P0V0 (b) 2P0V0 negligible)
PV
(c) 0 0 (d) Zero
2
30. Two samples A and B of same gas have equal
volumes and pressures. The gas in sample A is
expanded isothermally to double its volume and the (a) 500 K (b) 300 K
gas in sample B is expanded to double its volume (c) 800 K (d) 1000 K
adiabatically. If work done by the gas is same in two 35. When a system is taken from state i to state f along
the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal and W = 20
processes, then value of for the gas is best given by
cal. Along the path ibf, Q = 36 cal. W along the path
ibf is
(a) 1 – 2– = (– 1) ln 2
(b) 1 – 2–( – 1) = ( – 1) ln 2
(c) 1 – 2–( – 1) = 2 ( – 1) ln 2
(d) None of these
31. If CV for an ideal gas is given by CV = 3 + 2T, where
T is the absolute temperature of gas, then the equation
of adiabatic process for this gas is
(a) VT2 = constant (b) VT2e2T = constant (a) 14 cal (b) 6 cal
(c) VT3e–2T = constant (d) VT3e2T = constant (c) 16 cal (d) 66 cal
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 86
36. A Carnot engine absorbs 1000 J of heat energy from a 42. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the adjoining
reservoir at 127oC and rejects 600 J of heat energy figure for a given amount of gas. The curves which
during each cycle. The efficiency of engine and represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
temperature of sink will be:
(a) 50% and – 20oC (b) 40% and – 33oC
o
(c) 70% and – 10 C (d) 20% and – 43oC
37. Equal masses of three liquids A, B and C have
temperatures 10°C, 25°C and 40°C respectively. If A
and B are mixed, the mixture has a temperature of
15°C. If B and C are mixed, the mixture has a (a) C and D respectively (b) D and C respectively
temperature of 30°C. If A and C are mixed, the (c) A and B respectively (d) B and A respectively
mixture will have a temperature of:
Objective Questions II
(a) 16°C (b) 20°C
[One or more than one correct option]
(c) 25°C (d) 29°C
38. The temperatures of equal masses of three different 43. During an experiment, an ideal gas is found to obey a
liquids A, B and C are 12°C, 19°C and 28°C P2
condition = constant [ = density of the gas].
respectively. The temperature when A and B are
mixed is 16°C, and when B and C are mixed, it is The gas is initially at temperature T, pressure P and
23°C. What will be the temperature when A and C density . The gas expands such that density
are mixed ?
changes to /2
(a) 15.6 °C (b) 23.2 °C
(c) 20.3 °C (d) 25.8 °C (a) The pressure of the gas changes to 2P
39. An ideal gas at 27°C is compressed adiabatically to (b) The temperature of the gas changes to 2T
8 (c) The graph of the above process on the P-T
of its original volume. The rise in temperature is
27 diagram is parabola
5 (d) The graph of the above process on the P-T
diagram is hyperbola
3
(a) 475° C (b) 402° C 44. Pick the correct statement (s)
(c) 275° C (d) 375° C (a) The rms translational speed for all ideal-gas
40. A mass of diatomic gas ( = 1.4) at a pressure of molecules at the same temperature is not the same
2 atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its but it depends on the mass
temperature rises from 27°C to 927°C. The pressure (b) Each particle in gas has average translational
of the gas in the final state is: 1 2 3
(a) 256 atm (b) 8 atm kinetic energy and the equation mvrms kT
2 2
(c) 28 atm (d) 68.7 atm establishes the relationship between the average
41. In the following P-V diagram two adiabatics cut two translational kinetic energy per particle and
isothermals at temperatures T1 and T2 (fig.). The
temperature of an ideal gas. It can be concluded
V that single particle has a temperature.
value of a will be
Vd (c) Temperature of an ideal gas is doubled from
100°C to 200°C. The average kinetic energy of
each particle is also doubled.
(d) It is possible for both the pressure and volume of a
monoatomic ideal gas to change simultaneously
without causing the internal energy of the gas to
change.
Vb Vc
(a) (b)
Vc Vb
Vd
(c) V (d) VbVc
a
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 87
45. For the P–V diagram shown, for path 1 2 3, 100 (d) For the change described, the temperature of the
J of heat is given to the system and 40 J of work is gas decreases by 2 K.
done by the system. For path 1 4 3, the work 48. A monoatomic ideal gas having an initial volume of
done by system is 10 J. Then 0.1 m3 and a pressure of 106 N/m2 absorbs 6 × 104 J
of heat. For this situation mark out the correct
statement(s).
(a) The change in internal energy if process is isobaric
is 3.6 × 104 J.
(b) The change in internal energy if process is isobaric
is 6 × 104 J.
(c) The change in internal energy if process is
(a) U3 – U1 = 60 J isochoric is 6 × 104 J.
(d) The change in internal energy if process is
(b) For 3 1 the heat is rejected and equal to 85 J
isothermal is 6 × 104 J.
(c) For 1 4 the work done by system is 10 J
49. In the figure shown, a horizontal cylindrical tube
(d) For 1 4 the heat given to system is 20 J
connected to the vertical wall of a chamber of volume
46. In a certain process, final volume of the gas is equal
V, contains V0 volume of air at atmospheric pressure
to its initial volume. Then for this process
(a) work done by the gas may be equal to zero P0 and temperature T0 by means of a movable piston
(b) work done by the gas is zero A and a valve B. In the beginning valve is closed and
(c) change in internal energy of the gas may be equal the chamber is evacuated. The valve gets opened and
to zero air starts leaking into the chamber very slowly. The
(d) ratio of final to initial pressure is equal to ratio of
volume V V0 . Take the molar heat capacity of air
final to initial temperature
5
47. 1 mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a at constant volume equals R, where R is universal
2
cylinder fitted with a piston as shown in the figure.
gas constant. When air occupies the total volume of
Take mass of the piston as 0.5 kg, spring constant,
the chamber, (All walls and piston are made up of
k = 100 N/m, atmospheric pressure p0 = 105 N/m2, insulating material):
and the cross–section area of piston, A = 50 cm2. If
energy of 50 J has been supplied to the system, then
piston moves up by 5 cm [Take g = 10 m/s2]. Initially
the spring is in its natural position. Mark out the
correct statement(s).
50. A monoatomic gas undergoes a cyclic process as 55. Determine efficiency of Carnot cycle if in adiabatic
shown in the figure. The ideal gas follows the expansion volume 3 times of initial value and (Given;
equation T = bV2 for the process B → C. During the 1
cycle; the ratio of maximum to minimum pressure is
1.5, 0.58 )
3
2 and heat supplied to the gas in B → C is QB → C = 56. For a refrigerator, heat absorbed from source is 800 J
120 J. Assuming usual meanings for the symbols, and heat supplied to sink is 600 J then find
pick correct option(s) coefficient of performance is:
57. A Carnot engine works between 27ºC and 127ºC.
Heat supplied by the source is 500 J. Then heat
ejected (in joules) to the sink is:
58. In an isobaric process, the work done by a di-atomic
gas is 10J, the heat given (in joules) to the gas will
be:
59. A sample of 0.1 g of water at 1000C and normal
TA pressure (1.0 105 Nm-2 ) requires 54 cal of heat
(a) PA = PC (b) 2
TB energy to convert to steam at 1000C. If the volume of
TC the steam produced is 168 cc, the change in internal
(c) 2 (d) QC → A → B = –130J
TB energy (in joules) of the sample, is: (Given; 1cal = 4.2
51. The internal energy U of an ideal gas depends on joules)
pressure P and Volume V of the gas according to 60. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a cyclic
equation U = 3PV, which of the following conclusion process ABC as shown in figure. The process BC is
can you make regarding the gas? adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B and C are 400 K,
(a) The gas is not a monatomic gas 800K and 600 K respectively. The magnitude of
(b) The gas can be a diatomic gas change in internal energy in the process BC is nR
(c) The gas can be a triatomic gas joules Where R is gas constant. Find the value of n.
(d) Molar specific heat of the gas in an isobaric
process is 4R
Numerical Value Type Questions
52. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain
equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The
piston of A is free to move, while that of B held fixed.
The same amount of heat is given to the gas in each
cylinder. Determine the greatest integral value of the Assertion & Reason
ratio of change in temperature of B to the change in For the following question choose the correct answer
temperature of A. from the codes (A), (B), (C) and (D) defined as follows.
53. On mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken through (A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is also true;
a thermodynamic process shown in the p–V diagram. Statement-II is a correct explanation of Statement- I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is also true;
The heat supplied to the system in this process is
Statement-II is not a correct explanation of
k ( 10) p0V0 . Determine the value of k. Statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
61. Statement-1: The internal energy of a given sample
of an ideal gas depends only its temperature
according to kinetic theory of gases.
Statement-2: The ideal gas molecules do not exert
54. If sink and source temperature of a refrigerator are inter-molecular forces.
7ºC and 847ºC respectively. Then efficiency of the (a) A (b) B
refrigerator is: (c) C (d) D
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 89
62. Statement-1: Internal energy change is zero if the Match the Columns
temperature is constant, irrespective of the process 68.Match the quantities given in column-I with column-II
being cyclic or non-cyclic.
Statement-2: dU = n CvdT for all process and is Column-I Column-II
(A) Adiabatic bulk modulus (p) – P/V
independent of path.
(B) Slope of P-V graph in (q) 2/(–1)
(a) A (b) B
isothermal process
(c) C (d) D
(C) Degree of freedom (r) P
63. Statement-1: A quasi-static process is so called
because it is a sudden and large change of the system. (D) The ratio of molar heat (s)
Statement-2: An adiabatic process is not quasi-static capacity at constant 1
because it is a sudden and large change of the system. pressure to universal gas
(a) A (b) B constant R
(c) C (d) D 69. Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the
following diagram.
64. Statement-1: When an ideal gas is taken from a
given thermodynamics state A to another given
thermodynamic state B by any polytropic process, the
change in the internal energy of the system will be the
same in all processes.
Statement-2: Internal energy of the gas depends only
upon its absolute temperature.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D Match the following:
65. Statement-1: Work done by a gas in isothermal Column-I Column -II
expansion is more than the work done by the gas in
P Process I a. Adiabatic
the same expansion adiabatically.
Statement-2: Temperature remains constant in Q Process II b. Isobaric
isothermal expansion but not in adiabatic expansion. R. Process III c. Isochoric
(a) A (b) B S. Process IV d. Isothermal
(c) C (d) D 70. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along
66. Statement-1: In an isothermal process whole of the two cyclic processes E F G E and E
heat energy supplied to the body is converted into F H E as shown in the P–V diagram. The
internal energy. process involved are purely isochoric, isobaric,
Statement-2: According to the first law of isothermal or adiabatic
thermodynamics Q = U + PV
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
67. Statement-1: In an adiabatic process, change in
internal energy of a gas is equal to work done on or
by the gas in the process.
Statement-2: Temperature of gas remains constant in Match the paths in List I with the magnitudes of the
work done in List II and select the correct answer
a adiabatic process.
using the codes given below the lists.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D List I List II
P. G E 1. 160 PV
0 0 ln 2
Q. G H 2. 36PV
0 0
R. F H 3. 24PV
0 0
S. F G 4. 31P0V0
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 90
Paragraph Type Questions 72. Identify the gas filled in the container A and B
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(a) - 5 J (b) - 10 J
(c) - 15 J (d) - 20 J
6. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume V1
to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure
is P3. The total work done is W. Then (2004)
(a) P3 > P1, W > 0 (b) P3 < P1, W < 0
(c) P3 > P1, W < 0 (d) P3 = P1, W = 0
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 92
7. Statement-1: The total translational kinetic energy of 10. The buoyancy force acting on the gas bubble is
all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is (Assume R is the universal gas constant) (2008)
1.5 times the product of its pressure and its volume.
( p0 gH ) 2/ 5
Statement-2: The molecules of a gas collide with (a) nRg T0
( p0 gy ) 2/ 5
each other and the velocities of the molecules change
due to the collision. (2007) nRgT0
(b)
(a) Statements-1 and 2 are true and statement-2 is a ( p0 gH ) [ p0 g ( H y )]3/5
2/5
13. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A undergoes a 19. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along
cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. Its two cyclic processes E F G E and E F
pressure at A is p0. H E as shown in the p–V diagram.
Choose the correct option(s) from the following The process involved are purely isochoric, isobaric,
(2010) isothermal or adiabatic.
Use the following passage, solve Q. 20 to Q. 21 23. An ideal monoatomic gas is confined in a horizontal
cylinder by a spring loaded piston (as shown in the
In the figure a container is shown to have a movable
figure). Initially the gas is at temperature T1, pressure
(without friction) piston on top. The container and the piston
P1 and volume V1 and the spring is in its relaxed state.
are all made of perfectly insulating material allowing no heat
The gas is then heated very slowly to temperature T2,
transfer between outside and inside the container. The
pressure P2 and volume V2. During this process the
container is divided into two compartments by a rigid
piston moves out by a distance x. Ignoring the friction
partition made of a thermally conducting material that
between the piston and the cylinder, the correct
allows slow transfer of heat. The lower compartment of the
statement(s) is (are) (2015)
container is filled with 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas
at 700 K and the upper compartment is filled with 2 moles of
an ideal diatomic gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole
3 5
of an ideal monoatomic gas are CV R , CP R , and
2 2
5 7 (a) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy stored in
those for an ideal diatomic gas are CV R , CP R .
2 2 1
the spring is P 1V 1
4
(b) If V2 = 2V1 and T2 = 3T1, then the energy in
internal energy is 3P1V1
(c) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the work done by
7
the gas is P1V1
3
20. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it
(d) If V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 4T1, then the heat supplied to
does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
final temperature of the gases will be (2014) 17
the gas is P 1V 1
(a) 550 K (b) 525 K 6
(c) 513 K (d) 490 K 24. Heat given to process is positive, match the following
21. Now consider the partition to be free to move without option of column I with the corresponding option of
friction so that the pressure of gases in both column II. (2015)
compartments is the same. Then total work done by
the gases till the time they achieve equilibrium will be
(2014)
(a) 250 R (b) 200 R
(c) 100 R (d) –100 R
22. A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state
i with internal energy Ui=100 J to the final state f
along two different paths iaf and ibf, as schematically
shown in the figure. The work done by the system
along the paths af, ib and bf are Waf =200 J, Wib=50J Column-I Column-II
and Wbf=100 J respectively. The heat supplied to the (a) JK (p) W > 0
(b) KL (q) Q < 0
system along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf, Qib and
(c) LM (r) W < 0
Qbf respectively. If the internal energy of the system (d) MJ (s) Q > 0
in the state b is Ub=200 J and Qiaf= 500 J, the ratio
Qbf/Qib is (2014)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 95
25. Column-I contains a list of processes involving 26. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through a
expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column-II cycle ABCDA as shown in the p–V diagram.
describing the thermodynamic charge during this Column- II gives the characteristics involved in the
process. Indicate your answer by darkening the cycle. Match them with each of the processes given in
appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4 matrix given in the Column-I. (2015)
ORS. (2015)
Column-I Column-II
(a) An insulated container two (p) The
chambers separated by a temperature
valve. Chamber I contains of the gas
an ideal gas and the decreases
Chamber II has vacuum.
Column-I Column-II
The valve is opened.
(a) Process A B (p) Internal energy decreases
(b) Process B C (q) Internal energy increases
(c) Process C D (r) Heat is lost
(d) Process D A (s) Heat is gained
(b) An ideal monoatomic gas (q) The (t) Work is done on the gas
expands to twice its original temperature
gas increases or volume of the gas 27. A gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable
such that its pressure increases frictionless piston. Its initial thermodynamic state at
pressure Pi = 105 Pa and volume Vi = 10-3 m3 changes
1
remains constants. p , to a final state at Pf = (1/32) × 105 Pa and Vf = 8 × 10-
V2 3
m3 in an adiabatic quasi-static process, such that
where V is the volume of 3 5
P V = constant. Consider another thermodynamic
the gas
process that brings the system from the same initial
(c) An ideal monoatomic gas (r) The gas
state to the same final state in two steps: an isobaric
expands to twice its original loses heat
expansion at Pi followed by an isochoric
volume such that its
(isovolumetric) process at volume Vf. The amount of
1 heat supplied to the system in the two-step process is
pressure p , where
V 4/3 approximately (2016)
V is its volume. (a) 112 J (b) 294 J
(d) An ideal monoatomic gas (s) The gas (c) 588 J (d) 813 J
expands such that its gains heat 28. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes an
pressure p and volume V adiabatic expansion in which its volume becomes
follows the behaviour eight times its initial value. If the initial temperature
shown in the graph. of the gas is 100 K and the universal gas constant R =
8.0 J mol-1 K-1, the decrease in its internal energy, in
Joule, is (2018)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 96
29. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas goes through a 31. In a thermodynamic process on an ideal monoatomic
thermodynamic cycle, as shown in the volume versus gas, the infinitesimal heat absorbed by the gas is
temperature (V-T) diagram. The correct statement(s) given by TdX, where T is temperature of the system
is/are: [R is the gas constant] (2019) and dX is the infinitesimal change in a
thermodynamic quantity X of the system. For a mole
3 T V
of monatomic ideal gas X Rn Rn .
2 TA VA
Here, R is gas constant, V is volume of gas. TA and
VA are constants. The List-I below gives some
quantities involved in a process and List-II gives
some possible values of these quantities. (2019)
List-I List-II
(I) Work done by the system (P) 1
in process 1 2 3 RT0 n2
3
(a) Work done in thisthermodynamic cycle (II) Change in internal (Q) 1
1 energy in process RT
(1 2 3 4 1) is | W | RT0 3
2 123
(b) The ratio of heat transfer during possesses (III) Heat absorbed by the (R) RT0
Q12 5 system in process
1 2 and 2 3 is 123
Q23 3
(IV) Heat absorbed by the (S) 4
(c) The above thermodynamic cycle exhibits only RT0
system in process 1 2 3
isochoric and adiabatic processes.
(d) The ratio of heat transfer during processes (T) 1
RT0 3| n2
Q12 1 3
1 2 and 3 4 is
Q34 2 (U) 5
RT0
30. A mixture of ideal gas containing 5 moles of 6
monatomic gas and 1 mole of rigid diatomic gas is If the procession one mole of monatomic ideal gas is
initially at pressure P0, volume V0 and temperature T0. as shown in the TV-diagram with P0V0 = RT0, the
If the gas mixture is adiabatically compressed to a correct match is,
volume V0/4, then the correct statement(s)/are,
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 3
3
(a) RT (b) 3 RT 35. A thermally insulating cylinder has a thermally
2
insulating and friction less movable partition in the
5 9
(c) RT (d) RT middle, as shown in the figure below. On each side
2 2
33. An ideal gas undergoes a four-step cycle as shown in of the partition, there is one mole of an ideal gas,
the P − V diagram below. During this cycle, heat is with specific heat at constant volume, CV 2R.
absorbed by the gas in (2021) Here, R is the gas constant. Initially, each side has a
volume V0 and temperature T0 . The left side has an
electric heater, which is turned on at very low power
to transfer heat Q to the gas on the left side. As a
result, the partition moves slowly towards the right
reducing the right-side volume to V0 / 2.
(a) steps 1 and 2 (b) steps 1 and 3 Consequently, the gas temperatures on the left and
(c) steps 1 and 4 (d) steps 2 and 4 the right sides become TL and TR , respectively.
34. A thermally insulating cylinder has a thermally Ignore the changes in the temperatures of the
insulating and frictionless movable partition in the cylinder, heater and the partition.
middle, as shown in the figure below. On each side of (2021)
the partition, there is one mole of an ideal gas, with
specific heat at constant volume, CV 2R. Here, R is
temperatures on the left and the right sides become (c) (5 2 1) (d) (5 2 1)
TL and TR , respectively. Ignore the changes in the
temperatures of the cylinder, heater and the partition.
(2021)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 98
36. An ideal gas of density 0.2 kg m 3 enters a is compressed adiabatically from volume kJ
chimney of height h at the rate of 0.8 kg s 1 1
V m3 and pressure 2 kPa to volume
3
from its lower end, and escapes through the upper end
as shown in the figure. The cross-sectional area of the V
lower end is A1 0.1 m 2 and the upper end is 8
(IV) Three moles of a diatomic ideal gas (S) 5
A2 0.4 m 2 . The pressure and the temperature of the
whose molecules can vibrate, is given 9 kJ
gas at the lower end are 600 and 300 , kJ of heat and undergoes isobaric
respectively, while its temperature at the upper end is expansion.
150 . The chimney is heat insulated so that the gas (T) 3
undergoes adiabatic expansion. Take g 10 ms 2 and kJ
the ratio of specific heats of the gas 2 . Ignore
atmospheric pressure. (2022) Which of the following options is correct?
(a) I → T, II → R, III → S, IV → Q
(b) I → S, II → P, III → T, IV → P
(c) I → P, II → R, III → T, IV → Q
(d) I → Q, II → R, III → S, IV → T
5
38. In the given P-V diagram a monoatomic gas
3
is first compressed adiabatically from state A state B.
Then it expands isothermally from state B to state C.
0.6
1
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? [Given : 0.5ln 2 07 ] (2022)
3
(a) The pressure of the gas at the upper end of the
chimney is 300 .
(b) The velocity of the gas at the lower end of the
chimney is 40 s-1 and at the upper end is 20 s-1.
(c) The height of the chimney is 590 .
(d) The density of the gas at the upper end is 0.05
m-3.
37. List I describes thermodynamic processes in four
different systems. List II gives the magnitudes (either
exactly or as a close approximation) of possible
changes in the internal energy of the system due to Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
the process. (2022) (a) The magnitude of the total work done in the
process A → B → C is 144 kJ.
List I List II (b) The magnitude of the work done in the process B
(I) 10-3 kg of water at 100° is converted (P) 2 → C is 84 kJ.
to steam at the same temperature, at a kJ (c) The magnitude of the work done in the process A
pressure of 105 . The volume of the → B is 60 kJ.
system changes from 10-6 m3 in the (d) The magnitude of the work done in the process C
process. Latent heat of water = 2250 → A is zero.
kJ/kg.
(II) 0.2 moles of a rigid diatomic ideal (Q) 7kJ
gas with volume V at temperature 500 K
undergoes an isobaric expansion to
-1 -
volume 3 V. Assume = 8.0 K
1
.
(III) One mole of a monatomic ideal gas (R) 4
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 99
39. One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically from 42. One mole of an ideal gas undergo two different cyclic
an initial state TA , V0 to final state T ,5V .
f 0
process I and II, as shown in the P-V diagrams below.
In cycle I, processes a , b, c and d are isobaric,
Another mole of the same gas expands isothermally
isothermal, isobaric and isochoric, respectively. In
from a different initial state TB ,V0 , to the same
cycle II, processes a , b, c ’and d are isothermal,
final state T f ,5V0 . The ratio of the specific heat at isochoric, isobaric and isochoric, respectively. The
constant pressure and constant volume of this ideal total work done during cycle I is WI and that during
T WI
gas is . What is the ratio A ? (2023) cycle II is WII . The ratio is _____. (2022)
TB WII
(a) 5 1 (b) 51
(c) 5 (d) 51
40. A closed container contains a homogeneous mixture
5
of two moles of an ideal monatomic gas and
3
7
one mole of an ideal diatomic gas . Here
5
is the ratio of the specific heats at constant pressure
and constant volume of an ideal gas. The gas mixture
does a work of 66 Joule when heated at constant
pressure. The change in its internal energy is _____
Joule. (2022)
41. An ideal gas is in thermodynamic equilibrium. The
number of degrees of freedom of a molecule of the
gas in n . The internal energy of one mole of the gas
is U n and the speed of sound in the gas is vn . At a
fixed temperature and pressure, which of the
following is the correct option? (2022)
(a) v3 v6 and U 3 U 6
(b) v5 v3 and U 3 U 5
(c) v5 v7 and U 5 U 7
(d) v6 v7 and U 6 U 7
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS 100
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
Answer Key
CHAPTER -14 THERMAL PHYSICS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2:
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
DIRECTION TO USE -
DIRECTION TO USE -
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9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (90.00)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 13. (16.00) 14. (6.2) 15. (42.00) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (3.00) 20. (1.50) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (8.00) 22. (1.00) 23. 5.00 24. (a) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (12.00) 24. (28.00)
25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (b) 25. (60.00) 26. (300.00) 27. (40.00)
29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (8.00)
33. (885.00) 34. (1.00) 35. (9.00)
36. (270.00) 37. (5.8)
38. (20.26) 39. (0.5) 40. (40.00) 41. (6.00)
42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (b)
46. (c) 47. (212.50) 48. (60.00) 49. (2.00)
50. (2.00) 51. (3.00) 52. (4.00) 53. (c)
54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (c)
58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (b) 61. (b)
62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (c)
66. (b) 67. (d) 68. (a) 69. (d)
70. (b) 71. (c) 72. (d) 73. (2.00)
74. (25.00) 75. (28.00) 76. (5.00) 77. (2.00)
78. (6.00) 79. (0.92)
ANSWER KEY 102
EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Answer Key
CHAPTER - 15 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES & THERMODYNAMICS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS