Solid Liquid Gas

Attraction forces Strong Strong but weaker Very weak

than weaker than
solid

Arrangement closely and regularly closely and far apart and

packed together irregularly packed irregularly packed
together together

Movement vibrate at fixed point move and roll over move freely at an
doesn’t move each other irregularly patterns

Energy 1. Kinetic energy

- Higher energy when higher speed
- Random and constant motion

2. Potential energy
- Attraction forces weakened

Solid - gas Solid - Liquid

-> melting

Liquid - Gas
-> boiling

Solid - Gas
-> sublimation

Gas - Lquid
-> condensation

Liquid - Solid
-> freezing

Gas - solid
-> deposition

Endothermic -> Energy is absorbed

Exothermic -> Energy is given out

Sublimation Dry ice - Carbon Dioxide / Iodine /Fluorine (s -> g)

(solid - gas)
I (s) -> I (g)
Drey grey solid -> Purple gas

Why particles absorb energy from surrounding when melting and boiling?

During xxxxx, particles gain energy for overcoming the attraction forces between
them and become more widely spread

Why particles release energy from surrounding when condensation and freezing ?

During xxxxx, particles lose energy when attraction forces between them becomes
stronger, bring them closer together

PHYSICAL STATE state not equal to properties

Room temperature (25 degree)

Solid Room temp < m.p

Liquid m.p < room temp < b.p

Gas Room temp > b.p

Brownian movement It is the random motion of particles in a gas or liquid

(Liquid)

Colour: Dark Reddish The gas particles move in zig zag path as they collide with
Brown - Lquid the (xxx particles) in all directions

Colour: Brown - Gas Water particles - liquid

(vapour) Air particles - gas

Diffusion Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a fluid from a

region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration

Particles may diffuse from higher region of

concentration to low region of concentration down to
the concentration gradients

Lighter particles diffuse faster than heavier ones

Diffusion is faster at high temperatures

Diffusion is slower in liquids than in gases

- Liquid is much closer to each other therefore less
space to move without colliding with one another

When liquid heated, it When (temperature) increases, the particles gain kinetic
becomes gas energy and moves faster

Why and describe it?

Dissolution

Solvent 水 It is a liquid that dissolves a solute

Solute 糖 It is a substance that is dissolved in a solvent

Solution 糖水 It is the liquid formed from dissolving a solute in a solvent

Saturated solution It is a solution containing the maximum amount of dissolved

solute at a given temperature

Solubility Solubility is the mass of solute which must be dissolve in

100g of solvent at that temperature to form a saturated solution

Solubility
(g/100)
mass of dissolved solute
——————————— x 100 (
mass of solvent 水
❌%)
xxx g per 100g of
water Solvent: (saturated solution - solute)

Crystallisation It is when a hot saturated solution of it is cooled down,less

solid can be dissolved

Why neon and argon do not compounds ?

Neon and Argon

Neon and argon are simple molecule structures

Neon and argon have an octet structure which is very stable

Helium

Helium are simple molecule structure

Helium has a duplet structure which is very stable