DOE Taguchi by Minitab

DOE Taguchi
Rev a
Ing. Ricardo Espinosa Álvarez, CQE, CSQP, CRE, CSSBB, CMQ/OE, CPIM, CSCP
Black Belt Certified by ASQ
Certified Core Tools Specialist by AIAG
ISO9001:2015 Certified Lead Auditor by Exemplar Global
Certified Auditor of Suppliers IATF 16949:2016 by AIAG
VDA Certified Auditor 6.3
Email: ricardo_espinosa@kaizensigma.com
www.kaizensigma.com
LinkedIn: Ricardo Espinosa Alvarez
© Copyright by Ricardo Espinosa.
DOE Taguchi
Content:
• DOE Taguchi
• Loss function
• Nominal is better
• Minor is better
• Greater is better
• Exercises
• Taguchi techniques
• Orthogonal arrangements
• Linear graphs
• Interaction tables
• Exercises
• Procedure for Taguchi experiments
• Minitab procedure for Taguchi experiments
• Minor is better
• Exercises
2 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.
Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 1

Loss Function L(y)
Quality Concept
Quality is the loss caused to society from the moment a product is

shipped.- Genichi Taguchi
Loss Function L(y)
• Taguchi’s quality loss function detects the need for Customers to produce items
that are more homogeneous, piece by piece and at low cost. The loss caused to
the company combines the costs incurred during the production process and the
costs encountered during its use by the Customer.
• Uniform products minimize the loss to society and reduce costs at production
and consumption points.
• There are three situations in the loss function:
• Minor is better

Loss Function L(y)
Traditional assessment
Relationship between costs and specifications
USL LSL
0 Losses
Loss Loss
(cost) (cost)
Loss Function L(y): Nominal is better
If losses are minimal when the process is centered, the

following function better describes the relationship between
losses and the tolerance range.
USL Target
LSL
Loss
Loss
Max Max
Zero Losses

Nominal is better
• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Nominal is better):
L  k ( y  m) 2
In this equation, L is the loss associated with a particular value and.

m is the nominal value of the specification.
k is a constant that depends on the cost within the specification and the
width of the specification
Loss Function L(y): Lower is better
If the losses are minimal when the process is at its minimum

value, the following function better describes the
relationship between the losses and the tolerance range.
Target
LSL
Zero Losses

Minor is better
• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Minor is better):
L  ky 2
Loss Function L(y): Higher is better
If the losses are minimal when the process is at its maximum

value, the following function better describes the
relationship between the losses and the tolerance range.
USL Target
Loss
Max
Zero Losses
10

Greater is better
• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Major is better):

k
L
y2
11
Taguchi techniques
Taguchi defines three stages in the development of a product:
• Systems design: Creating and testing an initial idea to assess its feasibility
• Design of parameters: Determination of the most appropriate values of control
factors that affect the level (average) and variation in product performance
• Tolerances design: Determination of permissible fluctuations of nominal value in
control variables (components or process)
12

Taguchi techniques
Taguchi techniques
• Orthogonal arrangements
• Linear graphs
• Triangular tables of interaction
13
Taguchi techniques
Orthogonal arrangements
• It is an experimental design where the value of each main effect is independent

of the value of any other main effect.
L8(27)
14

Taguchi techniques
The nomenclature for identifying orthogonal arrangements is

La(bc) where
a = number of experimental runs
b = number of levels of each factor
c = number of columns in the array
• Example: Arrangement L8(27)
15
Taguchi techniques
The nomenclature for identifying orthogonal arrangements is

La(bc) where
a = number of experimental runs
b = number of levels of each factor
c = number of columns in the array
• Example: Arrangement L9(34)
16

Taguchi techniques
Linear graph for any orthogonal array is a graphical
summary of the columns associated with individual factors and
interactions of two factors.
L 8(27) a)
1TO
AB AC
3 5
D
2 4
b) 7
6
B BC C
AB 2 B
3
TO AC
5
1 4 C
Assign the most difficult factors to 6
change in the first columns AD 7

D
17
Taguchi techniques
Control factors and noise factors
• Control factors: Product design and process factors that influence product
performance and whose values can be controlled by the manufacturer.
• Electrical parameters, component dimensions, etc.
• Noise factors: Variables that affect product performance and whose values
cannot be controlled by the manufacturer or are not controlled for economic
reasons.
• Environment, raw material, equipment condition, manpower skill, etc.
18

Taguchi techniques
Parameter design.
• To accommodate control factors and noise factors, internal and external

arrangements are used
• Internal arrangement: Contains control factors only
• External arrangement: Contains only noise factors
• All control factors are orthogonal to all noise factors.
19
Taguchi techniques
Internal arrangement: External arrangement:

Control factors (can be Noise factors (cannot be controlled during
optimized) product manufacture or use)
20

Taguchi techniques
Robust design of parameters.

• It consists of defining the values of the factors (inputs, x) that minimize the
variation of the response (outputs, y), while keeping the process centered on
the nominal.
• Adjust the design parameters to maximize the signal noise ratio.
21
Taguchi techniques
Signal to noise ratio

• It is a mathematical function of inherent decentering and variation that can
be used as a performance feature for a product or process.
• Higher noise signal ratio is better.
22

Experimental Design by Taguchi
• Experimental design of Taguchi vs traditional DOE

• Only the main effects and interactions of two factors are analyzed. Higher order interactions
are not supposed to be important.
• The experimenter must identify which interactions may be important before conducting the
experiment, through his knowledge of the process.
• Taguchi orthogonal arrangements are not generated randomly. They are based on knowledge
of the process.
• Traditional DEO blocks noise. Taguchi considers it the focus of the analysis.
23
Procedure for Taguchi experiments
1. Select the quality feature to optimize

2. Select control factors and their levels, identifying their possible
interactions
3. Select noise factors and their levels. If there are many noise
factors, use composite factors to form combinations.
4. Select internal and external arrangements. Assign control factors to
the internal arrangement and noise factors to the external
arrangement.
5. Conduct the experiment
6. Perform the statistical analysis:
1. Select control factor levels to maximize SN ratio
2. Select the factors to adjust the mean to the target value.
7. Predict the optimal response performance level based on the
optimal combination of control factor factor factor levels.
8. Perform a confirmation experiment to verify the result
24

Selection of orthogonal arrangements

1. Calculate the total degrees of freedom
2. Select a standard orthogonal array using the following two rules:
1. The number of runs in the orthogonal design should be equal to or greater than the total
degrees of freedom.
2. The selected orthogonal array must accommodate combinations of factor levels in the
experiment.
3. Assign factors in appropriate columns using the following rules:
1. Assign interactions according to linear chart table and interactions.
2. Keep some columns empty in case all columns cannot be assigned.
25

• Calculation of degrees of freedom.
• Total mean uses a degree of freedom
• For each factor A, B, etc., the degrees of freedom are the number of levels minus 1.
GL A  n A  1 GLB  nB  1
n A  número de niveles del factor A nB  número de niveles del factor B
• For each interaction, for example interaction AB, the number of degrees of freedom is:
GL AB  ( n A  1)( nB  1)
26


• Example: In an experiment, there is a factor A with 2 levels, 6 factors with
three levels and an interaction of two factors AB. Calculate the total degrees
of freedom.
Factors Degrees of freedom

Total average 1
A 2-1=1
B,C,D,E,F,G 6x (3-1)=12
AB (2-1)(3-1)=2
Total GL 16
27
Stat>DOE>Taguchi>Create Taguchi Design
28


• Example: In an experiment, there are 6 factors (A,B,C,D,E,F) with 3 levels and 3
interactions of two factors (AB, AC and BC). Calculate the total degrees of
freedom.
Factors Degrees of freedom

Total average 1
A,B,C,D,E,F 6x (3-1)=12
AB, AC, BC 3x(3-1)(3-1)=12
Total GL 25
29
30


9 factors with 2 levels Important interactions
1. A 1. AB
2. B 2. AC
3. C 3. AD
4. D
5. E GL=1+9(2-1)+3x(2-1)(2-1)=13
6. F
7. G
L16
8. H
9. I
31
32

• Questions?
• Thank you very much
33

DOE Taguchi by Minitab

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DOE Taguchi by Minitab

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DOE Taguchi

2 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 1

Quality is the loss caused to society from the moment a product is

3 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Loss Function L(y)

4 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 2

5 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Loss Function L(y): Nominal is better

If losses are minimal when the process is centered, the

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 3

• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Nominal is better):

In this equation, L is the loss associated with a particular value and.

7 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Loss Function L(y): Lower is better

If the losses are minimal when the process is at its minimum

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 4

• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Minor is better):

9 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Loss Function L(y): Higher is better

If the losses are minimal when the process is at its maximum

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 5

• Genichi Taguchi uses the following equation (Major is better):

11 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Taguchi defines three stages in the development of a product:

12 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 6

• Triangular tables of interaction

13 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

• It is an experimental design where the value of each main effect is independent

14 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 7

The nomenclature for identifying orthogonal arrangements is

15 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

The nomenclature for identifying orthogonal arrangements is

16 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 8

change in the first columns AD 7

17 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Control factors and noise factors

18 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 9

• To accommodate control factors and noise factors, internal and external

• All control factors are orthogonal to all noise factors.

19 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Internal arrangement: External arrangement:

20 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 10

Robust design of parameters.

21 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Signal to noise ratio

22 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 11

• Experimental design of Taguchi vs traditional DOE

23 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Procedure for Taguchi experiments

1. Select the quality feature to optimize

24 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Ricardo Espinosa ©2024 12

Selection of orthogonal arrangements

25 Ricardo Espinosa ©2024.

Procedure for Taguchi experiments