significant change to the previous (ACI 349-97) criteria for
ACI
anchoring.
In the CCD method the concrete cone is considered to be
formed at an angle of approximately 34 degrees (1 to 1.5
slope) rather than the previously assumed 45. For simplifi-
cation of application, the cone is considered to be square
rather than round in plan. See Figure 9.1.1.
The concrete breakout stress (ft in Figure 9.1.1) in the
CCD method is considered to decrease with increase in size
of the breakout surface. Consequently, the increase in
strength of the breakout in the CCD method is proportional
to the embedment depth to the power of 1.5 (or to the power
of 5/3 for deeper embedments). With a constant breakout
stress on the failure surface, as was considered in ACI 349-
97, the breakout strength is proportional to the square of the
embedment depth.
Appendix D of ACI 318-02 permits non-ductile design
except for anchor rods used in regions of moderate or high
seismic risk. In Appendix B of ACI 349-01 three alterna-
tive embedment design methodologies are provided:
1. The design concrete breakout tensile strength, side
blowout strength, or pullout strength, of the anchor
and 65 percent of the concrete breakout shear strength
must exceed the ultimate strength of the embedment
steel.
2. The design strength of the concrete must exceed the
yield strength of the anchor by 33 percent.
3. Non-ductile anchor design is permitted provided that
the design strength of the concrete is limited to 60 per-
cent of the design strength.
AISC in Section J10. (AISC, 1999) defers anchor design
to ACI 318. Section 15.8.3.3 of ACI 318-02 requires that
anchor rods and mechanical connections reach their design
strength before anchorage failure or failure of the surround-
ing concrete. It is suggested in this design guide that the
design generally follow the second and third approaches
given above. For strength design, it is presumed that ASCE-7
load factors are employed. Thus, the φ factors used in this
document will differ from those used in Appendix D of ACI
349-01. ACI 349-01 uses load factors of 1.4D and 1.7L,
and f factors that conform in general to those in Appendix
C of ACI 318-02. The φ factors used herein correspond to
those in D4.4 of Appendix D and 9.3 of ACI 318-02.
If an anchor is designed to lap with reinforcement, the
anchor capacity can be taken as φAseFy as the lap splice
length will ensure that ductile behavior will occur. Ase is the
effective cross-sectional area that is the tensile stress area
for threaded rods. φ equals 0.9 as prescribed in Chapter 9
of ACI 318-02. If the anchor is resisted solely by concrete,
one needs to have the concrete designed with additional
28 / DESIGN GUIDE 7 / INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS—ROOFS TO ANCHOR RODS, 2ND EDITION
capacity in order to insure ductility in the connection.
318 in Section 15.8.3.3 does not define what is meant by
achieving anchor rod (and mechanical connection) design
strength before anchorage or concrete failure. In order to
achieve this, it is proposed to have the concrete reach a
capacity of 1.25 (φAseFy). This is based on the requirement
in ACI 318 Section 12.14.3.2 that a full mechanical splice
shall develop 1.25 Fy. Alternately, the author suggests lim-
iting the non-ductile anchorage capacity to 70 percent of the
typical design strength, which is somewhat less restrictive
than the 60 percent reduction used in Appendix B of ACI
349-01.
Hooked anchor rods usually fail by straightening and
pulling out of the concrete. This failure is precipitated by a
localized bearing failure in the concrete above the hook.
Calculation of the development load provided by a hook is
illustrated in Example 9.4.1. As indicated in Example 9.4.1,
a hook is generally not capable of developing the recom-
mended tensile capacity mentioned in the previous para-
graph. Therefore, hooks should only be used when tension
in the anchor rod is small.
Appendix D of ACI 318-02 has a pullout capacity for a
hooked anchor of φψ4(0.9 f c′ ehdo) which is based on an
anchor with diameter do bearing against the hook extension
of eh. φ is taken as 0.70. The hook extension is limited to a
maximum of 4.5do. ψ4 equals 1.0 if the anchor is located
Tu Tu
a
hef
h
x
x = a - 3(h-h ef)
Tu Tu
b
hef
h
y
y = b - 3(h-h ef)
Fig. 9.1.2 Breakout Cone for Group Anchors in Thin Slab