‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

AXp-ey-Xmc-Iw D-Z‑n-¡p-¶p ........................................5

Xn-cp-\-_n-‫ﷺ‬bp-sS Ip-Spw-_w ...................................55
Xn-cp-\-_n‫ﷺ‬bp-sS i-co-c-{]-Ir-Xn .............................64
Xn-cp-\-_n-‫ﷺ‬bp-sS kz-`m-h k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ ........69
J-Z‑o-P-X‑pÂ-I‑p-_‑v-d (d) ............................................... 90
^‑m-X‑z‑n-a _‑n³-X‑p d-k‑qÂ(k‑z) ................................... 95
_ohn BC-i (d) ......................................................... 96
^‑m-X‑z‑n-a _‑n³-X‑v A-k-Z‑v (d) ...................................... 112
D-½‑p A-b‑v-a³ (d) ....................................................... 116
l-^‑v-k _‑n³-X‑p D-aÀ (d) ......................................... 120
ssk-\-_ _‑n³-X‑p P-l‑v-i‑v (d) ................................ 123
_‑o-h‑n k‑p-a-¿ (d) ......................................................... 127
D-½‑p-d‑q-a‑m³ _‑n³-X‑p B-a‑nÀ (d) ............................. 131
A-k‑v-a‑m-A‑v _‑n³-X‑p A-_‑o-_-¡À (d) .................. 135
D-½‑p- D-a‑m-d (d) ............................................................. 139
D-½‑p-k‑p-sse‑w (d) ....................................................... 145
D-½‑p-l-d‑m‑w (d) .............................................................. 151
kÂ-a _‑n³-X‑p ssJ-k‑v (d) ...................................... 155
I-_‑v-i _‑n³-X‑p d‑m-^‑n-A‑v (d) ................................... 158
A-k‑v-a‑m-A‑v _‑n³-X‑p b-k‑o-Z‑v (d) .............................. 164
^‑p-ssd-A _‑n³-X‑p a‑m-e‑n-I‑v (d) ............................... 168
D-½‑p-h-d-J-X‑p A³-k‑m-c‑n (d) ................................ 172
d‑p-ss_-A (d) ............................................................. 175
D-½‑p l‑n-i‑m‑w (d) .......................................................... 178

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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

‫‪Part - 1‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

A-X‑p-e‑y X‑m-c-I‑w D-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p

F.U‑n. 570 A-td-_‑y-b‑n X-a-Ê‑v h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. A-d-_‑v te‑m-

I-s¯ A-c‑n-ã-X-I-f-d‑n-ª ss{I-k‑v-X-hÀ A-h‑n-tS-b‑v-¡‑v X-§-f‑p-
sS a‑n-j-\-d‑n-I-sf h‑n-\‑y-k‑n-¨‑p. P‑q-X-·‑m-c‑p‑w c‑w-K-¯‑n-d-§‑n. A-td-
_‑y-b‑n-se X-s¶ h-d-J-¯‑p-_‑v-\‑p \‑u-^-e‑pÄ-s¸-S‑p-¶ A-t©‑m-f‑w
]‑p-tc‑m-l‑n-X-·‑mÀ {]-hÀ-¯-\ tK‑m-Z-b‑n-e‑n-d-§‑n-sb-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ^-e-a‑p-
ï‑m-b‑n-Ã.
C-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v te‑m-I‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ B N-c‑n-{X \‑n-a‑n-j-¯‑n-\‑p
k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-I‑m³ t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v.
t]À-j‑y-b‑p-sS {]-h‑n-i‑y-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑mÄ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p ]-d-ª‑p
""F-h‑n-sS-tb‑m H-c‑p a-tl‑m-¶-X-a‑m-b h‑n-h‑m-l‑w \-S-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I-sâ \-£-{X‑w H-c‑p _‑n-µ‑p-h‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w a-sä‑m-
c‑p _‑n-µ‑p-h‑n-te-¡‑v \‑o-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
A-sX, A-Ð‑p-Ã-b‑p-sS a‑p-X‑p-I‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)
b‑p-sS KÀ-`‑m-i-b-¯‑n-te-¡‑v X‑n-c‑p-{]-I‑m-i‑w \‑o-§‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
A-d-_‑v te‑m-I‑w h‑n-i‑p-² k‑p-¶-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n I‑m-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
KÀ-`-h-X‑n-b‑m-b B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑v-¡‑v b‑m-sX‑m-c‑p t¢-i-h‑p‑w
A-\‑p-`-h-s¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a-l-X‑n X-sâ A-\‑p-`-h-s¯ h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑p-
¶‑p. ""BÀ-¯-h-N-{I‑w a‑p-d‑n-ª-t¸‑m-g-Ã‑m-sX KÀ-`‑n-W‑n-b‑m-sW-¶
h‑n-h-c‑w R‑m-\-d‑n-ª‑n-Ã. I‑m-c-W‑w k‑m-[‑m-c-W KÀ-`-[‑m-c-W k-a-
b-¯‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I A-k‑z-Ø-X-I-sf‑m-¶‑p‑w F-\‑n-¡‑p-
ï‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. KÀ-`-[‑m-c-W-¯‑n-sâ H‑m-tc‑m L-«-¯‑n-e‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-I
{]-a‑p-JÀ k‑z-]‑v-\-¯‑n h-¶‑v a-l-X‑n-tb‑m-S‑v k-t´‑m-j hÀ-¯-a‑m-
\-a-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. ""B-a‑n-\, \‑n-sâ KÀ-`‑m-i-b-¯‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v C‑u te‑m-I-
¯‑n-sâ t\-X‑m-h‑m-W‑v.
B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) I-ï KÀ-`-I‑m-e k‑z-]‑v-\ k‑q-N-\-I-sf ]-c‑m-
aÀ-i‑n-¨‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v \-_‑n(k‑z)X-§Ä ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p: ""C-_‑v-d‑m-l‑o‑w
\-_‑n (A)b‑p-sS {]‑mÀ-°-\-b‑p-sS ]‑p-eÀ-¨-b‑p‑w C‑u-k‑m \-_‑n(A)
b‑p-sS k‑p-h‑n-ti-j-¯‑n-sâ \‑n-hÀ-¯‑n-¸‑p‑w {]‑n-b a‑m-X‑m-h‑v B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n(d) b‑p-sS i‑p-`-k‑z-]‑v-\-§-f‑p-sS ]‑p-eÀ-¨-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v R‑m³"
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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

(X‑nÀ-a‑p-Z‑n).
B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) KÀ-`‑w [-c‑n-¨‑v c-ï‑p a‑m-k‑w ]‑n-¶‑n-«-t¸‑mÄ
A-Ð‑p-Ã(d) I-¨-h-S-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n i‑m-a‑n-te-¡‑p ]‑p-d-s¸-«‑p. b‑m-{X I-g‑n-
ª‑p a-S-§‑n-h-c‑p-t¼‑mÄ tc‑m-K‑w a‑qÀ-O‑n-¨ A-Ð‑p-Ã(d)h‑n-s\ a-Z‑o-
\-b‑n-se _-Ô‑p-¡-f‑p-sS A-S‑p-¡Â ]‑mÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p. b‑m-{X I-g‑n-ª‑p
a-S-§‑n-h-¶ I-¨-h-S k‑w-L-t¯‑m-S‑v a-I-s\ X‑n-c-¡‑n-b A-Ð‑p a‑p-
X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S-hÀ ]-d-ª‑p: ""A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v, £-a‑n-¡-W‑w,
b‑m-{X I-g‑n-ª‑p a-S-§‑n-h-c-th A-Ð‑p-Ã-b‑v-¡‑v tc‑m-K‑w a‑qÀ-O‑n-¨‑p.
A-t±-l-s¯ a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-e‑p-Å A-½‑m-h-·‑m-c‑p-sS A-S‑p-¡Â GÂ-]‑n-
¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-Ð‑p-Ã‑m-l‑v \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-¨-X‑p-sI‑m-ï‑m-W‑v R-§Ä A-t±-
l-s¯ I‑q-S‑m-sX a-S-§‑n-b-X‑v.
C-X‑p-tI-«‑v A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v a‑q-¯ a-I-\‑m-b l‑m-c‑n-k‑n-s\
a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-te-¡-b-¨‑p. ]-t£, X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n (d)b‑p-sS D-Z-c-¯‑n c-ï‑p a‑m-k‑w KÀ-`-Ø i‑n-i‑p-h‑m-b‑n-
c‑n-s¡ A-Ð‑p-Ã‑m-l‑v(d) C-l-te‑m-I-h‑m-k‑w sh-S‑n-ª‑p. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v
\-_‑n X-§Ä A-\‑m-Y-c‑m-b‑n. \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä-¡‑v A-\‑m-Y-X‑z‑w
H-c‑p I‑p-d-h-Ã a-d‑n-¨‑v t{i-j‑vT ]-Z-h‑n-b‑n-te-¡‑p-Å A-S-b‑m-f-a‑m-W‑v.
]-Þ‑n-X-·‑mÀ tc-J-s¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p.
""X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-sâ D-Z-c-¯‑n-e‑n-c‑n-s¡ ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v h‑n-
S-]-d-ª-X‑v _-l‑p-a‑m-\ I‑p-d-h‑v sI‑m-ï-Ã; A-Z-_‑p sI‑m-ï‑m-W‑v.
H-ä-s¸-«-X‑n-\‑m-W-tÃ‑m a‑q-e‑y‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n (k‑z) a‑q-¶‑p a‑m-k‑w KÀ-`-Ø i‑n-i‑p-h‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-
t¼‑mÄ k-k‑y-e-X‑m-Z‑n-I-sf‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯ H-c‑p I‑p-¶‑n-sâ a‑p-I-f‑nÂ-
\‑n-¶‑v ]‑p-tc‑m-l‑n-X³ D-d-s¡ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p ]-d-ª‑p: "h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-
N-I-sâ B-a‑p-J-a‑m-b‑n D-Z-b‑w sN-¿‑p-¶ X‑m-c-I‑w D-Z‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
C-X‑n-sâ N‑n-Ã‑p-IÄ _-\‑q l‑m-j‑n‑w tK‑m-{X-¯‑n-te-¡‑m-W‑v N‑m-ª‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I-sâ k-a‑m-K-X k-a-b‑w A-S‑p-¯‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
te‑m-I t\-X‑m-h‑v h-c‑m-\-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. {]-h‑m-N-I a‑m-X‑m-h‑v
\‑n-{Z-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑n-s¡ I‑n-\‑m-h‑n k-a‑m-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-sâ-b‑p‑w i‑p-`-h‑mÀ-
¯-b‑p-sS-b‑p‑w h-N-Ê‑p-IÄ {i-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. ""B-a‑n-\‑m, `-h-X‑n `-b-s¸-
tS-ï-X‑n-Ã, A-h‑n-S‑p-s¯ D-Z-c-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n-d-h‑n-sb-S‑p-¡‑m³
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 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-i‑z-\‑m-b-I-\‑m-W‑v."
A-Û‑p-X-t¯‑m-sS sR-«‑n-b‑p-WÀ-¶ B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) X-e-b‑n-
W-¡-S‑n-b‑n C-{]-I‑m-c‑w F-g‑p-X‑n-h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n I-ï‑p
""F-Ã‑m \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ a-l‑m-h‑n-]-¯‑p-I-sf sX‑m-
«‑p‑w A-k‑q-b-sb-sX‑m-«‑p‑w tI‑m-]-i‑m-]-§-sf-sX‑m-«‑p‑w I‑m-h tN‑m-
Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p'' (C-_‑n-\‑p C-k‑v-l‑m-J‑v),
h‑n-i‑z-t\-X‑m-h‑m-b {]‑n-b a-I-s\-I‑m-¯‑v B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) C-c‑n-
¡‑p-t¼‑mÄ A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑p‑w A-_‑q-e-l-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑p‑w
H-c‑mÄ a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑p \Â-I‑n
"\‑n-§Ä a-¡ h‑n-«‑p t]‑m-I-c‑p-X‑v, te‑m-I I‑m-c‑p-W‑y-¯‑n-sâ {]-`
k-X‑y-[‑m-c-b‑p-sS \‑n-X‑y-tP‑y‑m-X‑n-Ê‑v a-¡-b‑n D-Z-b‑w sN-¿‑m³ t]‑m-
h‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-\‑p \‑n-§Ä k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-h‑p-I.
te‑m-I‑w a‑p-g‑p-h³ a-¡-b‑n-te-¡‑v D-ä‑p-t\‑m-¡‑n; h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-
N-I-sâ c‑w-K-{]-th-i-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n...

te‑m-I‑w I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶ a-l‑m-k‑w-`-h‑w

te‑m-I‑w I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶ B a-l‑m-k‑w-`-h‑w \-S-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p-sS-b‑p‑w {i-² a-¡-b‑p-sS l‑r-Z-b `‑m-K-¯‑p-Å A-Ð‑p-Ã-
b‑p-sS {]‑n-b-X-a B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p-sS a-S‑n-¯-«‑n-e‑m-W‑v. {]-h‑m-
N-I {]-`‑p ]‑n-d-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
B-a‑n-\(d) ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n X-§Ä P-\‑n-¨‑p-h‑o-W-X‑v
k‑p-P‑q-Z‑n-e‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v. A-\-´-c‑w {]-h‑m-N-IÀ F-g‑p-t¶-ä‑p C-c‑p I-c
§-f‑p‑w \-b-\-§-f‑p‑w B-I‑m-i-t¯-¡‑p-bÀ-¯‑n. C-{]-I‑m-c‑w sN-b‑v-
X-X‑v A-h‑n-S‑p-s¯ H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w \‑n-tj-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ D-bÀ-¨-b‑p-
sS k‑q-N-\-b‑m-sW-¶‑v B-ß‑o-b ]-Þ‑n-X-·‑mÀ tc-J-s¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p.
B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-N‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-c‑p‑w ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. XÂ-k-a-
b‑w A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-sâ {]‑mÀ-°-\ tIÄ-¡‑p-¶‑p' " i-^‑m-A‑v _‑n³-
X‑v A‑w-d‑p-_‑v-\‑p H‑u-^‑v(d) F-¶ a-l-X‑n \-h-P‑m-X-a‑m-b X‑n-c‑p-\-
_‑n(k‑z)sb F-S‑p-¯‑v I‑n-S-¯‑n.
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n (k‑z) X-§Ä P-\‑n-¨-X‑v X-s¶ tN-e‑m-IÀ-a‑w sN-¿-
s¸-«-h-c‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v. X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)b‑p-sS tK‑m-]‑y-`‑m-K-§Ä B-c‑p‑w

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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

ZÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. (B-sc-¦‑n-e‑p‑w ZÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-sW-¦‑n A-b‑m-f‑p-sS

I‑m-g‑v-N \-ã-s¸-S‑p-sa-¶‑p‑w B-b-X‑n-\‑m h-^‑m-¯‑m-b X‑n-c‑p-i-c‑o-
c-s¯ I‑p-f‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-t¼‑mÄ B `‑m-K-t¯-¡‑v B-c‑p‑w t\‑m-¡‑m-sX
{]-tX‑y-I‑w {i-²‑n-¡-W-sa-¶‑p‑w A-e‑n(d)h‑n-t\‑m-S‑v \-_‑n (k‑z)
X-§Ä \‑nÀ-tZ-i‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.)
A-{]-I‑m-c‑w X-s¶ s]‑m-¡‑nÄ-sI‑m-S‑n a‑p-d‑n-¡-s¸-«-h-c‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v
X-§Ä P-\‑n-¨-X‑v. P-·-k-a-b-¯‑v t]‑m-e‑p‑w b‑m-sX‑m-c‑p t¾-O-X-b‑p‑w
X‑n-c‑p-ta-\‑n-sb k‑v-]À-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã.
c‑m-{X‑n P-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-«‑n-I-sf H-c‑p ]‑m-{X‑w-sI‑m-ï‑v A-S-b‑v-¡‑p-
I-b‑p‑w ]‑n-tä-¶‑v ]-I sh-f‑n-¨-¯‑n a‑m-{X‑w B ]‑m-{X‑w X‑p-d-¡‑p
I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p-¶ H-c‑p ]-X‑n-h‑v A-d-_‑n-IÄ-¡‑n-S-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
]-t£ \-_‑n(k‑z)X-§Ä P-\‑n-¨-t¸‑mÄ c-ï‑v I-®‑p-I-f‑p‑w B-I‑m-
i-t¯-¡‑v t\‑m-¡‑n X‑p-d-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. B-a‑n-\ (d)¡‑v {]-k-h k‑p-{i‑q-
j-b‑v-¡‑v \‑n-¶ k‑v-{X‑o-IÄ C‑u h‑n-h-c‑w A-_‑v-Z‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-s\
A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. C-X‑v-t]‑m-se H-c‑p I‑p-«‑n-sb R-§Ä-I-ï‑n-«‑n-Ã.
D-S³ h-¶‑p A-_‑v-Z‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-sâ a-d‑p-]-S‑n \‑n-§Ä I‑p-
«‑n-sb \-Ã-X‑v t]‑m-se k‑w-c-£‑n-¨‑p sI‑m-Å-W‑w.H-c‑p ]‑m-S‑v k‑p-h‑n-
ti-j h‑r-¯‑m-´-c-§-f‑p-sS h‑m-l-I-\‑m-W‑n-sX-¶‑v R‑m³ a-\-Ê‑n-
e‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p.

k‑v-X‑p-X‑n-¡-s¸-« I‑p-«‑n
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n (k‑z) P-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑v G-g‑v Z‑n-h-k‑w ]‑n-¶‑n-«‑p. A-Ð‑p a‑p-
X‑z-e‑n-_‑v I‑p-ª‑n-s\-b‑p-sa-S‑p-¯‑v I-A‑v-_-b‑p-sS N‑m-c-¯‑p sN-¶‑n-«‑v
]-d-ª‑p.
""F-\‑n-¡‑v C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-s\ X-¶ A-Ã‑m-l‑p-th, \‑n-\-¡‑m-W‑v
k-I-e k‑v-tX‑m-{X-§-f‑p‑w C‑u sX‑m-«‑n-e‑n I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-ª‑v
F-Ã‑m I‑p-ª‑p-§-sf-¡‑m-f‑p‑w H‑u-¶‑n-X‑y‑w t\-S‑n k-I-e d‑p-I‑p-\‑p-
I-f‑p‑w DÄ-s¡‑m-Å‑p-¶ I-A‑v-_-sb sI‑m-ï‑v R‑m³ C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-
\‑v I‑m-h tX-S‑p-¶‑p. I‑u-a‑m-c b‑u-Æ-\-§Ä A-`‑n-a‑m-\-t¯‑m-sS
{]‑m-]‑n-¡‑m³ R‑m³ {]‑mÀ-°‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑zÀ-K‑o-b B-c‑m-a-§-f‑nÂ
t]-c‑v B-te-J-\‑w sN-¿-s¸-« C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-s\ e-`‑n-¨-X‑n R‑m³

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 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

k‑v-X‑p-X‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-sâ t]-c‑v ]‑qÀ-h-th-Z-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w J‑pÀ-

B-\‑n-e‑p‑w h-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
A-\-´-c‑w \-_‑n X-§Ä-¡‑p-th-ï‑n B-S‑n-s\ A-d‑p-¯‑p J‑p-
ssd-i‑n {]-a‑p-JÀ-¡‑v k-Z‑y-sb‑m-c‑p-¡‑n. h‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n A-hÀ
tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v, {]-`‑m-h‑n-X-\‑m-b C‑u ta‑m-\‑v
F-´‑p t]-c‑m-W‑v sh-b‑v-¡‑m³ t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v?
H-«‑p‑w X‑m-a-k‑n-b‑m-sX-¯-s¶ A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v ]-d-ª‑p:
""a‑p-l-½-Z‑v F-¶‑v R‑m³ t]-c‑v sh-b‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p.
\‑n-§-f‑p-sS I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n ]‑u-c-¼-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶ t]-c‑p-IÄ
h‑n-«‑v 'a‑p-l-½-Z‑v F-¶ \‑m-a‑w X‑n-c-sª-S‑p-¡‑m³ I‑m-c-W-sa-´‑m-W‑v
A-hÀ tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p. "B-I‑m-i-¯‑p‑w `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w F-sâ a-I-s\ k‑v-X‑p-
X‑n-¡-W-sa-¶‑v R‑m³ B-{K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p."(a‑p-l-½-Z‑v F-¶‑m k‑v-X‑p-
X‑n-¡-s¸-«-h³ F-¶À-°‑w).

X‑n-c‑p P-·-¯‑n-Â k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-b-hÀ

X‑n-c‑p-P-·-¯‑n k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-b-h-sc-Ã‑m‑w ]‑nÂ-¡‑m-e-¯‑v N-c‑n-
{X-¯‑n B-Z-c‑n-¡-s¸-«-h-c‑m-W‑v. A-¶‑v B-a‑n-\-_‑o-h‑n(d)sâ I‑q-
sS D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v a‑q-¶‑v k‑v-{X‑o-I-f‑m-W‑v. A-Ð‑p-d-l‑v-a‑m-\‑p-_‑v-\‑p
H‑u-^‑v (d)sâ a‑m-X‑m-h‑v D-½‑p a-³ (_-d-I-¯‑p-Â l-_‑v-i‑n-¿), k‑p-
ssh-_-¯‑p A-k‑v-e‑n-a‑n-¿ F-¶‑n-h-c‑m-W-hÀ

X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-sb a‑p-e-b‑q-«‑n-b-hÀ
C‑u G-g‑v Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w \-_‑n(k‑z)X-§Ä-¡‑v ]‑m-e‑p sI‑m-S‑p-¯-
X‑v B-a‑n-\‑m _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑m-W‑v. k‑p-ssh-_-¯‑p A-kve-a‑n-b, D-½‑p
sF-a³, A-Ð‑p-d-Ò‑m-\‑p-_‑v-\‑p H‑u-^‑v(d)h‑n-sâ a‑m-X‑m-h‑v, _-\‑q
k-A‑v-Z‑v tK‑m-{X-¯‑n-se a‑q-¶‑v k‑v-{X‑o-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-c‑m-W‑v X‑n-c‑p-\-
_‑n(k‑z)sb a‑p-e-b‑q-«‑n-b a-ä‑p k‑v-{X‑o-IÄ.
\-_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä-¡‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X ]‑m-e‑v sI‑m-S‑p-¯
a-l-X‑n l-e‑o-a-¯‑p k-A-Z‑n-¿-b‑m-W‑v. \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä-¡‑p a‑p-e-
b‑q-«‑n-b D-½-a‑m-sc-Ã‑m‑w H-tc k‑z-c-¯‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p: ""I‑p-«‑n-¡‑m-e-¯‑v
`-£-W-¯‑n-\‑p th-ï‑n \-_‑n(k‑z)X-§Ä I-c-ª‑n-«‑n-Ã. I‑m-c-W‑w
9
‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

d-º‑m-\‑n-¿‑m-b ]-c‑n-c-£-W-¯‑n I-g‑n-ª‑p-t]‑m-I‑p-¶ a‑p-l-½-Z‑v a‑p-

k‑v-X-^‑m(k‑z) X-§Ä-¡‑v B-c‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-sÃ-¦‑n-e‑p‑w te‑m-I-c-£‑n-
X‑m-h‑v \Â-I‑p-¶‑p
(a‑p-e-I‑p-S‑n _-Ô-¯‑n-se _-Ô‑p-¡-sf ]‑nÂ-¡‑m-e-¯‑v X‑n-c‑p-\-
_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä A-t\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w I-ï‑p-a‑p-«‑n-b-h-sc C-kvem-a‑n
te-¡‑v £-W‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-h-c‑n {]-a‑p-J-b‑m-W‑v
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS a-IÄ i-b‑v-a‑m-A‑v F-¶ a-l-X‑n)

sF-i‑z-c‑y-h‑m-\‑m-b I‑p-«‑n
{K‑m-a‑o-W {]-tZ-i-§-f‑n-se D-¶-X I‑p-e-§-f‑n a‑p-e-b‑q-«‑p-¶-X‑n-
\‑m-b‑n I‑p-ª‑p-§-sf \Â-IÂ A-d-_‑n \‑m-«‑n-se ]-X‑n-h‑m-W‑v.
i‑p-² h‑m-b‑p-h‑p‑w ssN-X-\‑y-a‑mÀ-¶ A-´-c‑o-£-h‑p‑w I-eÀ-¸‑n-
Ã‑m-¯ `‑m-j-b‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v e-`‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v C-{]-I‑m-c-sa‑m-c‑p k-{¼-Z‑m-
b‑w A-d-_‑n-IÄ A-\‑p-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u k-{¼-Z‑m-b {]-I‑m-c‑w
_‑m-e-\‑m-b a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§-sf-b‑p‑w \Â-I‑m³ B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n(d) X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p.
h‑n-i‑z-\‑m-b-I-s\ a‑p-e-b‑q-«‑m-\‑m-b‑n \‑n-tb‑m-K‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ `‑m-K-
h-X‑n-b‑m-c‑m-W‑v.
_-\‑q k-A-Z‑v tK‑m-{X-¯‑n-se H-c‑p sN-d‑n-b `-h-\‑w. A-X‑n-\‑p
k-a‑o-]‑w X-fÀ-¶‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ H-sc‑m-«-I‑w. H-«-I-¯‑n-\‑p sh-Å‑w
\Â-I‑m³ b-P-a‑m-\-¯‑n-b‑m-b l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) ]-c-X‑p-¶‑p-sï-¦‑n-
e‑p‑w I-sï-¯‑m-\‑m-b‑n-Ã. I‑p-ª‑p-a-I-\‑m-b A-Ð‑p-Ã‑m-l‑v' h‑n-i-¶‑v
I-c-b‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) X-sâ {]‑n-b-X-a-t\‑m-S‑v tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: "\-½‑p-sS
\‑m-«‑n-se h-\‑n-X-IÄ t]‑m-ä‑p-a-¡-sf-sb-S‑p-¡‑m³ a-¡-b‑n-te-¡‑p
t]‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \-a‑p-¡‑p‑w t]‑m-b‑m-te‑m?
`À-¯‑m-h‑n-sâ k-½-X‑w I‑n-«‑n. £‑o-W‑n-¨‑v X-fÀ-¶ H-«-I-a-Ã‑m-
sX H-c‑p h‑m-l-\-h‑p-a‑n-Ã. F-h‑n-sS-t¶‑m I‑p-d-¨‑p sh-Å‑w X-c-s¸-S‑p-
¯‑n. H-«-I-¯‑n-\‑p \Â-I‑n.
F-Ã‑m I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑p‑w k-©‑m-c‑w X‑p-S-§‑n. h‑n-i-¶‑p h-e-ª
H-«-I-¯‑n-sâ a‑p-I-f‑n k‑m-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n k-©-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ l-e‑o-

10
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

a(d)s\-b‑p‑w H-«-I-s¯-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ ]-c‑n-l-k‑n-¨‑p. "l-e‑o-

a-b‑p‑w A-h-f‑p-sS H-c‑p I-g‑n-h‑n-Ã‑m-¯ H-«-I-h‑p‑w". l-e‑o-a-¯‑p k-A-
Z‑n-¿ a-¡-b‑n-te-¡‑v I-S-¡‑p-t¼‑mÄ A-_‑vZ‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-sâ
I‑m-X‑n H-c‑p i-Ð‑w A-e-¨‑p.
H‑m A-_‑vZ‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v B-a‑n-\-b‑p-sS a-I³ te‑m-I-¯‑n-sâ
\‑n-[n-b‑p‑w k-¨-c‑n-X-c‑n kÂ-K‑p-W-\‑p-a‑m-W‑v. B I‑p-ª‑n-\‑v ]‑m-eq-
«‑Â l-e‑o-a-¯‑p k-A-Z‑n-¿-b‑m-W‑v. A-hÀ F-Ã‑m \‑y‑q-\-X-I-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w a‑p-à-b‑m-W‑v. A-h-c‑n-te-¡-Ã‑m-sX \‑n-§-f‑p-sS a-I-s\ \‑n-
§Ä GÂ-]‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v.
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) a-¡-b‑n-se-¯‑n-b-t¸‑m-tg-¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-
c‑n-IÄ t]‑m-ä‑p-a-¡-sf k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-\‑n A-h-ti-
j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v H-c‑p A-\‑m-Y I‑p-«‑n-b‑m-W‑v. l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n A-t§‑m-«‑p
X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p.
A-\‑m-Y _‑m-e-\‑m-sW-¶‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)
b‑p-sS h‑o-«‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨‑n-d-§‑n. l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p-sS I‑q-
«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-I-sf-Ã‑m‑w _-\‑q k-A-Z‑n-te-¡‑v a-S-§‑m³ X-¿‑m-sd-S‑p-¯‑p
\‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. sh-d‑p‑w ssI-t¿‑m-sS t]‑m-I‑m³ l-e‑o-a(d)b‑p-sS
a-\-Ê-\‑p-h-Z‑n-¨‑n-Ã. {]‑n-b-X-a³ l-e‑o-a(d)tb‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: "\-½Ä
H-c‑p t]‑m-ä‑p a-I-\‑n-Ã‑m-sX a-S-§Â sF-i‑z-c‑y-t¡-S‑m-W‑v. \-a‑p-¡‑v
C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-s\ F-S‑p-¡‑m‑w. A-Ã‑m-l‑p \-a‑p-¡‑v G-sX-¦‑n-e‑p‑w h-g‑n-
tb A-\‑p-{K-l‑w sN-b‑v-tX-¡‑m‑w.''
I‑p-ª‑n-s\ k-a‑o-]‑n-¨ l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d)tb‑m-S‑v B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n(d) ]-d-ª‑p: ""A-Ã-tb‑m l-e‑o-a, a‑q-¶‑v c‑m-{X‑n-b‑m-b‑n F-\‑n-
s¡‑m-c‑p k-tµ-i‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-sâ a-I-\‑v a‑p-e-b‑p-t«-ï-X‑v
_-\‑q-k-A-Z‑v tK‑m-{X-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w A-_‑q Z‑p-A-b‑v-_‑v I‑p-e-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p-a‑m-sW-¶‑v F-sâ A-I-X‑m-c‑n a-{´‑n-¨‑p sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-
ï‑v.
X‑m³ _-\‑p k-A-Z‑v tK‑m-{X-¡‑m-c‑n-b‑m-sW-¶ h‑n-h-c‑w l-e‑o-a
(d)B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)sb A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. A-§-s\ i‑n-i‑p-h‑m-b X‑n-c‑p-\-
_‑n(k‑z) b‑p-a‑m-b‑n l-e‑o-a(d) _-\‑q k-A-Z‑v tK‑m-{X-¯‑n-te-¡‑v t]‑m-
I‑m-s\‑m-c‑p-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. H-«‑n h-e‑n-ª X-sâ a‑m-d‑n-S‑w t]‑m-ä‑p-a-I-sâ
A-[-c-§-f‑n-te-¡‑v l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) h-¨‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. A-Û‑p-X‑w
11
‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

a-X‑n-h-tc‑m-f‑w I‑p-«‑n A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w I‑p-S‑n-¨‑p. ti-j‑w l-e‑o-a(d)b‑p-

sS a-I³ A-Ð‑p-Ã‑m-b‑p‑w I‑p-S‑n-¨‑p.
I‑p-«‑n-IÄ D-d-§‑n-b ti-j‑w H-«-I-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑m I-d-
¶‑p a-X‑n-h-tc‑m-f‑w l-e‑o-a-b‑p‑w `À-¯‑m-h‑p‑w ]‑m-\‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p. P‑o-h‑n-
X-¯‑n C-X‑p-h-sc-b‑p-Å-X‑n h-t¨-ä-h‑p‑w k‑m-^-e‑y-a‑m-b c‑m-{X‑n
A-hÀ ]-¦‑p sh-¨‑p.
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS `À-¯‑m-h‑v ]-d-ª‑p. ""{]‑n-b-X-ta, \‑o
G-sä-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u I‑p-ª‑v sF-i‑z-c‑y-¯‑n-sâ tI-Z‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v.
C-\‑n \‑m‑w B-sc-b‑p‑w tX-S‑n t]‑m-tI-ï-X‑n-Ã. A-Ã‑m-l‑p A-\‑p-{K-l-
§Ä \-½‑p-sS ta hÀ-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w.
]‑n-tä-¶‑v c‑m-h‑n-se A-hÀ b‑m-{X X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p. C-¶-se-h-sc th-
¨‑p \-S-¶ H-«-I‑w A-X‑n-i‑o-{L‑w ]‑m-b‑p-¶‑p. A-hÀ-¡‑v a‑p-¼‑v b‑m-{X
]‑p-d-s¸-« I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-I-sf ]‑m-X‑n-h-g‑n-b‑m-¡‑n H-«-I‑w I‑p-X‑n-¨-t¸‑mÄ
I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑n-IÄ tJ-Z‑w {]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. ""\-½Ä F-S‑p-¡‑m-X‑n-c‑p-¶ B
I‑p-«‑n h-Ã‑m-¯ sF-i‑z-c‑y-a‑p-Å I‑p-«‑n-b‑m-sW-¶‑v tX‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p.

]‑m-g‑m-b {i-a-§Ä
k‑p-a-\-Ê‑p-IÄ X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-sb X‑m-te‑m-e‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n X‑n-c-¡‑p-
I‑q-«‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ Z‑pÀ-ta‑m-l‑n-I-f‑m-b ]‑p-tc‑m-l‑n-X-·‑mÀ h-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n
]-X‑n-\-t©‑m-f‑w {i-a-§Ä \-S-¯‑n. H-c‑n-¡Â H-c‑p P‑q-X³ l-e‑o-a
_‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS h‑o-«‑n-se-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""C‑u I‑p-«‑n B-c‑p-sS a-I-
\‑m-W‑v? C‑u I‑p-ª‑v A-\‑m-Y-\‑m-tW‑m? A-\‑m-Y-\‑m-sW-¦‑n C‑u
I‑p-ª‑n-s\ sI‑m-¶‑p-I-f-b-W‑w a‑m-X‑r-k‑v-t\-l‑w a-\-Ê‑n-e‑p-Z‑n-¨‑p-
bÀ-¶ l-e‑o-a(d) ]-d-ª‑p: ""C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-sâ a‑m-X‑m-h‑v R‑m-\‑m-W‑v,
]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-sâ `À-¯‑m-h‑p‑w. C-X‑v R-§-f‑p-sS s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑m-W‑v.
P‑q-X-·‑mÀ ]-d-ª‑p: C-X‑v A-\‑m-Y-\‑m-b I‑p-ª‑m-b‑n-c‑p-s¶-¦‑n
R-§Ä sI‑m-¶‑p-I-f-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑m-c-W‑w, `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-se {]-h‑m-
N-I³ A-\‑m-Y-\‑m-b‑n C-h‑n-sS-sb-¯‑p-sa-¶‑v R-§Ä A-d‑n-b‑p-¶‑p.
A-X‑v sI‑m-ï‑v H-¶‑p-I‑q-S‑n tN‑m-Z‑n-¡-s«. C‑u I‑p-ª‑v A-\‑m-Y-\‑m-
tW‑m? l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n ]-d-ª‑p: A-Ã, C‑u I‑p-ª‑v ""A-\‑m-Y-\-Ã.
H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§-sf D-¡‑mÄ

12
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

N-´-b‑n sI‑m-ï‑p-t]‑m-b‑n. A-h‑n-sS h-¨‑v H-c‑p tP‑y‑m-Õ‑y-s\ I‑m-

W‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-b‑n. \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§-sf I-ï‑v A-b‑mÄ h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-I‑q-h‑n
""A-Ã-tb‑m P-\-§-tf, \‑n-§-tf‑m-S‑v R‑m³ H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y‑w ]-d-b-s«-
tb‑m. \‑n-§-f‑p-sS a‑p-g‑p-h³ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-§-sf-b‑p‑w I-hÀ-s¶-S‑p-¡‑m³
t]‑m-I‑p-¶ I‑p-«‑n-sb-b‑p‑w sI‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C‑u s]-®‑v \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
th-W-sa-¦‑n C‑u I‑p-«‑n-sb sI‑m-¶‑p-I-f-tª‑m-f‑q.'' C-X‑p tI-«
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n I‑p-ª‑n-s\-b‑p‑w h‑m-c‑n-¸‑p-WÀ-¶‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v H‑m-S‑n
c-£-s¸-«‑p.
H-c‑p k‑w-L-a‑m-f‑p-IÄ l-e‑o-a-tb‑m-S‑v tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""C‑u I‑p-ª‑n-
sâ I-®‑n H-c‑p N‑p-h-¸‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶‑p-ï-tÃ‑m F-´‑m-W-X‑v s]-s«-
¶‑v H-c‑p I‑q-«-a‑m-f‑p-IÄ B-t{I‑m-i‑n-¨‑p. ""\‑m-i‑w A-d-_‑n-I-sf . C‑u
I‑p-«‑n-sb \‑n-§Ä sI‑m-¶‑p-I-f-b-W‑w. C-X‑v `‑m-h‑n-b‑n-se {]-h‑m-N-I-
\‑m-W‑v
C-X‑v tIÄ-t¡-ï X‑m-a-k‑w, s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\-b‑p-sa-S‑p-¯‑v
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d) A-h‑n-S‑p-¶‑v I-S-¶‑p-I-f-ª‑p. ]‑p-tc‑m-l‑n-X-hÀ-K-
¯‑n-sâ ]-X‑p-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-Å A-{I-a-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w \-_‑n-sb
]-c‑n-c-£‑n-¨‑v a‑m-td‑m-S-W-b‑v-¡‑m³ `‑m-K‑y‑w e-`‑n-¨ l-e‑o-a F-{X `‑m-K‑y-
h-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v.
c-ï‑p h-b-Ê‑v X‑n-I-ª X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-sb B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)¡‑v
X‑n-c‑n-t¨Â-]‑n-¡‑m-s\-¯‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ B-a‑n-\(d) ]-d-ª‑p: "a‑¡b‑n-
e‑m-sI H-c‑p a‑m-c-I tc‑m-K‑w ]-SÀ-¶‑p-sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p
sI‑m-ï‑v a-I-s\ a-S-¡‑n-s¡‑m-ï‑v t]‑m-b‑v-t¡‑m-f‑q. l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d)
k-t´‑m-j-t¯‑m-sS s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\-b‑p‑w sI‑m-ï‑v _-\‑p k-A-Z‑n-
te-¡‑v a-S-§‑n.
a‑q-¶‑v h-b-Ê‑m-b-t¸‑mÄ h‑o-ï‑p‑w ta‑m-s\, B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS
A-S‑p-s¯-¯‑n-¨‑p. s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-sâ ]-c‑n-c-£-sb ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑v s]‑m-
¶‑p ta‑m-s\ h‑o-ï‑p‑w _-\‑p k-A-Z‑n-te-¡‑v a-S-¡‑n. l-e‑o-a k-t´‑m-
j-h-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. I‑m-c-W‑w, s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\ h‑o-ï‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-I‑n-«‑n-b‑n-
tÃ‑m

13
‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

H-¶‑m-a-s¯ i-k‑v-{X-{I‑n-b
H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n (k‑z)X-§Ä l-e‑o-a(d)tb‑m-S‑v tN‑m-Z‑n-
¨‑p. ""D-½‑m F-¶‑p‑w c‑m-h‑n-se A-Ð‑p-Ã-b‑p‑w i‑m‑v-a‑m-D‑w a-ä‑p I‑p-«‑n-I-
f‑p‑w F-s¶ I‑q-«‑m-sX F-h‑n-tS-¡‑m-W‑v t]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v?
I‑p-ª‑p-ta‑m-sâ I‑p-ª‑n-f‑w tN‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v h‑m-Õ-e‑y-¯‑n N‑m-
e‑n-¨ a-d‑p-]-S‑n: ""ta‑m³ h‑n-j-a‑n-t¡-ï. A-hÀ B-S‑n-s\ ta-b‑v-¡‑m³
t]‑m-b-X‑m-W‑v.
""F-\‑n-¡‑p‑w B-S‑n-s\ ta-b‑v-¡‑m³ t]‑m-W‑w D-½'' \-_‑n (k‑z)
b‑p-sS hÀ-¯-a‑m-\‑w. A-§-s\ H‑m-a-\ a-¡-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n X‑m-g‑v h-c-I-f‑nÂ
B-«‑n³-]-ä-s¯ ta-b‑v-¡‑m³ _‑m-e-\‑m-b \-_‑n(k‑z)X-§-f‑p‑w I‑q-
S‑n. Z‑n-\-c‑m-{X-§Ä I-S-¶‑p-t]‑m-b‑n H-c‑p Z‑n-h-k‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-sI‑m-
ï‑v a-¡Ä H‑m-S‑n h-c‑p-¶‑p.
""D-½‑m, h‑m-¸‑m.. H‑m-S‑n-h-c‑q... \-½‑p-sS J‑p-ssd-i‑n a-I³ a-c-W-
s¸-«‑p I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶‑p
C-X‑p-tI-« l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑p‑w `À-¯‑m-h‑p‑w h‑n-f-d‑n-]‑q-ï‑v H‑m-S‑n-
sb-¯‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ I-ï-X‑v B-I‑m-i-t¯-¡‑v I-®‑p‑w \-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
X‑n-c‑p \-_‑n (k‑z)X-§-sf-b‑m-W‑v.
F-´‑m ta‑m-t\, ]-ä‑n-b-X‑v?''
"B-I‑m-i-¯‑v \‑n-¶‑v i‑p-`-h-k‑v-{X-[‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b c-ï‑p-t]À h-¶‑p.
F-sâ s\-©‑p X‑p-d-¶‑v l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v H-c‑p `‑m-K-sa-S‑p-¯
h‑r-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n-b ti-j‑w b-Y‑m Ø‑m-\-s¯ h-¨-S-¨‑p. F-\‑n-¡‑v b‑m-
sX‑m-c-] h‑n-]-¯‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑n-Ã.
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS D-Å‑n `‑o-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n. ss]-i‑m-N‑n-I-a‑m-b
D-]-{Z-h-a‑m-tW‑m F-¶‑v i-¦‑n-¨‑p. a-l-X‑n G-sX-¦‑n-e‑p‑w tP‑y‑m-Õ‑y-s\
k-a‑o-]‑n-¨‑v {]-i‑v-\-]-c‑n-l‑m-c‑w \-S-¯‑m-sa-¶ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-se-¯‑n.
A-§-s\ H-c‑p tP‑y‑m-Õ‑y-sâ A-S‑p-¡-se-¯‑n I‑m-c‑y‑w h‑n-h-c‑n-¨
A-b‑mÄ ]-d-ª‑p: ""\‑nÀ-¯‑p, ta‑m³ ]-d-b-s«. \‑n-§-sf-¡‑mÄ
I‑q-S‑p-X h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑m³ ta‑m-\‑v I-g‑n-b‑p‑w? \-_‑n X-§Ä X‑p-S-§‑n.
{]‑m-h‑p-I-sf-t¸‑m-se c-ï‑m-f‑p-IÄ h-¶‑p. F-s¶ ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p. I‑n-S-¯‑n
s\-©‑v ]‑n-fÀ-¯‑n. l‑r-b-sa-S‑p-¯‑p I-g‑p-I‑n h‑r-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n. X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-
h-¨‑p ]‑qÀ-h-Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-¡‑n. F-\‑n-s¡‑m-c‑p {]-i‑v-\-h‑p-a‑n-Ã.

14
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

C‑u h‑n-h-c‑w tI-« tP‑y‑m-Õ‑y-sâ a‑p-J‑w tI‑m-]-¯‑m h‑n-d-¨‑p.

A-b‑mÄ X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)b‑p-sS t\-sc £‑p-]‑p-X-\‑m-b‑n ]‑p-e-¼‑n.
H‑m, A-d-_‑n-I-sf C‑u I‑p-«‑n-sb sI‑m-¶‑p-I-f-b‑q, I‑q-sS F-s¶-b‑p‑w
sI‑m-¶‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-tc‑m-[-a‑n-Ã. \‑n-§-f‑p-sS k-I-e‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-§-sf-b‑p‑w
A-X‑n-P-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I-\‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
C‑u hÀ-¯-a‑m-\‑w tI-«-a‑m-{X-b‑n l-e‑o-a X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)
sb h-e‑n-s¨-S‑p-¯‑p. a-l-X‑n ]-d-ª‑p, ""\‑o-b‑m-W‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b
]‑n-i‑m-N‑v, ss]-i‑m-N‑n-I _‑m-[-sb-¶‑v `-b-s¸-«‑v \‑n-s¶ k-a‑o-]‑n-¨-
t¸‑mÄ F-s´‑m-c‑p Z‑p-ã-X \‑n-d-ª k-a‑o-]-\-a‑m-W‑v \‑o k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-
X‑v. \‑o th-W-sa-¦‑n a-c‑n-t¨‑m-f‑q. F-sâ ta‑m-s\ R‑m³ h‑n-«‑p-X-
c‑n-Ã.
l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑m-sI h‑n-j-a-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n. d‑m-©‑m-\‑m-b‑n X-¡‑w
]‑mÀ-¯‑n-c‑p-¶ ]‑p-tc‑m-l‑n-X-·‑m-c‑p-sS I-g‑p-I-¡-®‑n \‑n-¶‑p C-X‑p-h-
sc s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\ I‑m-¯‑p. ]-t£, s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑v F-s´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑p-t]‑m-b‑m B-a‑n-\-tb‑m-S‑p‑w A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑p-
sa-´‑v ]-d-b‑p‑w? A-X‑n-t\-¡‑mÄ D-]-c‑n A-X‑v X-\‑n-¡‑v h-e‑n-b h‑n-
j-a-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-b‑p‑w. A-§-s\ a-\-Ê‑n-Ã‑m-a-\-tÊ‑m-sS s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\
a-¡-b‑n-te-¡‑p a-S-¡‑n-s¡‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³ l-e‑o-a X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p.

X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h-c-h‑p‑w X‑n-tc‑m-[‑m-\-h‑p‑w
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)sb-b‑p‑w ssI-b‑n ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n(d)
a-¡-b‑p-sS A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n {]-th-i‑n-¨‑p. A-h‑n-sS-b‑m-sI A-i-c‑o-c‑n
""A-Ã-tb‑m a-¡, \‑n-\-¡‑v kÀ-h-a‑w-K-f‑w, \‑n-¶‑n-te-¡‑v {]-I‑m-i-¯‑n-
sâ-b‑p‑w a-X-¯‑n-sâ-b‑p‑w B-N‑m-c‑y³ a-S-§‑n-h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.'
a-¡-b‑p-sS D-bÀ-¶ Ø-e-s¯-¯‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\
I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-Ã. l-e‑o-a _‑o-h‑n-b‑m-sI ]-c‑n-{`‑m-´-b‑m-b‑n. a-l-X‑n I-c-
ª‑p sI‑m-ï‑v A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-sâ A-S‑p-¡-se-¯‑n.
"A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v, R‑m³ s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n a-¡-b‑p-sS
D‑uÀ-¶ Ø-e‑w h-sc-sb-¯‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v. A-t¸‑m-tg-¡‑p‑w ta‑m-s\ I‑m-
W‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
C-X‑p tI-« A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v I-c-ª‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v I-A‑v-_-b‑p-

15
‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

sS A-S‑p-¡Â sN-¶‑p {]‑mÀ-°‑n-¨‑p.

"A-Ã‑m-l‑p-th, \‑o-b-tà I-\‑n-b‑p‑w \‑n-[‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n F-\‑n-¡‑p-ta‑m-
s\-X-¶-X‑v, \‑o F-\‑n-¡‑v ta‑m-s\ X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-X-c-W-ta.' s]-s«-¶‑v
H-c-i-c‑o-c‑n a‑p-g-§‑n. \‑n-§Ä t]-S‑n-t¡-ï, B ta‑m-\‑v H-c‑p d-º‑p-
ï‑v. A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""F-h‑n-sS \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v F-\‑n-¡‑v
ta‑m-s\ I‑n-«‑p-I?''"X‑n-l‑m-a X‑m-g‑v h-c-b‑p-sS `‑m-K-s¯ a-c-¯‑n-sâ
N‑p-h-«‑n t\‑m-¡‑p-I. I‑p-«‑n A-h‑n-sS-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w'' a-d‑p-]-S‑n h-¶‑p.
A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v th-K‑w X‑z‑n-l‑m-a X‑m-g‑z-c-b‑n-te-¡‑v X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p.
A-h‑n-sS a-c-¨‑p-h-«‑n N‑p-Å‑n-¡-s¼‑m-S‑n-¨‑p sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m W‑v
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z). A-t±-l‑w a-I-s\ h‑m-c‑n-¸‑p-WÀ-¶‑p N‑p-S‑p-N‑p‑w-_-\-
§Ä \Â-I‑n. a-¡-b‑n-se-¯‑n-b A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v 20 H-«-I-§-
sf A-d‑p-¯‑v kÂ-¡‑m-c‑w \-S-¯‑n.a-I-s\ X‑n-c‑n-sI e-`‑n-¨-X‑n-e‑p-Å
k-t´‑m-j‑w tc-J-s¸-S‑p-¯‑n.

]‑n-X‑m-h‑n-sâ N‑m-c-¯‑v
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n (k‑z)¡‑v A-©‑p h-b-Ê‑v ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n. B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n(d) h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-«‑v ]-d-ª‑p: ""ta‑m-t\, ta‑m-sâ h‑m-¸ A-´‑y-h‑n-{i-
a‑w sI‑m-Å‑p-¶-X‑v b-k‑v-c‑n-_‑n-e‑m-W‑v. R‑m³ F-Ã‑m hÀ-j-h‑p‑w A-h‑n-
tS-¡‑v t]‑m-h‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. C-{]‑m-h-i‑y‑w ta‑m-s\-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
A-§-s\ X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) b‑p‑w B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p‑w D-½‑p-
sF-a³ _-d-I-¯‑p l-_‑v-i‑n-¿-b‑p‑w b-k‑v-c‑n-_‑n-te-¡‑v (a-Z‑o-\-b‑p-
sS ]-g-b t]-c‑v) X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p. h‑m-¸-b‑p-sS J-_-d‑n-sâ A-S‑p-s¯-¯‑n.
a-Z‑o-\-b‑n-se A-½‑m-h-·‑m-c‑p-sS h‑o-«‑n-se H-c‑p a‑q-e-b‑v-¡‑m-W‑v A-Ð‑p-
Ã(d)b‑p-sS J-_À. A-X‑n-\-S‑p-¯ a‑p-d‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)
b‑p‑w D-½-b‑p‑w h‑n-{i-a‑n-¨-X‑v. A-X‑n-\-S‑p-¯ Ø-e-¯‑v X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-sb-
b‑p‑w a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-s\-b‑p‑w k-µÀ-i‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n B-f‑p-I-sf-¯‑n.
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) I‑q-«‑p-I‑m-c‑p-sa‑m-¯‑v I‑p-¶‑n-sâ a‑p-I-f‑n I‑m-
g‑v-N I‑m-W‑m³ t]‑m-b‑n. A-t¸‑mÄ H-c‑p b-l‑q-Z‑n X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)sb
I-ï‑p. A-b‑mÄ \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§-sf k-k‑q-£‑v-a‑w h‑o-£‑n-¨-ti-j‑w
tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p. I‑p-«‑o, \‑n-sâ t]-sc-´‑m-W‑v?
"F-sâ t]-c‑v A-lvaZ‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z)b‑p-sS a-d‑p-

16
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

]-S‑n. A-b‑mÄ \-_‑n(k‑z) X-§-f‑p-sS a‑p-J-h‑p‑w a‑p-X‑p-I‑p‑w ]-c‑n-ti‑m-

[‑n-¨ ti-j‑w I‑q-sS-b‑p-Å-h-tc‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: C-X‑v k-a‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑n-sâ
{]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-W‑v.
b-l‑q-Z‑n-IÄ A-½‑m-h-·‑m-tc‑m-S‑v C‑u h‑n-h-c‑w k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. A-½‑m-
h-·‑mÀ B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n-tb‑m-S‑p‑w hÀ-¯-a‑m-\-a-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑p. .
C-X‑v h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-W‑v
i‑p-`-k‑z-]‑v-\-§Ä sI‑m-ï‑v a‑p³-k‑q-N-\-IÄ e-`‑n-¨ B-a‑n-\
_‑o-h‑n(d)¡‑v b-l‑q-Z-c‑p-sS h‑r-¯‑m-´‑w A-d‑n-ª‑v s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-sâ
k‑p-c£‑n-X-X‑z-¯‑n B-i-¦-b‑m-b‑n.

D-½ h‑n-S-]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑n B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) a-¡-b‑n-te-¡‑v
X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p. h-g‑n-a-t[‑y A-_-h‑m-A‑v F-¶ Ø-e-s¯-¯‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ
a-l-X‑n-¡‑v tc‑m-K‑w ]‑n-S‑n-s]-«‑p. B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) ta‑m-s\ h‑m-c‑n-¸‑p-
WÀ-¶‑p N‑p‑w-_-\-§-fÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p. s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑p‑w D-½-b‑v-¡‑v k‑v-t\-l
N‑p‑w-_-\-§Ä \Â-I‑n. D-½‑p-sF-a³ _-d-I-¯‑p l-_‑n-b‑m-sb
B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d) k-a‑o-]-¯‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-«‑p ]-d-ª‑p: ""ta‑m-tf, C-X‑v
h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I c‑m-W‑v. F-\‑n-¡‑v a-¡-b‑n F-¯‑m³ I-g‑n-
b‑p-sa-¶‑v tX‑m-¶‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ta‑m-s\ \‑o k-{i-²‑w t\‑m-¡‑n-s¡‑m-Å-
W‑w. ti-j‑w a-I-t\‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: ""ta‑m-s\, R‑m³ I-ï k‑z-]‑v-\‑w
k-X‑y-a‑m-sW-¦‑n ta‑m³ A-Ã‑m-l‑p \‑n-tb‑m-K‑n-¨‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-I‑p-e-¯‑n-
sâ {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-W‑v. ta‑m³ a-¡-b‑n-e‑p‑w C-X-c {]-tZ-i-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w
{]-t_‑m-[-\‑w \-S-t¯-ï-h-c‑m W‑v. ]‑qÀ-h ]‑n-X‑m-h‑m-b C-_‑v-d‑m-
l‑o‑w \-_‑n(A)b‑p-sS a-X-a‑m-b C-kvem‑w ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v ta‑m-s\
A-Ã‑m-l‑p ]T‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑qÀ-h ]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑m-b {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑p-sS
a-X-a‑m-sW-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B-\‑p-I‑q-e‑y‑w ta‑m-sâ-X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. _‑n‑w-_-§-
sf k‑v-]À-i‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v ta‑m-t\, ta‑m³ _‑n‑w-_‑m-c‑m-[-\-sb \‑n-j‑v-I‑m-
k-\‑w sN-¿‑m-\‑p-Å {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-W‑v. F-Ã‑m P‑o-h-\‑p-Å-X‑p‑w a-c‑n-
¡‑p‑w, F-Ã‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑n-\‑p‑w h‑n-\‑m-i‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. F-Ã‑m h-e‑p-X‑p‑w
\-i‑n-¡‑p‑w. R‑m-\‑n-X‑m a-c‑n-¡‑m³ t]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. ]-t£, F-\‑n-¡‑v
h‑n-j-a-a‑n-Ã. R‑m³ h‑n-S-]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v \-·-b‑v-¡‑v P-·‑w \Â-I‑n-s¡‑m-

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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

ï‑m-W‑v. te‑m-I-a-J‑n-e-h‑p‑w kÀ-h I‑m-e-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w F-s¶ k‑v-a-c‑n-

¡‑p‑w ta‑m-s\.
B-a‑n-\ _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p-sS h‑n-tb‑m-K-¯‑n th-]-Y‑p ]‑q-ï‑v P‑n-
¶‑p hÀ-K-§Ä ti‑m-I-K‑m-\-§Ä B-e-]‑n-¨‑p.
a-¡-b‑n-te-s¡-¯‑n-b s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ A-Ð‑pÂ
a‑p-¯-e‑n-_‑v I‑m-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p. D-½-b‑p‑w D-¸-b‑p‑w h‑n-S-]-d-ª s]‑m-¶‑p
ta‑m-\‑v C-\‑n X‑m-\-tà D-Å‑q-sh-¶‑v A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-sâ a-\-k‑v
a-{´‑n-¨‑p.
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n, A-\‑m-Y-c‑m-b-X‑v H-c‑p \‑y‑q-\-X-b-Ã, a-d‑n-¨‑v a-l-X‑z-a‑m-
W‑v. I‑m-c-W‑w, {]-h‑m-N-I Z‑u-X‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n {]-hÀ-¯-\ h‑o-Y‑n-b‑n-e‑n
d-§‑p-t¼‑mÄ i‑m-k‑n-¡‑m-t\‑m, \‑n-b-{´‑n-¡‑m-t\‑m H-c‑mÄ D-ï‑m-I‑m³
]‑m-S‑n-Ã-tÃ‑m. a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p-sS t{]-c-W-b‑m-W‑v {]-t_‑m-[-\-sa-
¶‑v Z‑p-j‑v-{]-N‑m-c-IÀ B-tc‑m-]-W‑w \-S-¯‑m³ A-h-k-c-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m-
\‑p‑w ]‑m-S‑n-Ã.
\‑m-f‑p-IÄ ]‑n-¶‑n-«‑p. X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n-¡‑v F-«‑v h-b-Ê‑m-b‑n. A-Ð‑pÂ
a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑n-\‑v A-k‑p-J‑w ]‑n-S‑n-s]-«‑p. a-c-W‑m-k-¶-a‑m-b-t¸‑mÄ
A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\ tNÀ-¯‑p-\‑nÀ-¯‑n s¡‑m-ï‑v
]-d-ª‑p: ""R‑m-\‑n-X‑m h‑n-S-]-d-b‑m³ t]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. A-_‑q X‑z‑m-
e‑n-_‑v, \‑o s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-s\ t\‑m-¡‑n-s¡‑m-Å-W‑w. s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑v
H-c‑p _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑p‑w D-ï‑m-I-c‑p-X‑v. A-Ð‑p a‑p-X‑z-e‑n-_‑v te‑m-I-t¯‑m-
S‑v h‑n-S-]-d-ª‑p. D-¸‑m-¸-b‑p-sS h‑n-tb‑m-K-¯‑n X‑n-c‑p-\-b-\-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w _‑m-j‑v-]-I-W-§Ä s]‑m-g‑n-ª‑p.

A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑nÂ
F-«‑m‑w h-b-k‑n X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ k‑w-
c-£-W-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. B I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-¡-b‑n P-e-£‑m-a‑w
t\-c‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑v. s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m³ k‑m-[‑m-c-W-¡‑m-c-\-Ã F-¶‑v A-d‑n-b‑m-
h‑p-¶ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v B X‑n-c‑p-h-Z-\-s¯ B-I‑m-i-t¯-¡‑v I‑m-
W‑n-¨‑n-«‑v a-g tX-S‑n. ]‑p-W‑y {]-h‑o-W-c‑p-sS h-Z-\‑w {]-I-S-a‑m-b b‑m-{X-
b‑n a-g hÀ-j‑n-¨‑p.
H-c‑n-¡Â A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-t\‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p "R‑m³

18
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C‑u k-a‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑n-sâ {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-W‑v. ta‑m-sâ a-l-X‑z-s¯ R‑m³

a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p. A-t¸‑mÄ B s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m³ tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p. A-§‑v
F-sâ I‑q-sS I‑q-S‑p-I-b-tÃ? A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v a-d‑p-]-S‑n ]-d-ª‑p
""A-d-_‑n {]-a‑m-W‑n-a‑m-sc-Ã‑m‑w R‑m³ k-tl‑m-Z-c ]‑p-{X-sâ I‑q-sS
t]‑m-b‑n F-¶‑v A-]-l-k‑n-t¨-¡‑m‑w. A-Ã‑m-sX F-\‑n-¡‑v b‑m-sX‑m-c‑p
A-`‑n-a‑m-\ {]-i‑v-\-h‑p-a‑n-Ã."
X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k‑z) X-§Ä-¡‑v sN-¦-®‑v ]‑n-S‑n-s]-«‑p. F-Ã‑m `‑n-j-
K‑z-c-·‑m-sc-b‑p‑w I‑m-W‑n-¨‑p. ]-t£, ^-e-a‑n-Ã. A-t¸‑mÄ H-c‑p h‑n-h-
c-a d‑n-ª‑p; D-¡‑m-f‑n H-c‑p t\-{X-h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑p-ï‑v. A-b‑m-f‑p-sS A-S‑p-
¯‑p t]‑m-b‑m A-k‑p-J‑w t`-Z-s¸-S‑p‑w.
A-§-s\ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n tU‑m-Î-d‑p-sS
A-S‑p-s¯-¯‑n. h‑o-S‑n-sâ h‑m-X‑n-e‑n a‑p-«‑n-sb-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-I-¯‑p-\‑n-
¶‑v H-c‑p {]-X‑n-I-c-W-h‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b‑n-Ã. s]-s«-¶‑v H-c‑p i-Ð‑w a‑p-g-§‑n.
tU‑m-ÎÀ h‑o-S‑n-sâ h‑m-X‑n X‑p-d-¶‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑v h-¶-ti-j‑w tN‑m-Z‑n-
¨‑p. "B-c‑m-W‑v h‑o-S‑n-\‑v a‑p-¶‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑v \‑n-§Ä a‑p-«‑n-b‑n-«‑v
X‑p-d-¡‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑m F-sâ h‑o-S‑m-sI {]-I-¼-\‑w sI‑m-ï-tÃ‑m, h‑o-
S‑v F-sâ ]‑p-d-t¯-¡‑v a-d‑n-ª‑p-h‑o-g‑p-ta‑m F-¶‑v b-s¸-«‑m-W‑v R‑m³
h‑m-X‑n X‑p-d-¶-X‑v.
F-¶‑n-«‑v A-t±-l‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p: ""C-X‑v h‑m-K‑v-Z-¯ {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑m-
W‑v. A-t±-l‑w h-c‑p-t¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v C‑u `-h-\‑w C-§-s\ h‑n-d-sI‑m-Å‑p-
sa-¶‑v th-Z-{K-Ù-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-§Ä C‑u I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-sS ta b-l‑q-
Z‑n-I-f‑p A-X‑n-{I-a-§-sf k‑q-£‑n-¡‑p-I.
F-¶‑n-«-t±-l‑w X‑n-c-¡‑n, "F-´‑m-W‑v I‑p-«‑n-¡‑v tc‑m-K‑w
"sN-¦-®‑v tc‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v s]‑m-¶‑p-ta‑m-\‑v " A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v {]-X‑n
h-N‑n-¨‑p. tU‑m-ÎÀ ]-d-ª‑p: ""A-X‑n-\‑v C‑u I‑p-«‑n-sb C-t§‑m-«‑v sI‑m-
ï‑p-h-tc-ï B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã-tÃ‑m. C‑u I‑p-«‑n-b‑p-sS D-a‑n-\‑o-c‑v X-s¶-b‑m-
W‑v- G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b H‑u-j-[‑w
tU‑m-Î-d‑p-sS \‑nÀ-tZ-i-{]-I‑m-c‑w {]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑v D-a‑n-\‑oÀ s]‑m-¶‑p
ta‑m-sâ \-b-\-§-f‑n ]‑p-c-«‑n-b £-W-¯‑n tc‑m-K‑w t`-Z-s¸-«‑p.

19
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J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-f {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS h‑n-h‑m-l‑w

I‑p-«‑n-¡‑m-e-¯‑v B-S‑n-s\ ta-¡-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-
sS tP‑m-e‑n-sb-¶‑v a‑p-¼‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. b‑p-h‑m-h‑m-b-t¸‑mÄ ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y³
{]-h‑m-N-I-sc i‑m-a‑n-te-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{X‑m-k‑w-L-¯‑n DÄ-s¸-S‑p-¯‑n
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS I-¨-h-S k‑m-aÀ-°‑y-h‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-b‑p‑w
]‑p-d‑w-te‑m-I-a-d‑n-ª-t¸‑mÄ P-\-§-sf-Ã‑m‑w X-§-f‑p-sS k‑z-¯‑p-sI‑m-
ï‑v I-¨-h-S‑w \-S-¯‑m³ {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)sb GÂ-]‑n-¡‑p-I a-¡-b‑n-
se ]-X‑n-h‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n.
J‑p-ssd-i‑n-I-f‑n-se X-d-h‑m-«‑p {]-a‑p-J-c‑p‑w, A-h-c‑n-te-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-
S‑p-XÂ a‑m-\‑y-b‑p‑w k-¼-¶-b‑p-a‑m-b J‑p-ssh-e‑n-Z‑n-sâ ]‑p-{X‑n J-Z‑o-
P-b‑p‑w A-{]-I‑m-c‑w X-sâ k-¼-¯‑v sI‑m-ï‑v I-¨-h-S‑w \-S-¯‑m³
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)sb GÂ-]‑n-¨‑p. J-Z‑o-P(d)b‑p-sS k‑z-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑m-
W‑n-P‑y‑m-h-i‑y‑mÀ-°‑w i‑m-a‑n-te-¡‑p t]‑m-I‑p-t¼‑mÄ J-Z‑o-P(d)b‑p-sS
A-S‑n-a ssa-k-d-b‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N þ IÀ(k)b‑p-sS I‑q-sS-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p.
b‑m-{X I-g‑n-ª‑v h³-e‑m-`-t¯‑m-sS c-ï‑p-t]-c‑p‑w a-¡-b‑n X‑n-c‑n-
s¨-¯‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ b‑m-{X-¡‑n-S-b‑n {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-ï‑m-b
A-\‑p-`-h-§Ä ssa-k-d J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-¡‑v ]-d-ª‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p.
X-s¶ A-Û‑p-X-s¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS _‑p-²‑n-I‑qÀ-
a-X-sb-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑y-X-sb k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p‑w ssa-k-d J-Z‑o-
P(d)¡‑v h‑n-h-c‑n-¨‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. C-X‑p-tI-« J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n {]-h‑mN-
IÀ(k)b‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-h‑m-l-¯‑n-\‑p sI‑m-X‑n-¨‑p. F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w
h‑n-h‑m-l‑w F-§-s\ k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-h‑p‑w...? A-td-_‑y³ tK‑m-{X-§Ä-
¡‑n-S-b‑n A-hÀ-¡‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ X-d-h‑m-S‑n-¯-h‑p‑w X‑m³ {]-a‑m-
W‑n-¯-h‑p‑w F-Ã‑m-¯‑n-\‑p‑w ]‑p-d-sa A-h-c‑p-sS k‑v-{X‑o-X‑z-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n
sh-¨‑p-t\‑m-¡‑p-t¼‑mÄ h‑n-h‑m-l‑w sh-d‑p‑w H-c‑p h‑n-Z‑q-c k‑m-[‑y-X a‑m-
{X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. a‑p-¼‑v c-ï‑p-X-h-W J-Z‑o-P(d)b‑p-sS h‑n-h‑m-l‑w I-g‑n-
ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. J-Z‑o-P(d)¡‑v h-b-Ê‑v \‑m-e‑v-]-X‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ(k)¡‑v h-b-Ê‑v C-c‑p-]-¯-©‑p-a‑m-W‑v. A-t¸‑mÄ J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-b
B-{K-l‑w F-§-s\ ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-h‑p‑w? h‑n-h‑m-l‑w \-S-¡‑p-ta‑m?
J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n X-sâ A-S‑p-¯ _-Ô‑p-¡-f‑n-se‑m-c‑m-f‑m-b

20
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\-^‑o-k-¯‑p-_‑n³-X‑v a‑p³-_‑n-l‑n-s\ I‑m-c‑y‑w [-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. \-^‑o-k

J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-tb‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: ""R‑m³ \‑n-\-¡‑v I‑m-c‑y‑w k‑m-[‑n-¸‑n-
¨‑p-X-c‑m‑w.
\-^‑o-k a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k)b‑p-sS A-S‑p-¯‑p-sN-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p:
""a‑p-l-½-tZ! \‑o h‑n-h‑m-l‑w I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-tÃ? {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)
\-^‑o-k-tb‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: ""h‑n-h‑m-l-I‑m-c‑y‑w H-¶‑p‑w i-c‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
\-^‑o-k ]-d-ª‑p: ""F-´‑v {]-b‑m-k‑w, J‑p-ssd-i‑o a‑p-J‑y-·‑m-
c‑n X-d-h‑m-S‑n-¯‑w sI‑m-ï‑p‑w X‑m³ {]-a‑m-W‑n-¯‑w sI‑m-ï‑p‑w k‑z-
¯‑v sI‑m-ï‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ H-c‑p {]-a‑p-J-b‑m-b k‑v-{X‑o A-§-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n
h‑n-h‑m-l‑w \-S-¯‑m³ B-{K-l‑w {]-I-S‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""B-c‑m-W‑v B {]-a‑p-J? \-^‑o-k
a-d‑p-]-S‑n \Â-I‑n: ""J‑p-ssh-e‑n-Z‑n-sâ ]‑p-{X‑n J-Z‑o-P.
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k): ""]-e-c‑p‑w A-h-c‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-h‑m-l‑w B-te‑m-N‑n-
¨-t¸‑mÄ A-hÀ \‑n-c-k‑n-¨‑p-sh-¶‑m-W‑v R‑m³ tI-«-X‑v. \-^‑o-k.
""X‑m-¦Ä I‑m-c‑y‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-sW-¦‑n h‑n-h‑m-l‑w R‑m³
I-g‑n-¨‑p-X-c‑m‑w.
A-§-s\ {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p‑w J-Z‑o-P-(d)b‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å h‑n-
h‑m-lw \-S-¶‑p. {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-·‑m-c‑m-b A-_‑q-
X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v l‑w-k-b‑p‑w A-º‑m-k‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-l-¯‑n ]-s¦-S‑p-¯‑p.
Ø‑m-\‑w-sI‑m-ï‑p‑w Ú‑m-\‑w- sI‑m-ï‑p‑w J‑p-ssd-i‑n-I-f‑n-se D-¶-X
h‑y-à‑n-X‑z-h‑p‑w J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-b‑p-sS ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-]‑p-{X³-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-b
h-d-J-X‑v _‑v-\‑p-\‑u-^-e‑p‑w h‑n-h‑m-l-¯‑n ]-¦‑p-sI‑m-ï‑p. {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ(k) J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n-¡‑v C-c‑p-]-X‑v H-«-I‑w a-lÀ \Â-I‑n. J-Z‑o-P
_‑o-h‑n-tb‑m-S‑v k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-t¼‑mÄ X-sâ k-tl‑m-Z-c-]‑p-{X-s\-¡‑p-
d‑n-¨‑v A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v A-h-tc‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p.

h-l‑vb‑n (Z‑n-h‑y-t_‑m-[-\‑w) sâ X‑p-S-¡‑w

]-X‑n-h‑p-t]‑m-se H-c‑n-¡Â {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) l‑n-d‑m-K‑p-l-b‑nÂ
k‑r-ã‑m-h‑n-s\ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p‑w k‑r-ã‑n-sb k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p‑w N‑n-´‑n-¨‑p
sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w B-c‑m-[‑n-¨‑p-sI‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
B k-a-b‑w {]-I‑m-i-]‑q-c‑n-X-a‑m-b h-k‑v-{X-¯‑n A-W‑n-sª‑m-c‑p-

21
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§‑n-b ]‑p-c‑p-j tI‑m-e-¯‑n c‑q-]‑m-´-c‑w {]‑m-]‑n-¨ H-c‑p {]-I‑m-i‑w

{]-h‑m-N-IÀ (k) X-§Ä I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-b‑n. B c‑q-]‑w {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ(k)b‑p-sS a‑p-¶‑n h-¶‑v \‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w X-§-tf‑m-S‑v A-S‑p-¡‑p-
I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p. ti-j‑w {]-h‑m-N-I-sc i-à-a‑m-b‑n A-W-¨‑p-I‑q-«‑p-
I-b‑p‑w h‑n-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v B-K-X³ {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)
tb‑m-S‑v ]-d-ª‑p: ""\‑o h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I,
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) a-d‑p-]-S‑n \Â-I‑n: ""F-\‑n-¡‑v h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\-d‑n-
b‑n-Ã. B-K-X³ h‑o-ï‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-I-sc A-W-¨‑p-I‑q-«‑p-I-b‑p‑w h‑n-S‑p-
I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p. h‑o-ï‑p‑w B-K-X-sâ B-Ú: ""\‑o h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I.
]-c‑n-{`-a-N‑n-¯-\‑m-b‑n {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) a-d‑p-]-S‑n \Â-I‑n: ""F-\‑n-¡‑v
h‑m-b‑n-¡‑m-\-d‑n-b‑n-Ã.
k‑w-`-h‑w a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑p‑w B-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p. A-X‑n-\‑p ti-j‑w B-K-X³
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) X-§Ä-¡‑v H‑m-X‑n-s¡‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. "\‑n-s¶ k‑r-ã‑n-¨
c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑n-sâ \‑m-a-¯‑n \‑o h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I. a‑m‑w-k-]‑n-Þ-¯‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w A-h³ a-\‑p-j‑y-s\ k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p. \‑o h‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I, \‑n-sâ \‑m-
Y³ a-tl‑m-¶-X-s\-s{X. A-h³ a-\‑p-j‑y-s\ t]-\ sI‑m-sï-g‑p-
X‑m³ ]T‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. a‑m-\-h-\‑v A-Ú‑m-X-a‑m-b-X‑n-s\ A-h³ h‑n-Ú‑m-
\-a‑m-¡‑n l‑n-d‑m-K‑p-l-b‑n {]-X‑y-£-s¸-« B {]-I‑m-i‑w (B-K-X³)
{]‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS i-c‑o-c-t¯‑m-S‑p k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-X ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p. B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c‑p-Z‑q-X-c‑p‑w A-´‑y-{]-h‑m-N-I-c‑p-a‑m-b \-_‑n(k)
b‑n-te-¡‑v A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-sâ h-N-\‑w D-²-c‑n-¨-X‑p‑w Z‑n-h‑y-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-
sâ k-tµ-i-h‑m-l-I-\‑p-a‑m-b P‑n-_vcoÂ(A) F-¶ a-e-¡‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p A-X‑v. ta-e‑p-²-c‑n-¨-X‑v J‑pÀ-B-\‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n C-d-¡-s¸-«
k‑q-à-§-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
]-X‑n-h‑n-\‑p h‑n-]-c‑o-X-a‑m-b‑n {]-h‑m-N-I-c‑p-sS P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-e‑p-
ï‑m-b H-c‑p t_‑m-[-\-c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑v. A-X‑p-sI‑m-ï‑p-X-s¶,
]-c‑n-{`-a-N‑n-¯-\‑m-b ]‑p-W‑y-\-_‑n(k) l‑n-d-b‑n I-ï-X‑v J-Z‑o-P
_‑o-h‑n-¡‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) ]-d-ª‑p:
""R‑m³ F-sâ i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-\‑p-ta X-s¶ `-b-s¸-«‑p.
J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)sb `-b-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ta‑m-
N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑m-´‑z-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p. J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n
]-d-ª‑p: ""X‑m-¦Ä k-t´‑m-j‑n-¡‑p-I. X‑m-¦Ä I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-_-Ô‑w
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tNÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-X‑n-Y‑n-I-sf kÂ-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p-¶‑p.

B-e‑w-_-l‑o-\À-¡‑v \-· sN-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w B-]-¯‑v I‑m-e-¯‑v P-\-§-
sf k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w k-X‑y‑w ]-X‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X-h-c‑m-W‑v
X‑m-¦Ä X‑m-¦-sf A-Ã‑m-l‑p \‑n-µ‑n¡‑p-I-b‑n-Ã, X‑oÀ-¨.
`-b-¸‑m-S‑p-IÄ \‑o-§‑n, k‑m-[‑m-c-W \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-_‑n-X-
§Ä D-d-§‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X-t¸‑mÄ J-Z‑o-P X-sâ ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-]‑p-X³
h-d-J-X‑p-_‑v-\‑p \‑u-^-e‑n-sâ A-S‑p-t¯-¡‑v t]‑m-b‑n. ss{I-k‑v-X-h
a-X-¡‑m-c-\‑m-b h-d-J-X‑v A-K‑m-[ ]-Þ‑n-X-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. J-Z‑o-P-_‑o-
h‑n l‑n-d‑m-K‑p-l-b‑n {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) \-c‑n-«‑p k‑w-`-h-§Ä h-d-J-
¯‑n-\‑p h‑n-h-c‑n-¨‑p. sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. C‑u k-a-b‑w h-d-J-X‑v ]-d-ª‑p:
""kÀ-Æ ]-c‑n-]‑m-e-I³ X-s¶-b‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑w. A-Ã-tb‑m J-Z‑o-P‑m,
\‑n-§Ä ]-d-ª-X‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h-a‑m-sW-¦‑nÂ, X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w G-ä-h‑p‑w
h-e‑n-b Znhy-t_m[\w (h-l‑v-b‑v) A-t±-l-¯‑n-\‑v h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
a‑p-l-½-Z‑v(k) C‑u k-a‑p-Z‑m-b-¯‑n-se {]-h‑m-N-I-\‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑p-
sI‑m-ï‑v a‑p-l-½-Z‑v(k)tb‑m-S‑v \‑o P‑m-I-c‑q-K-\‑m-I‑m³ ]-d-b‑p-I.
A-X‑n-\‑p-ti-j‑w H-c‑n-¡Â {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) I-A-_ X‑z-h‑m-^‑v
sN-¿‑m³ ]‑p-d-s¸-«‑p. X‑z-h‑m-^‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n \-_‑n(k) h-d-J-X‑n-s\
I-ï‑p a‑p-«‑n. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v \-_‑n(k)sb I-ï-]‑m-sS h-d-J-X‑v ]-d-ª‑p:
"c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑v X-s¶-b‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑w. a‑p-l-½-tZ, X‑oÀ-¨-b‑m-b‑p‑w \‑o
C‑u k-a‑p-Z‑m b-¯‑n-sâ {]-h‑m-N-I-\‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m \‑n-sâ P-\-X
]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v X‑m-¦-sf _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-hÀ X‑m-¦-sf \‑m-S‑p-I-
S-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p‑w. {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""A-h-sc-s¶
\‑m-S‑p-I-S-¯‑p-ta‑m?'' h-d-J-X‑v ]-d-ª‑p ""A-sX, R‑m³ C-t¸‑mÄ
X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS A-S‑p-¯‑v h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p- t]‑mse A-¶‑v H-c‑mÄ h-c‑n-
I-b‑m-sW-¦‑n P-\-§Ä A-b‑m-sf {I‑q-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑n-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p‑w. R‑m³ A-¶‑v P‑o-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¸‑p-sï-¦‑n X‑oÀ-¨-
b‑m-b‑p‑w X‑m-¦-sf k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w.
F-¶‑m AÂ-]-I‑m-e-ti-j‑w h-d-J-X‑p-_‑v-\‑p \‑u-^ A-´‑y
b‑m-{X-b‑m-b‑n. ti-j‑w G-I-tZ-i‑w \‑m-e‑v-]-X‑v Z‑n-h-k‑w P‑n-_‑v c‑oÂ
(A)\-_‑n(k)b‑p-sS A-S‑p-t¯-¡‑v h-¶‑n-Ã. H-c‑n-¡Â \-S-¶‑p-
t]‑m-I‑p-¶ h-g‑n-b‑n {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) H-c‑p i-Ð‑w tI-«‑p. {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ(k) ta-te‑m-«‑p t\‑m-¡‑n-b-t¸‑mÄ P‑n-_vcoÂ(A)s\ I‑m-W‑m³
23
‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

I-g‑n-ª‑p. ]-c‑n-{`-a-N‑n-¯-\‑m-b {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) th-K‑w h‑o-«‑n-te-

¡‑v h-¶‑p. `-b-¶‑p-h‑n-d-¨ \-_‑n-X‑n-c‑p-ta-\‑n(k) _-Ô‑p-¡-tf‑m-S‑v
]-d-ª‑p, "F-s¶ ]‑p-X-¸‑n-«‑p a‑q-S‑p-I F-¶ I-S‑p-¯ `‑o-X‑n-b‑m h‑n-
d-sI‑m-Å‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ {]-h‑m-N-I-sc _-Ê‑v ¡Ä ]‑p-X-¸‑n-«‑p a‑q-S‑n.
C‑u k-a-b‑w. J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n(d) {]-h‑m-N-I i‑m-´-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w h‑m-
Õ-e‑y ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b h‑m-¡‑p-IÄ sI‑m-ï‑p \-_‑n(k)sb k-a‑m-i‑z-
k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
A-X‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v P‑n-_vcoÂ(A) h‑o-ï‑p‑w h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ-¡‑v P‑n-_‑vc‑o (A) H‑m-X‑n-sI‑m-S‑p-¯‑p. ""A-Ã-tb‑m ]‑p-X-¸‑n-«‑p-a‑q-S‑n-
b-h-tc(1). X‑m-¦Ä F-g‑p-t¶Â-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w P-\-§Ä-¡‑v a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v
\Â-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p-I(2) X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS \‑m-Y-s\ a-tl‑m-¶-X-\‑m-
¡‑p-I. X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS h-k‑v-{X‑w i‑p-²‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-I (4) A-¦Ä X‑n-· sh-
S‑n-b‑p-I F-S‑p-¯‑p-]-d-b‑m³ th-ï‑n Z‑m-\‑w A-[‑n-I-c‑n-¸‑n-I-c‑p-X‑v. (6).
X‑m‑v-¦-f‑p-sS c-£‑n-X‑m-h‑n-\‑p-th-ï‑n £-a ssI-sI‑m-Å‑p-I (?), (h‑n-
i‑p-² J‑pÀ-B³
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)sb {]-t_‑m-[-\‑w-sI‑m-ï‑v I‑oÀ-¯‑n-¨ {]-Y-a
k‑q-I-X-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. {]-k‑v-X‑p-X k‑q-à-§Ä D-d-§‑n-b-tX‑m-sS \‑n-K‑q-
U-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-c-¶ H-c‑p \‑m-X‑y‑w a-d-\‑o-¡‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-c‑n-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p. a-l‑m tK‑m-Z-b‑n-te-¡‑v C-d-§‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-¨‑p.
A-tX‑m-sS {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-\‑v \‑m-µ‑n-
I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p. A-h‑n-S‑p-s¯ {]-t_‑m-[-\‑w A-Ô-I‑m-c-b‑p-K-¯‑n-sâ X‑n-c-
È‑o-e X‑m-g‑v-¯‑n. A-d-_‑v te‑m-I-h‑p‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-I‑p-e‑w sa‑m-¯-a‑m-b‑p‑w
H-c‑p ]‑p-X‑n-b b‑p-K-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-tX‑mÀ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {]-I‑m-i-Z‑o-]‑v-
X-a‑m-b H-c‑p I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-\‑v, C-kvem-a‑n-I b‑p-K-¯‑n-\‑v.

B-Z‑y-s¯ hnizm-knIÄ
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) B-Z‑y‑w k‑z-´‑w _-Ô‑p-¡-sf C-kvem-a‑n-te-
¡‑v £-W‑n-¨‑p. G-I-ssZ-h-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w a‑p-d‑p-sI ]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w _‑n‑w-
_‑m-c‑m [-\ hÀ-Ö‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) X-§Ä {]‑m-Y-a‑n-I
L-«-¯‑n A-h‑n-S‑p-s¯ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-§-sf D-]-tZ-i‑n-¨‑p. ]-X‑v-\‑n
J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n(d) X-s¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)sb B-Z‑y-

24
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

a‑m-b‑n h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨-X‑v.
]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-]‑p-{X³ A-e‑n(d)b‑p‑w \-_‑n(k)sb h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑p.
H-c‑p-]‑m-S‑v a-¡-sf k‑w-c-£‑n-t¡-ï `‑m-c‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-s¡‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³
\-_‑n(k) A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n \‑n-¶‑v A-e‑n(d)sb G-sä-S‑p-¡‑p-
I-b‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-sS h‑o-«‑n t]‑m-ä‑n-h-fÀ-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-sS I‑q-«-¯‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n C-kvem‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-h-sc-¶
_-l‑p-a-X‑n-¡‑p‑w A-e‑n(d) AÀ-l-\‑m-b‑n.
A-{]-I‑m-c‑w X-s¶ {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-sâ {]-Y-a-L-«-¯‑nÂ
J-Z‑o-P _‑o-h‑n(d)b‑p-sS Z-¯‑p-]‑p-{X³ sk-b‑v-Z‑v-_‑v-\‑p l‑m-c‑n-k‑v
C-kvem‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. Z-¯‑p-]‑p-{X-·‑m-c‑n-se {]-Y-a a‑p-kven-a‑m-b‑n
k-A-Z‑v-_‑v-\‑p l‑m-c‑n-k‑v K-W‑n-¡-s¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-\‑p ]‑p-d-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-
b‑n C-kvem‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {]-h‑m-N-
I-c‑m-b‑n \‑n-tb‑m-K‑n-¡-s¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑p-X-s¶ A-_‑q-_-¡À(d)
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-a‑m-b‑n \-Ã _-Ô-¯‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {]-h‑m-N-
IÀ(k)b‑p-sS k-X‑y k-Ô-X-b‑p‑w _‑p-²‑n-I‑qÀ-a-X-b‑p‑w A-_‑q-_-
¡À(d)sb lT‑m-Z‑m-IÀ-j‑n-¨-X‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v X-s¶ A-t±-l‑w C-S-¡‑n-
sS \-_‑n(k)sb h‑n-«‑n sN-¶‑v I-ï‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
A-§-s\-b‑n-c‑n-s¡, H-c‑n-¡Â A-_‑q-_-¡À(d)\‑v \-_‑n(k)
sb I‑p-sd-I‑m-e‑w I‑m-W‑m³ I-g‑n-ª‑n-Ã. C-X‑n-¶‑n-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v
\-_‑n(k)¡‑v hlvbv C-d-§‑n-b-X‑v.
A-\-h-[‑n I‑m-e-§Ä-¡‑p-ti-j‑w X‑n-c‑p-\-_‑n(k)sb I-ï-
t¸‑mÄ A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) tN‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p: ""a‑p-l-½-tZ, I‑p-td-I‑m-e‑w F-\‑n-
¡‑v X‑m-¦-sf
A-t¸‑mÄ \-_‑n(k) A-_‑q-_-¡À(d)sb hlvbv F-¶ I‑m-
c‑y‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w 'C-J‑v-d-A‑v' k‑q-d-¯‑n-se-b‑p‑w a‑p-±-k‑nÀ k‑q-d-
¯‑n-se-b‑p‑w k‑q-à-§Ä A-t±-l-¯‑n-\‑v H‑m-X‑n-tIÄ-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
sN-b‑v-X‑p. F-¶‑n-«‑v \-_‑n(k) ]-d-ª‑p: ""h-g‑n-]‑n-g-¨ P-\-§-sf
k-·‑mÀ-¤ k‑n-²-c‑m-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-h-sc _‑n‑w-_‑m-c‑m-[-\, ]-e‑n-i X‑p-S-
§‑n I‑p-ä-I‑r-X§-sf-sX‑m-«‑v A-I-ä‑m-\‑p‑w th-ï‑n R‑m³ {]-X‑o-£‑n-
¨‑v {]-I‑m-i-I‑n-c-W-§-f‑p-sS sh-f‑n-]‑m-S‑v X-s¶-b‑m-W‑n-X‑v. C-X‑p-tI-«
A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) ]-d-ª‑p: ""X‑m-¦-sf h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m‑w R‑m³ F-´‑p
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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

sN-¿-W‑w?
\-_‑n(k) D-¯-c‑w \Â-I‑n: ""X‑m-¦Ä c-ï‑v i-l‑m-Z-¯‑v I-e‑n-a
sN‑m-Ã-W‑w. A-Ã‑m-l‑p A-Ã‑m-sX B-c‑m-[‑y-\‑n-sÃ-¶‑p‑w a‑p-l-½-Z‑v
\-_‑n(k) A-h-sâ Z‑q-X-\‑m-sW-¶‑p‑w R‑m³ k‑m-£‑y‑w h-l‑n-¡‑p-
¶‑p-sh-¶‑v X‑m-s¶ ]-d-b-W‑w,"
A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) ]-e-X-h-W i-l‑m-Z-¯‑v I-e‑n-a sN‑m-Ã‑n.
A-§-s\ A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨‑p \-_‑n(k) ]-d-ª‑p:
""R‑m³ C-kvem-a‑n-te-¡‑v £-W-n¨-hÀ-s¡-Ã‑m‑w H-c‑p N‑m-©‑m-«-a‑p-
ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m A-_‑q-_-¡À(d)h‑n-\‑v A-¯-c‑w N‑m-©‑m-
«-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-¶‑p-sX‑m-«‑v A-_‑q-_-¡À(d) k‑n-±‑o-J‑v' (h‑n-
i‑z-k‑v-X³) F-¶ t]-c‑n A-d‑n-b-s¸-«‑p. \-_‑n(k) ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑p‑w
sN-¿‑p-¶-X‑p-sa-Ã‑m‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-sI‑m-ï‑m-W‑v A-t±-l-¯‑n-\‑v
B t]-c‑v ssI-h-¶-X‑v.
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS I‑q-sS {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-sâ _‑m-[‑y-X
A-_‑q-_-¡À(d)h‑p‑w G-sä-S‑p-¯‑p. A-X‑p-h-g‑n {]-Y-a a‑p-kven‑w-I-
f‑m-b-A-_‑o-h-J‑m-k‑v, A-Ð‑pÀ-d-Ò‑m³ _‑v-\‑p H‑u-^‑v, X‑zÂ-l-¯‑p-
_‑v-\‑p D-ss_-Z‑n-Ã, A-_‑q D-ss_-Z-¯‑v _‑v-\‑p PÀ-d‑m-l‑v F-¶‑n-hÀ
C-kvem-a‑n-te-¡‑v I-S-¶‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
A-X‑n-\‑p-ti-j‑w ]‑m-h-s¸-«-h-c‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w A-S‑n-a-I-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p-a‑p-Å H-c‑p-k‑w-L‑w X-s¶ C-kvem-a‑n-te-¡‑p I-S-¶‑p-h-¶‑p.
D-aÀ-_‑v-\‑p D-k‑v-a‑m³ (X‑zÂ-l-¯‑p-_‑v-\‑p D-ss_-Z‑n-Ã(d)b‑p-sS
]‑n-X‑rh‑y³), k-C‑u-Z‑v _‑v-\‑p sk-b‑v-Z‑v _‑v-\‑p A‑w-d‑v, A-h-c‑p-sS ]-X‑v-
\‑n ^‑m-¯‑n-a _‑n³-X‑v J-¯‑m-_‑v, A-º‑m-k‑v(d)h‑n-sâ `‑m-c‑y D-½‑pÂ
^‑v-fÂ, A-_‑q k-e‑m _‑v-\‑p A-Ð‑p-Ã‑m-l‑n a-J‑v-k‑q-a‑n, AÀ-J-
a‑p-_‑v-\‑p A-_‑o AÀ-J‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-hÀ {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-sâ {]‑m-c‑w-
`-L-«-¯‑n c-l-k‑y-L-«-¯‑n X-s¶ C-kvem‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨-h-
c‑n s]-S‑p-¶‑p. AÀ-J a‑p-_‑v-\‑p A-_‑o AÀ-J-a‑n-sâ h‑o-S‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
c-l-k‑y {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-sâ tI-{µ‑w, {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) A-\‑p-b‑m-b‑n-
I-tf‑m-sS‑m-¯‑v A-h‑n-sS k‑w-K-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h‑n-sS-sh-¨‑v A-hÀ-¡‑v
A-d‑n-h‑v ]-IÀ-¶‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p. a-¡-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w
A-I-se-b‑p-Å k-^‑m ]À-Æ-X-¯‑n-t·-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p Z‑m-d‑p AÀ-
J‑w (AÀ-J-a‑o-sâ h‑o-S‑v) Ø‑n-X‑n-sN-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ
26
 ‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑v B-h-e‑m-X‑n-s¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
A-_‑q-P-l-e‑v (A‑w-d‑p-_‑v-\‑p l‑n-i‑m‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v b-Y‑mÀ-°
\‑m-a‑w) sâ t\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n J‑p-ssd-i‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p k‑w-
L‑w {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-\‑m-b A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ
A-S‑p-¯‑p-sN-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p.
""A-Ã-tb‑m A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v, X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS k-tl‑m-Z-c-]‑p-{X³
R-§-f‑p-sS ssZ-h-§-sf B-t£-]‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w R-§-f‑p-sS _‑p-²‑n-
sb h‑n-U‑v-V‑n-b‑m-¡‑n N‑n-{X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
A-X‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v X-s¶ H-¶‑p-I‑n X‑m-¦Ä a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-s\ A-X‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w h‑n-e-¡‑p-I. A-sÃ-¦‑n a‑p-l-½-Z‑n-s\ R-§Ä-¡‑v h‑n-«‑p-X-
c‑n-I. R-§Ä A-h-s\ ssI-I‑m-c‑y‑w sN-b‑v-X‑p-sI‑m-Å‑m‑w.'A-_‑q-
X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v A-h-sc \-à \‑n-e-b‑n ]‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-h‑n-«‑p. A-§-s\ J‑p-ssd-
i‑n-IÄ ]‑n-c‑n-ª‑p-t]‑m-b‑n.
G-I-ssZ-h‑m-c‑m-[-\-b‑n-te-¡‑p-Å {]-t_‑m-[-\-¯‑n-e‑p‑w _‑n‑w-_-
§-sf h‑n-tc‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e‑p‑w {]-h‑m-N-I³(k) X-§Ä Ø‑n-c-a‑m-
b-t¸‑mÄ J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ c-ï‑m-a-X‑p‑w A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ A-S‑p-
¯‑p-sN-¶‑v ]-d-ª‑p:
""A-Ã-tb‑m A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v, R-§Ä X‑m-¦-sf _-l‑p-a‑m-\‑n-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w B-Z-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p-¶‑p, R-§-f‑p-sS I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
R-§-f‑p-sS ssZ-h-§-f‑p-sS I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS k-tl‑m-Z-c-]‑p-
{X³ ]-d-ª‑p-]-c-¯‑p-¶Xn \‑n-¶‑v A-h-s\ X-S-b‑m³ R-§Ä
X‑m-¦-tf‑m-S‑v B-h-i‑y-s¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m-e‑p‑w \‑n-§Ä A-h-s\
A-X‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n-´‑n-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-Ã.
R-§-f‑p-sS {]-]‑n-X‑m-¡-·‑m-sc N‑o-¯ h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w ssZ-h-
§-sf \‑n-µ‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w k-l‑n-¡‑m³ R-§Ä-¡‑p I-g‑n-b‑p-I-b‑n-Ã.
R-§-f‑p-sS I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n A-h-s\ h‑n-e-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v X‑m-¦-f‑p-sS
a‑p-¶‑n-e‑p-Å G-I t]‑m‑w-h-g‑n. A-sÃ-¦‑nÂ, X‑m-¦Ä A-h-sâ I‑q-
sS \‑n-e-b‑p-d-¸‑n-¨‑m-e‑p‑w R-§Ä A-h-t\‑m-S‑p b‑p-²‑w sN-¿‑p-I-b‑p‑w
c-ï‑m-se‑m-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K‑w \-i‑n-¨‑p-t]‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w sN-¿‑p‑w.
A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n \‑n-¶‑v a-d‑p-]-S‑n-sb‑m-¶‑p‑w tIÄ-¡‑m-sX tI‑m-
]‑n-ã-c‑m-b‑n-s¡‑m-ï‑v J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ ]‑n-´‑n-c‑n-ª‑p-t]‑m-b‑n. A-_‑q-
X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ a-\-Ê‑p th-Z-\‑n-¨‑p. J‑p-ssd-i‑n-I-sf D-t]-£-¡‑m³
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‫التاريخ الإسلامي‬

A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-¯-t]‑m-se X-s¶, ]-c‑n ¡‑m³

th-ï‑n X-sâ ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-]‑p-{X³ a‑p-l-½-Z‑v(k)sb A-hÀ-¡‑v h‑n-«‑p-
sI‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-t±-l-¯‑n-\‑v I-g‑n-ª‑n-Ã. H-S‑p-h‑n A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-_‑v
\-_‑n(k)sb h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p ]-d-ª‑p: ""F-sâ k-tl‑m-Z-c-]‑p-{X‑m! F-\‑n-
I‑v sN-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ H-c‑p I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v \‑o F-s¶-s¡‑m-ï‑v sN-
¿‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-\‑v X-s¶ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-sÃ-¶‑p‑w
A-t±-l‑w X-s¶ J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ-¡‑v h‑n-«‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-sa-¶‑p‑w
\-_‑n(k) h‑n-N‑m-c‑n-¨‑p. {]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k) A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑v
]-d-ª‑p: ""]‑n-X‑r-k-tl-Z-c‑m! A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑w. J‑p-ssd-i‑n-
IÄ F-sâ h-e-X‑p I-¿‑n k‑q-c‑y-\‑p‑w C-S-X‑p I-¿‑n N-{µ-\‑p‑w
sh-¨‑p-X-¶‑m t]‑m-e‑p‑w A-Ã‑m-l‑p ]-d-ª‑m-e-Ã‑m-sX R‑m³
F-sâ Z‑u-X‑y-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n-·‑m-d‑p-I-b‑n-Ã. A-sÃ-¦‑n R‑m³
a-c‑n-¨‑m-e-Ã‑m-sX.'' ti-j‑w \-_‑n(k) I-c-ª‑p-sI‑m-ï‑v F-g‑p-t¶-ä‑v
t]‑m-I‑m-s\‑m-c‑p-§‑n. A-t¸‑mÄ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v \-_‑n(k) h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p
]-d-ª‑p: ""A-Ã-tb‑m a‑p-l-½-tZ, F-sâ k-tl‑m-Z-c-]‑p-{X‑m, ss[-
c‑y-a‑m-b‑n t]‑m-h‑p-I. A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑m-W‑v k-X‑y‑w! \‑n-s¶ ]-c‑n-l-k‑n-
¡‑m³ R‑m³ BÀ-¡‑p‑w h‑n-«‑p-sI‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-I-b‑n-Ã."
X-sâ k-a‑q-l-t¯m-sSm¸w D-d-¨‑p-\‑n-¶‑p-sI‑m-ï‑p-X-s¶ A-_‑q-
X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v X-sâ ]‑n-X‑r-h‑y-]‑p-{X-s\-X‑n-sc-b‑p-Å sh-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ
sN-d‑p-¯‑p.
a‑q-¶‑m‑w X-h-W J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-sâ A-S‑p-¯‑v
sN-¶‑v sI‑m-ï‑v H-c-`‑n-{]‑m-b‑w a‑p-t¶‑m-«‑p-sh-¨‑p, A-h-c‑p-sS I‑q-«-
¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v I-h‑n-b‑p‑w _‑p-²‑n-a‑m-\‑p‑w k‑p-a‑p-J-\‑p-a‑m-b H-c‑p b‑p-h‑m-
h‑n-s\ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n_‑n-\‑v a-I-\‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑m-sa-¶‑p‑w ]-I-c‑w a‑p-l-
½-Z‑n-s\ h‑n-«‑p-X-c-W-sa-¶‑v J‑p-ssd-i‑n-IÄ A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑n-t\‑m-S‑v
B-h-i‑y-s¸‑p-«‑p.A-_‑q-X‑z‑m-e‑n-_‑v-]-d-ª‑p. h-f-sc ta‑m-i-a‑m-b H-c‑p
h‑n-e-t]-i-e‑m-W‑v \‑n-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v.

]-t_‑m-[-\‑w ]-c-k‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p
{]-h‑m-N-IÀ(k)b‑p-sS ta A-Ã‑m-l‑p-h‑n-sâ h-N-\-§-f‑n-d-

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