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Chemistry
Pure & Impure Substances I

By
Shikha Oza
Bajaj Science Center, Wardha
 Pure Substances
● Every sample/part of the pure substances has the same characteristic
properties & composition
● Elements ( eg. Iron, Gold )
● Compounds ( eg. NaCl, Water )

( compounds have fixed formula like NaCl i.e. salt but if mixture of salt and
water is prepared we cannot write the specific chemical formula for the
mixture )

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 Basic difference between Elements & Compounds

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 Elements
● An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated or broken down into
simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
What are examples of elements?
● Anything that is on the Periodic Table of Elements.
● Examples: Iron (Fe), Silver (Ag), Sulfur (S), Gold (Au)

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 Identifying Elements

● There are 118 elements in the periodic table, of these 92 are found on the
earth, which occur in nature like in rocks, soil, air and water. The remaining
26 have been created artificially.
● Elements are categorized by unique properties on the Periodic Table.
● They are arranged in order by their atomic number. (More on this later)
● Each element has unique properties like melting point, boiling point, and
whether it is metal, nonmetal or metalloid.

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 ● These elements are arranged in the periodic table in horizontal rows and vertical
columns. Horizontal rows in the periodic table are called as Periods and vertical
columns in the periodic table are called as Groups .

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 The Periodic Table of Elements

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 Metals
● Majority of elements in the periodic table are metals.
● These includes alkali metals, transition metals, lanthanides, actinides, and
alkaline earth metals. Metals are separated by nonmetals on a periodic table
through a zigzag line .
● Examples : Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Tin, Zinc, Magnesium,
Calcium etc.

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 Properties of Metals
● Metals are usually shiny (lustrous) and hard ( Exception: Sodium and
potassium are soft )
● They are solids ( Exception: Mercury is a liquid metal )
● They are ductile , i. e., they can be drawn or stretched into thin wires .
● They are malleable , i. e., they can be beaten into thin sheets ( Exception:
Zinc is brittle; on beating it breaks into pieces, zinc is neither ductile nor
malleable at room temperature )

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 ● They are good conductors of heat and electricity. ( Exception: Tungsten which
is a poor conductor)
● They have high melting and boiling points.
● They produce a specific sound when struck, i. e., they are sonorous
substance.

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 Non-Metals

● Very few elements in the periodic table are non-metals. These are present on
the right-hand side in the periodic table .
● Since noble gases are also non-metals, these elements are often referred to
as non-metals.
● Examples: Sulfur, Carbon, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, all
halogens and noble gases.

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 Properties of Non-metals
● These are elements with dull surfaces, i. e., they do not shine. ( Exception:
Iodine and Carbon ( in the form of diamond and graphite ) shine.
● They are less in number as compared to metals.
● Non-metals are either soft solids, ( Examples: Sulphur, Phosphorous, Iodine )
or gases ( Examples: Bromine is the only liquid non-metal ).

Note : Carbon exists as soft solid like charcoal, soot, coal and graphite
and as hard solid like diamond.

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 ● They are neither ductile nor malleable.
● They are mostly brittle in nature.
● Non – metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity. ( Carbon as graphite
is the only exception since it is a good conductor of electricity )
● They have low melting and boiling points except diamond and graphite.
● They do not produce sound when struck i. e., they are non – sonorous .

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 Difference Between Metals and Non-Metals

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 Metalloids

● These are the elements which are neither metals nor non-metals.
● They show some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals.
● Metalloids are solids.
● Metalloids are a very small group of elements found in the periodic table of
elements along the zig-zag line that distinguishes metals from non-metals

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 Following are the elements that are considered to be metalloids -

● Boron (B)
● Silicon (Si)
● Germanium (Ge)
● Arsenic (As)
● Antimony (Sb)
● Tellurium (Te)
● Polonium (Po)

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 Noble Gases
● These are gaseous elements that do not react chemically with other elements.
As a result, they are known as inert gases or noble gases.They are found in
air only in traces .

Following are the noble gases in the periodic table

■ Helium.
■ Neon.
■ Argon.
■ Krypton.
■ Xenon.
■ Radon.
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 Symbols of Element

• The symbols of chemical elements are abbreviations that are used to denote
chemical elements .

• It was Berzelius who first of all used English alphabets to represent the
elements .

• Each element is denoted by a symbol, which is usually the first letter of its
name in English or Latin, written in capital .

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 • Example: Oxygen is an element which is denoted by the symbol ‘O’ .
Similarly, hydrogen is denoted by the symbol ‘H’.
• When the first letter of more than one element is same, the elements are
denoted by two letters. The first letter is written in capital while the second is
written in small .

• Example: Carbon, calcium and cobalt are three such elements whose first
letter is same i. e., C. Thus carbon is denoted by C, calcium is denoted by Ca
and Cobalt is denoted by Co.

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 • If the first two letters of the elements are same, then for one of them, symbol
is taken from its Latin name.

• Example: Cobalt and copper. Cobalt is denoted by Co while copper is

denoted by Cu taken from its Latin name Cuprum . Iron is denoted by Fe
taken from its latin name Ferrum .

The symbol is a short form that also represents an atom of a specific

element ( atom is the smallest unit of an element )

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 Common Elements

1. In the universe: Hydrogen and helium are the two most common elements.

2. In the Earth’s crust: Oxygen is in greatest amount followed by silicon

aluminium and iron.

3. In the atmosphere: Nitrogen is the most abundant element.

4. In the human body: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are the most common

elements because they make up the different compounds in all the body cells.

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 Name & Symbols of First 20 Elements
Names Symbols Names Symbols
Hydrogen H Sodium Na
Helium He Magnesium Mg
Lithium Li Aluminium Al
Beryllium Be Silicon Si
Boron B Phosphors P
Carbon C Sulphur S
Nitrogen N Chlorine Cl
Oxygen O Argon Ar
Fluorine F Potassium K
Neon Ne Calcium Ca

He Has Light Brain But Can Not Offer Full Nine Subjects, May All Senior Professional Scientists
Come And Protect Chemistry
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 Go through this link to read about uses of first 20 elements in the periodic
table

To read about uses of elements click here

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 Compounds
● Compounds are pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two
or more elements in a definite proportion by mass.
● A compound can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical
process.

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 Examples of Compounds

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 Molecule
● Molecule is the smallest unit of compound .
● A molecule of a compound consists of atoms of two or more elements in a
definite proportion i.e., fixed ratio.
● All the molecules of a compound are same in all respects, but they differ from
the molecules of other compounds .
● Therefore, each compound has it's own specific physical and chemical
properties

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 Important Characteristics of a Compound
● It consists of two or more elements.
● The constituting elements of a compound are combined in a definite
proportion in every sample of the compound. It is pure and homogeneous .
● The physical and chemical properties of a compound differ from those of its
constituent elements.
● The components of a compound cannot be separated by simple physical
means , e. g. Filtration, Evaporation, Decantation etc.
● Energy is either evolved or absorbed when a compound is formed .

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 Practice
Determine whether each of the following is element, compound, homogeneous
mixture or heterogeneous mixture.

Air Brass
Zinc Milk
Chlorine Gold
Water soft drinks
Aluminum vinegar
Sugar in water sodium
Blood Baking soda (NaHCO3)
Gluose Sodium chloride
Stainless steel

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Reference:
All the pictures used in this presentation are taken from internet & are used for educational purpose
only.

Thank You
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